...Explain informed consent and confidentiality to the client. Informed consent involves the counselor explaining the benefits and risks of counseling as well as its alternatives. It also allows the counselor permission to record counseling sessions in writing, and via video and auditory means. In an educational institution setting, informed consent allows students to observe counseling sessions. Once these issues are explained to the potential client, the client is asked to sign legal documents that state the client understands and agrees to the services to be provided and their potential dangers. When counseling minors, informed consent must come from a parent. While explaining the pros and cons of counseling to the parent, the counselor must also explain the necessity of confidentiality in the therapeutic relationship with a minor. A confidentiality form is presented during the discussion of confidentiality. In adhering to counseling ethics, the counselor must explain that confidentiality is a promise not to discuss matters that are shared by the client with a third party unless under pre-determined exceptions. The exceptions to confidentiality include reporting information the client reveals to the counselor that suggests he or she is a danger to him or herself or others. For example: If a client talks about killing himself and identifies that he has a plan and the means to execute that plan, it is the counselor's ethical responsibility to inform appropriate...
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...around the globe. One major benefit of physician-assisted suicide is that it ends suffering. According to "Doctor Assisted Suicide Pros and Cons List," as death nears, a lot of physical pain can occur from terminal...
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...on a business trip. Which of the following is the most appropriate action to take for the investigator? Your answer : The investigator can go ahead and enroll the man without a signed consent. Correct Answer : Send a copy of the informed consent via facsimile to the subject's wife. After she has had the opportunity to speak to the investigator, she can sign the informed consent and fax it back. Comment : The IRB will not provide a waiver of consent under these circumstances and the man should not be excluded from the study simply because his legally authorized representative is temporarily unavailable to sign in person. Verbal approval does not satisfy the FDA requirement at 21 CFR 56.109(c) of signed informed consent document. When obtaining consent from a legally authorized representative (LAR) who is not able to provide signed consent in person, it is acceptable to send the informed consent document to the LAR by facsimile and conduct the consent interview by telephone when the LAR can read the consent as it is discussed as noted in the FDA's FAQs. If the LAR agrees, he/she can sign the consent and return the signed document to the clinical investigator by facsimile. Points Earned : 0 Question 2 Question : A general requirement for the informed consent is that no informed...
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...carry out research is practicality, this includes; is the study worth undertaking? And what are the practical issues involved? The practical issues that the sociologist will have to explore include; how much money will the experiment need in order to fully function? How much time will they have to carry out the study and how will it be done? If they don't have much time, a online questionnaire would be a good way of carrying out research. Having a lot of time and money would mean you'd be able to conduct a laboratory experiment. The second thing that needs to be considered is the ethical implications of any data gathering. Obviously, data doesn't want to be gathered covertly because you wouldn't have the informed consent of the studied person. If you have the informed consent of a person, you will have to guarantee them anonymity. A debriefing should be carried out at the end of the experiment, just to inform everyone involved of your findings and your conclusions. Having reliable data is important, especially to positivists, this means that you should choose a research method that will get you a reliable and accurate set of results. Doing interviews won't get you accurate results as they're carried out in false environments and the interviewee could feel pressured into giving an answer the interviewer wants them too. Questionnaires are more likely to give reliable results as they're more reliable. This also links in with validity, a study cannot be considered successful if...
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...US Public Health Service policy of 1966 "Clinical research and investigation involving human beings".) Which of the following brought increased public attention to the problems with the IRB system? Death of Jesse Gelsinger (Although all of these are related to the problems with the IRB system, the death of Jesse Gelsinger was what received public attention.) Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code? Voluntary Consent Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle? **** Respect for Persons (Respect for persons involves respecting individual autonomy in the decision to participate in research. That respect is implemented through the process of informed consent) How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? Report the adverse drug experience in a timely manner, in keeping with the IRB's policies and procedures, using the forms or the mechanism provided by the IRB. How long is an investigator required to keep consent documents, IRB correspondence & research records? For a minimum of three years after completion of the study. (May be required to keep them longer than 3 years) According to federal regulations, which of the following best describes when expedited review of a new, proposed study may be used by the IRB? The study involves no more than minimal risk &...
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...I asked and verified that if she’s willing to have the offered treatment and undergo the research study, does she have a full knowledge and understanding about the advantages and possible disadvantages, and implications of the said treatment. With all the questions and concerns the patient had, I knew that she was not well informed about the procedure, thus, makes her ineligible to make an informed decision and give an informed consent to undergo the procedure. (C. #68) I discussed and explain to the patient her rights and emphasized that she can asked questions about her healthcare and if she undergoes the procedure, it’s important that she understands the agreement well and that there should be no coercion. (C....
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...Running head: Should Prisoners Be Allowed to Participate in Research? The Pro and Cons: Should Prisoners be allowed to Participate in Research? Biomedical research is also known as medical research, which it is conducted to aid and support the knowledge in the field of medicine. It is use for evaluation or development of new treatment or drug, to learn more about a specific medication or ailment, and to evaluate the efficiency to treat a condition. All of this is done by conducting clinical trials. Those clinical trials can be performed on animals, humans, an in both depending on the stages of the trial. Trials that are conducted on animals are usually at the first stages of testing the medication, when it gets to the second and third stage they are conducted on human. The trials are open to the general population; for those who wish to volunteer and participate on a research study for a specific drug. When researches are performed on prisoners, it can raise a lot of ethical issues. “Prisoners are, by definition, a captive population, which makes them both desirable as a research subjects” (Levine, 2010). Prisoners are people who are confined and deprived of their freedom until their release, depending on the sentence imposed by the judge. Prisoners are an easy target to the research industry. It is believe that they are coerced into participating in these researches. “Inmate population has quadruple in the last 30 years, to about 2.3 million inmates” (Urbina, 2006)....
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...an approved protocol must: a) Must occur only when the level of risk changes. b) Occur at least annually. c) Must be conducted by a convened IRB. d) Include copies of all signed consent forms. 161) A subject in a clinical research trial experiences a serious, unanticipated adverse drug experience. How should the investigator proceed after the discovery of the adverse event occurrence? a) Report the adverse drug experience to the IRB only if there are several other occurrences. b) Report the adverse drug experience as part of the continuing review report. c) Do not report the adverse drug experience to the IRB since it is a common adverse experience. d) Report the adverse drug experience immediately to the IRB using the forms or the mechanism provided by the institution. 162) How long is an investigator required to keep consent documents, IRB correspondence, and research records? a) As long as the investigator is at that institution b) Until the IRB gives permission for them to be destroyed c) Until the study is closed d) For a minimum of three years after completion of the study 163) Amendments involving changes to IRB approved protocols do NOT need prior IRB approval if: a) They are eligible for review using expedited procedures. b) They only involve changes to the consent form. c) The changes must be immediately implemented for the health and well being of the subject. d) The investigator keeps careful records of all changes and includes them in the...
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...TOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greater than the required dosage for the experiment. All evidence has been destroyed; however, participants are still experiencing dermatologic issues. As a result of research and experiments like these conducted in prisons, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare terminated the use of prisoners as subjects. Shortly after, the federal government passed strict guidelines limiting the scope of experimentation among prisoners. These guidelines passed, codified at Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, in 1978. Although prisoner research has been outlawed decades ago, it is far from over (Reiter, 2009). Certain guidelines are in place to protect human subjects in research. “The Common Rule” provides for the proposed research to be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB) in addition to requiring informed consent. A review body, known as the Institutional review board (IRB) was established to protect the natural rights and welfare of persons subjected to scientific research...
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...The Willowbrook Case Study was ethical for many reasons. To start off, there was respect for the persons undergoing the test. The children were not forced to go through with this test as well. The parents knew about the tests and were even able to tour the place where the Willowbrook Case Study was conducted. The tests were monitored as well as the people undergoing the test. The people undergoing the test were also kept in a caring environment where they were cared for and isolated from the rest of the facility. The purpose of the case study overall was to further the research done on hepatitis and if antibodies would have any effect on the person's proneness to get the disease. The benefits definitely outweigh the harms of this case. To start...
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...Unit 4222-305 Promote person centred approaches in health and social care Outcome 1 Understand the application of person centred approaches in health and social care Person centred values must influence all aspects of health and social care. The individual is at the centre of the care and are involved in every aspect of it. This ensures that their support, activities, care plans and support plans are tailored to the individual and meet their needs in a way that is appropriate to them. There are person-centred values which must be used to underpin the above. These are respect, partnership, individuality, rights, choice, privacy, independence and dignity. In following the values, people are then empowered to live their lives and achieve their potential. A care plan details a persons needs and wishes, what is being done to meet them and who is involved in doing so. If a care plan is person-centred it reflects their individuality and will contain their own views and wishes, inform you about what they think is important and how they feel about their circumstances and tell; you how they want to live their life. By knowing this, it means you can support them to live how they want and achieve their dreams, recognising their choices and ideas. Outcome 2 Be able to work in a person-centred way Identity, self-image and self-esteem are all linked. Self-image is all about how we see ourselves, and our opinions of our won worth. Self-esteem is all about being...
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...science helps analyzes and investigate human behavior, why we think the way we do, do the things we do, say the things we say, and why we feel a certain way. The case study I chose is severe depression from the Clinical Psychology perspective and is about Joe, his family history and his circumstances. As a Psychologist you need to know how to define clinical depression, identify potential sources or causes of severe depression, know the symptoms, be familiar with Psychological theories, and know relevant trends, pros and cons of medication, steps to take to build a good rapport with your client, know what you are responsible for ethically. We all probably know someone who is severely depressed because, Clinical depression affects millions of people each year (University of Pittsburgh, N.D.). If clinical depression is left untreated it can have serious consequences (it could be life threatening). So it is very important that not only Psychologists are well informed on this topic but we all should be. Clinical depression is a mood disorder making someone sad, angry, feeling of loss or frustration that affects their everyday life (Davey, 2011). This kind of depression affects every aspect of your life and does not just go away. You can’t just be happy or cheered up because things that used to bring you joy you have no interest in. They may find it difficult to get up in the mornings to go to work resulting in the loss of their job. In some cases they may also complain about...
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...Health Care Organizational Ethics Plan Amanda Paschal Ethics and Decision Making in Health Care June 6, 2016 Contents Introduction 3 Theoretical aspects of organizational policy 3 Ethical Decisions and Judgment 5 Informed Consent 6 Regulatory issues and policies of informed consent are addressed. 7 Finance issues 8 Patient care issues 9 Human resources issues 9 Legal issues 10 Regulatory issues 11 Protocols to address patient safety issues 12 Protocols to address patient access issues 14 Ethical responsibility for transparency in health care 15 End of life and quality of life issues 17 Alternatives in decision-making for health care administrators to resolve ethical dilemmas within the organization 19 Conclusion 20 References 22 Introduction Healthcare is the treatment of health related issues such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Healthcare is provided by Doctors, nurses and other licensed healthcare professionals. Who work at an office or a facility which would be a healthcare organization. By definition “An organization, by its most basic definition, is an assembly of people working together to achieve common objectives through a division of labor, people form organizations because individuals have limited abilities. An organization provides a means of using individual strengths within a group to achieve more than can be accomplished by the aggregate efforts of group members working individually. Business organizations (in market economies)...
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...it private and confidential; some examples include: domestic violence, child abuse, rape, psychiatric evaluations, and communicable diseases. These situations if not taken care of could cause more harm to the patient. Knowing your ethical principles and nursing code of ethics allows for the nurse to make a moral and ethical decision based on the five basic principles without breaching confidentiality and doing what is morally and ethically right for the patient. A patient’s trust is sacred and breaching that information is a violation of the trust between the relationship of the nurse and the patient (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008). An ethical implication of a breach of confidentiality would include: patient confidentiality and informed consent for medical release. Patient confidentiality is the non-disclosure of private or personal information that is entrusted by another person such as the healthcare team. Patient confidentiality is essential to the nurse-patient relationship and the information can only be shared to provide patient care (Burkhardt & Nathaniel). Breaching confidentiality would include: talking about the patient...
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...Review for Comm410 Definition of research: an attempt to discover something. Method of knowing: approaches to answer question 1. Tenacity==>idea is not changing, so in future i) Always been that way true ii) People do not consider the possibility that come of their beliefs might be wrong even if there is conflicting information. iii) Problem: Even when proved wrong, such beliefs are hard to overcome 2. Authority i) We know many things because somebody we trust has given us that information ii) Problem: issue of the credibility the source 3. Intuition i) Self-evident ii) People think something is true because they believe they are insightful(successful from prior experience) iii) Problem * Risks in cost and effort * May be reasonable in thought but not in reality 4. Science (Characteristics of scientific research) i) Public ii) Objective: * has explicit rule and procedure * based on fact, no opinion and interpretation iii) Empirical * Something can be through observation and experience * Can be measured iv) Systematic and accumulative v) Predictive Research procedure: 1) Selection of problem 2) Review of existing research and theory 3) Statement of hypothesis or research question 4) Determination of methodology and design 5) Data...
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