Free Essay

The Protection of Culture

In:

Submitted By wzl007
Words 1017
Pages 5
大運河杭州段古街區的保護與永續發展 ——以小河直街與橋西直街為例

王佐倫

摘要

大運河杭州段的歷史文化街區——小河直街與拱宸橋西歷史街區,都有著自己獨特的歷史與文化。目前,伴隨著杭州市對於運河街區的復興計畫,一批街區已得到“修舊如舊”的修繕專案的維護。然而,隨著硬體的改善,交通的便捷,運河的文化特色卻並未受到有關部門的足夠重視與發展。尤其是兩個最大的問題,即社區定位與永續發展,並未得到足夠的關注。本文在對小河直街社區與橋西直街社區的實地統計調查與深度訪談的基礎上提出,根據社區原有的歷史文化特色,找到社區文化主題元素,並據此或創新地,或復古地,發展出相應的在地節慶活動,可以有效的解決旅遊社區同質化以及居民流失的問題,給相關決策部門予以參考。

一.前言 中國的江南,自古以來就有魚米之鄉,絲綢之府的稱號,經濟發達,文化昌盛。而隨著隋煬帝下令大舉開鑿運河以後,江南的經濟更是得到了極大的發展,與北方之間的貿易規模也逐步擴大,沿岸出現了一批因河興盛的貿易都會,尤其以杭州,揚州,蘇州,無錫等為最。如今的運河起始於杭州,止於北京,溝通著海河,黃河,淮河,長江和錢塘江五大水系,至今仍保持著清代運河的面貌。作為運河最南端的杭州,歷史上也是幾度浮沉,曾經歷過南宋時期世界第一繁華都會的鼎盛,也經歷過多次的衰敗,而其中幾乎每一次的起落,幾乎都與這條運河有密不可分的關係。而作為中國古代經濟的生命線的京杭大運河,卻始終滋潤著沿河的無數小鎮和百姓。本文所分析研究的小河直街與橋西古鎮,可算得上是運河杭州段特別有代表性的兩個相距不遠的古村鎮,都有著綿延近千年的歷史,而其興衰也與運河以及杭州城的起落密不可分。本文主要探究兩大歷史街區的保護與復興過程之中存在的問題,並對可能有的解決方法做一探討,以發展出有效的解決方案,以供有關部門參考。

二.社區所處背景的大環境分析 1. 運河城鎮經濟歷史的簡要介紹 京杭運河周邊城鎮隨著運河開掘而發展興建,隋煬帝大業六年時下達命令徵發江南民眾開鑿江南運河,其本來目的是為方便皇帝南巡遊玩,這一勞役也使得民怨沸騰,透支了國力,最終導致了隋朝的覆滅。而唐朝的興盛卻也是得益於運河的開鑿,江南大量的糧食得以運往中原,並且南北之間的貿易也因之而繁榮。隨著貿易的展開,沿岸經濟得以極大的促進,並且伴隨著大宗船運貿易的展開,在很多地方出現了一些旅店,酒樓,藥鋪,醬坊等配套商業,逐漸形成一些草市,草市發展成為小聚落,並最終形成了沿岸的城鎮,在運河的杭州段主要有小河直街和拱宸橋西直街兩個有代表性的商業街區。它們在歷史上都曾經一度輝煌,現今仍舊保存有大量的歷史古跡,有良好的文化價值。 2. 杭州市最近的經濟文化發展概況,打造生活品質之城的城市發展路線簡介 杭州市是在歷史上就一度為中國東南第一州,經濟發達,文化繁榮。在上世紀80年代中國大陸改革開放的政策實施之後,浙江省通過國營經濟民營化,實施自由市場而迅速崛起,到20世紀末就已經成為大陸各省人均收入最高的省份之一。根據瑞士銀行按照購買力平價的計算,2006年浙江省人均GNP即已經達到18965美元。而杭州更是集中了浙江全省的人才和資本,各方面發展水準遠遠超過中國大陸的一般城市。 從杭州市最近所獲的獎項即可略見一斑。在百度百科-杭州市中有提到【2001年,杭州獲得“聯合國人居中心”頒發的世界人居環境改善方面的最高獎項——“聯合國人居獎”。2002年,杭州獲得“國際花園城市”的美譽。2003年,杭州在“世界銀行”公佈中國的120個城市投資環境中排名第一 。2004年至2008年,杭州市連續五次在《福布斯》“中國大陸最佳商業城市榜”中榮登榜首。 2006年,杭州被“世界休閒組織”授予“東方休閒之都”稱號。2007年,杭州獲“國際旅遊聯合會”頒給的“國際旅遊金星獎”,成為獲此殊榮的第一個也是唯一一個中國城市。2008年,杭州在《瞭望東方週刊》“中國最具幸福感城市”評比中名列第一。這是自2004起,連續五年蟬聯“中國最具幸福感城市”。 2010年,杭州獲得了首批“中國(大陸)國際形象最佳城市”稱號。2011年,杭州再次蟬聯“中國十大最具幸福感城市”之首。】--1 杭州市曾經一度以“時裝之都”,“天堂矽谷”,“東方休閒之都”,“中國茶都”等來定位,在近幾年來更是把以上定位概括為“生活品質之城”,意在經濟步入中等發達國家水準後,經營城市自己的獨特品牌特色,以市民的生活品質,或者說是幸福感作為發展的主要指標。上海和北京,這兩個城市在經濟規模上都超過杭州,但環境沒有杭州好;深圳的經濟發展水準略超過杭州,但文化和環境方面就比杭州差了一截。的確,杭州有“人有我優”的優勢——這個有山有水有文化也有物質基礎的城市,生活品質就是最具吸引力的特色。有著良好的物質文化基礎,才得以有了提升居民生活品質的概念的提出。在這個總方向下,杭州為提高市民之生活品質,先後修繕西湖和大運河景區,為更好的提升城市旅遊資源,保護文物古跡可謂是投入鉅資。小河直街和橋西就是兩個典型的案例。
(3)有了良好的物質與文化基礎,適當發展文化觀光業,體驗式觀光業應該說是杭州市保護現有歷史文化資源,同時提升居民生活品質與改善旅遊環境的良好選擇。正如楊凱成(2009:6)在《鹽業文化資產觀光下的記憶製作》一文有提到【今天的社會已由強調生產的工業社會轉向後工業休閒服務的社會結構,觀光成了現代人生活風格、身分地位及認同重要的一環,因此,文化資產活化再利用的策略會非常自然地跟觀光、休閒建立關係。另外,體驗教育的興起,旅遊體驗成為學習的自然教室,更加助長了文化觀光成為文化資產活化再利用的手段。】-2 現今的杭州市民大部分從事第三產業和服務金融業,生活富足安康,社會結構已經從曾經的工業社會逐步邁向後工業社會,這也正是一個文化資產活化再利用,發展體驗式旅遊業的一個良好時機。正是需要全社會共同的努力參與,來達成這一願景。小河直街與橋西歷史街區的“修舊如舊”工程,可以說正是趕上了這一波歷史潮流,所以十分值得我們探討。
三.歷史街區發展遇到的阻力
根據在2012年1月作者所做的田野調查,小河直街居民的七戶樣本以及橋西直街居民的七戶樣本中,總人口共49人,其中男25人,女24人,中老年人占了近七成(45周歲以上共33人,占樣本67.3%),職業以退休人員和企業職工為主(共約27人,占樣本55.1%),受教育程度主要為本科以下(高中及高中學歷以下共37人,占樣本75.5%),收入水準普遍居於中下,其中家庭月收入不超過5000元人民幣的占近七成(共十戶,占樣本71.4%)。調研得到的原住民的基本資訊與保護前的狀況基本符合,大多數人口屬於城市的弱勢群體。此外,在調查中,作者還與部分家庭的成員以及店鋪的老闆和員工進行了較為深入的訪談,瞭解到以下社區的問題,問題基本涵蓋了4個方向
(1)現狀不佳,居民大量外流,留守居民老齡化嚴重,文化水準普遍較低,對於街區歷史只有極少數居民有認知,曾有過的繁榮很少有人知曉。由於歷史街區周邊原有的國營工廠在近二十年經濟民營化過程中逐漸破產和衰敗,導致街區的賴以維持的消費力下降,街區商業逐漸破敗,青壯年人口外流,大部分有能耐,收入高並且有學歷的居民都搬出了街區。剩下留守的居民年紀較大,普遍偏老齡化,工作情況大多為失業或為國營企業退休人員,受教育程度有限,對於街區的歷史文化價值認識淡漠。
(2)社區凝聚力不足,鄰居之間的互動僅限於對門的閒聊,缺乏社區相關文化活動的組織及參與。社區原有的配套設施較落後,鄰里之間沒有互相交誼活動的平臺,社區缺乏相關的有意義有趣味的活動來凝聚居民。作者在橋西直街盡頭雖然看到有一個籃球的半場,可是這也只能滿足社區數量不多的青少年的娛樂和交誼,對於占人口多數的老年人而言,籃球等現代運動並不是他們所能認同參與的。並且籃球也並未讓社區的青少年瞭解到當地的歷史文化,對於這個文化認同的斷層始終是很難彌補,老一輩瞭解民國時期當地經濟的輝煌發展的老人都已經逝去,而現在的中老年人年輕時社區即已經開始衰落,並且其中多數人由於時代的原因都沒有受到良好的教育,都已經不知道或很少瞭解這一段歷史,他們僅存的記憶就是五六十年代以後,這幾十年的發展和變遷,大多數是社區破敗的印象。
(3)社區歷史文化保護意識淡漠,很多的古跡並未受到居民的重視和保護。這可能也由於留守居民大多文化程度偏低,生活困窘,連生活尚且拮据,無暇顧及其他文化層面的東西等因素有關。當然社區居民的留守,對於挖掘運河底層百姓的生活習俗,民俗民風還是有較大的價值的,畢竟這一些東西並不容易隨著時間而改變。
(4)社區管理維護方面存在的問題,有三個機構同時在管理社區,即社區居委會、社區管委會和物業公司。社區居委會管理範圍較廣,管委會只管理小河直街社區,物業公司是政府指派的提供服務的公司。這幾個機構組織可能有較大的職能重迭和冗員現象,造成責任的不明確以及推諉,整體辦事的效率不高。 關於以上問題,作者認為可以考慮如下方案來解決:關於社區居民文化水準不高,對於歷史認同度較低的現象,目前只能依靠專家學者對於歷史片段的再挖掘來予以彌補,通過舉辦相關的講座,座談和展覽,與社區居民互動溝通,互相的借鑒學習,來共同努力逐步恢復社區的原始的文化面貌。關於組織運營效率的問題,則可精簡整並目前存在的三個社區管理維護的組織,並增加各種形式的民間組織,如建立業主委員會,維護居民的權益,協調居民之間,居民與政府、居民與經營者在旅遊業發展中的矛盾,並且與官方更好的溝通。關於社區文化發展的問題,則可以考慮利用社區居民現有的一些個人愛好的基礎,建立社區文化組織如打鼓協會,龍舟協會,太極拳協會等來豐富社區娛樂活動,增加社區居民的凝聚力,保持與發展社區現有的習俗文化。

四.歷史文化街區的功能定位以及永續發展的相關問題
(1) 關於社區定位 運河邊這兩個歷史街區的定位都是居住為主,旅遊商業為輔。政府的恢復計畫裡面,計畫在不衝擊原有在地文化的情況下,改善居住環境,恢復歷史元素,包括各個老字型大小,即定位首先要考慮在地獨特的歷史文化的因素。 比方先說小河直街。其在南宋時期就是杭州城外重要的屋子集散中心和儲備中心。在經歷元明時期商業衰落之後又於清中後期興起,至清末民初,服務於碼頭的百貨,藥鋪,孵坊,酒肆茶樓盛極一時。街區中現存的文物古跡基本都是民國以及清末時期的遺留物。上個世紀二三十年代裡,小河直街碼頭日夜繁忙裝運卸貨,船工和商人累了就到碼頭邊的酒肆茶樓歇腳聊天,河邊當時有全市的著名老字型大小得日堂,益樂園,陳爾康中醫店,恒泰米店等,並且當時全市最大的四間孵坊也都位於此地,可謂繁華一時。日本侵華戰爭結束以後,此地逐漸沒落。1949以後共和國政府採用公私合營制建立航運公司,商業形態逐漸消失,遺留的倉庫民宅等建築物遂成治理修繕前的樣子。 可以說小河直街是一個依託碼頭逐漸發展興盛的近代的商業區塊,而拱宸橋西歷史街區卻是由於不同的模式發展興盛的。拱宸橋始建於明崇禎四年(西元1631年),其名意為,拱,拱手施禮,宸,帝王宮殿,皇帝之代稱,意即為向皇帝施禮的橋。拱宸橋素有運河第一橋之美譽,是運河最南端的標誌。數百年來歷經風風雨雨,卻依然不倒,服務于兩岸百姓。正是這座連接兩岸的大橋,使得彙聚了人氣,兩岸客商往來不斷,逐漸形成了橋邊的商業氛圍,興建起了一座古鎮。1895年甲午戰敗後,清政府派李鴻章簽訂了《馬關條約》,其中有一項即是開放杭州為通商口岸,並且將拱宸橋地帶作為日租界商讓與日本治理。此後日本在橋上設立了稅關,開始經營此地。資本主義的勢力介入,也使得橋西出現了一系列的工廠和航運公司,一定程度上促進了當地經濟和文化的發展,而當時商人,工廠員工,搬運工,普通住戶等社會各階層混居在一起,導致了社會結構和社會等級的多元化趨勢,進而導致在河邊形成了風格各異的建築物。1949年後,橋西運河岸邊分佈著許多的倉庫,1980年代之後隨著國有經濟逐漸民營化的浪潮,這些工廠紛紛破產重整,並遷往了土地使用更為廉價的郊區。如今除了河岸“中百倉庫”仍在使用外,其他倉庫已經消失或被改為他用。碼頭已經失去了其使用用途,而絲綢廠,紡紗廠等也僅存廠房工業遺址。 以上就是小河和橋西在市政府大力修繕維護之前的大致發展歷史,從中可見兩地的歷史脈絡並不一樣,各有各的歷史文化特色,所以說各有各的可以挖掘的利基,此類的挖掘的故事,可以說既是可以促進相關鄉土地方誌的完善,又可以達到豐富旅遊資源,豐富在地文化背景和內涵的作用。 然而以目前的進程來看,兩地所強調的歷史文化特色的區隔並不明顯,都只是強調自己是原汁原味的運河人家,保留有各種傳統的生活方式,另外就是“修舊如舊”,即恢復重建一些特色的老字型大小比方說醬園,茶樓和孵坊,以及修繕一些破舊的民宅,保留其原有街巷的獨立庭院格局和黑瓦白牆,馬頭翹腳,雕花木柱、花格窗、木樓梯等清末民初有歷史價值的建築元素,並根據現代社區的生活和服務要求,對民居的功能進行提升改造,增加消防、衛生等輔助設施,使小河直街成為傳統街區現代生活典範。 兩地都未仔細發掘和宣傳自己的特色文化,直接導致同質化現象嚴重,對於遊客而言無法辨別兩地的區別出來,於是造成了相距很近的兩地沒有一個旅遊資源互相補足促進的增效,反而是成了相互競爭的競爭者。這並不是我們想要看到的效果,所以有關部門應另外規劃對兩地做一相應的區隔,以宣傳體現出他們各自的特色來,以促進運河杭州段旅遊資源的整體整合。
(2)關於社區永續發展
雖然政府出資修繕社區的目的主要是提升運河人家的生活品質,另一方面也是配合正在進行的運河申遺進程,改善運河周邊的環境設施。根據訪談的內容顯示,社區內原住居民有部分經濟條件尚好,故有一定的將房子出租給商用,而舉家搬遷至別處的打算,再加上另有部分居民選擇拿補償金離開去別處置業,另外的大多數人表示,他們對經濟利益的追求比較迫切,由於大多數人經濟較為困窘,故而希望社區的改造能夠帶來商業發展的契機,帶動人氣和錢潮,帶來工作的機會。但是大部分人又沒有自己經營的資本和能力,所以主要就是想借著旅遊業的發展,找一份在餐館或者茶樓工作的機會,或者將底樓出租給商人換取租金以提高家庭收入。這其實本也無可厚非,畢竟根據馬斯洛的需求層次理論,人類滿足自身的需求是從最為基本的安全健康保障,到物質生活的滿足,最後才想到要尊嚴和自我實現,也就是先物質後精神和文化的。對於社區內為數眾多的低收入階層民眾而言,目前他們最為關心的是物質生活的方面,而並非是文化保護方面的。這種現象可能會帶來社區的“空心化”現象,即實物的景觀建築仍在,而裡面生活著的活著的運河人家文化的載體卻去往了別處,使得非物質的文化未得到保存。這個現象對於保存運河文化非常不利,即會導致商業化進程排擠了文化的發展,並最終可能取代這一文化元素。文化搭台,經濟唱戲的模式可能並不完全適用於運河人家,最終經濟會逐步佔據主流,而地方文化會被邊緣化,這可能也是市場經濟對於文化而言一個不良的衝擊,需要引起我們的重視。

五.探索街區發展的方向和路線 探索社區應採納的區隔定位,地方特色,文化與商業的合理平衡等經營之道,以使得街區能夠永續保存有文化特色並能給現代城市社會帶來一定的協助工具 同為江南特色古街的上海七寶特色美食街和老杭州民俗為主的清河坊,由於其善於挖掘其經歷的漫長的歷史歲月中的街區產業特色和文化特色,通過市政府和學界專家學者的共同努力,進行合理的“修舊如舊”,而保留住了其獨特的文化氛圍和產業特色,形成了一定的知名度。【歷史文化街區發展的成敗事實證明,只有尊重歷史、堅持特色、科學規劃業態,理性篩選商家、打造出獨一無二的專業街經濟,才能使歷史文化街區重新煥發生機活力。在業態選擇上要結合傳統文化,引進有特色、有內涵、有品牌、有聚集效應的商戶;要積極鼓勵回遷居民,以下店上坊、前店後坊等形式恢復傳統器物的生產加工場景;要結合歷史文化街區的景觀元素,引進合適的業態。為遊客提供配套服務。這樣既有效保護歷史文化街區原真的生活狀態,更能通過居民、商家和遊客的積極參與,通過文化旅遊業的發展,打造特色文化旅遊休閒品牌,保護歷史文化街區傳統文化,實現歷史文化街區的經濟復興。(曹嵐 2009:2)】-3 就如前面的社區定位分析所述,兩個社區其實各有各的歷史內涵可以深入挖掘,【所以,在地的文化,歷史、以及過去的傳統與生活記憶皆可以是一種產業創意,作為產業經營加值的來源;另一方面,通過產業經濟活動的經營與規劃,也可以將地方固有的文化特色加以保留,特色的重新詮釋或發揚。再者,為了產業的營造,除了詮釋、發揚既有的文化之外,也有可能創新傳統以及發明新的文化。(王雯君 張維安 2004:8)】-4 首先就小河直街而言,由於其以運河人家的民俗風情為主要特色,配合以諸多的歷史商號,可以重新發展出一條歷史老街來。可以鼓勵居民繼續發展一些社區的休閒活動,特別是一些節慶類的活動,在原有的傳統節日裡面做各種傳統的食品,比如使用醬園裡釀造的醬油直接來製作醬鴨,醬肉,醬魚,醃鋪裡面醃鹹菜,醃鹹蛋等這些也都是老杭州人自古流傳的傳統,可以把製作的流程透明化,讓街上往來的人流都能看到傳統的食品生產過程,普及古代文明的智慧,作為一種社區文化的宣傳,有利於形成社區特色和社區的吸引力。還有茶館裡面曾經有的茶道茶藝展示,酒莊裡面的釀酒流程,也是一種很好的文化體驗,如果能夠開發出來讓過往遊客參觀學習,也能起到一定的聚焦人氣的作用,將在地的文化歷史以及過去的傳統記憶作為一種產業的創意,來實施產業文化化。同時,通過產業的合理經營來保留傳承這些傳統的文化元素,使之至少不至於消失殆盡。【1999年「國際文化紀念物與歷史場所委員會」(ICOMOS)在墨西哥舉行的第12屆年會中通過《國際文化觀光憲章》。在這部憲章中,觀光所帶來的經濟效應可以成為維護文化資產與推動社區教育的正面力量獲得正面肯定,不同的行動者像當地社區代表、維護者、觀光業者、資產所有權人、政策制定者、國家發展計畫準備者與場所經營者間,應該為永續觀光與遺產資源保護而互相合作。 (傅朝卿,2002: 77-93)】-5 合理的發展觀光業所帶來的經濟效益可以對保護文化資產與推動社區發展有所幫助,這是一個廣受贊同的觀點,在小河直街的保護開發中也不失為一種良好的參考。 當然,在現有的文化基礎上發展出新的文化來,也是一種使產業加值的選擇。比如利用大運河小河等三條河流交匯的眾多河道的優勢創新出龍舟節,定在每年端午前後舉辦,可以作為運河旅遊的重要亮點;還有舉辦運河人家文化節等,可以宣傳運河人家獨特的家居文化風情,通過利用原住居民現有的多餘房間,提供一些民宿,以供遊客深入體會運河人家的民俗風情,一方面又可以為居民創造出增加收益的機會,滿足部分低收入居民群體提升生活水準的要求。另外也可以利用小河直街社區擁有三河交匯的獨特地理優勢,運河的亮燈工程提供的浪漫的氛圍,舉辦小河燈會。在元宵節舉行燈會,展燈籠、猜燈謎,為社區居民提供展現自己特長的機會,如表演書法繪畫等,並展出作品。因為有這些特色,“小河燈會”相比杭州其他社區的元宵燈會更具吸引力,所以把小河燈會做成杭州人元宵節最嚮往的地方有一定的可行性。 就拱宸橋西歷史街區而言,其特色有與小河直街相類似之處,就是有著同樣的運河水上人家的風情,當然其他更有一些小河直街所沒有的歷史特色亟待挖掘和研究。比如拱宸橋的殖民文化的挖掘,現在仍為空白,拱宸橋地區曾經在1896年淪為日本租界,之後附近地塊又相繼租與美,英等國經營,直到1945年抗戰勝利始得歸還當時的國民政府,在這中間的近50年的時間裡,在這個當年號稱江南“小上海灘”的地方發生了太多曲折離奇的故事,有不少社會各界人士都曾在這裡的碼頭打拼,或為幫工,或為戲樓的主角,比方後來成為舊上海三大亨之一的張嘯林,有江南“活武松”之稱的京劇泰斗蓋叫天等等。當年由於日本歐美等國輸入的資本主義,大量的外國商人在此地經商,投資設廠,以及本地的地主和企業家們為振興民族工業,與外國人競爭,而紛紛聯合起來加入這一設廠通商的過程,比方通益紡紗廠就是開明士紳丁丙與富豪龐元濟共同出資40萬兩興建。這些都使得這一地區發生了快速的工業化,產生了大量的工廠製造業和航運業。伴隨著這些第二產業發展的,則是拱宸橋西面的餐飲,服務和娛樂業。當年舊杭州知名的五大茶樓,丹桂茶園、榮華茶園、陽春茶園、天仙茶園、醒獅台茶樓,以及知名的麗春戲院都坐落於此,可以說是百花齊放,熱鬧非凡。可惜這一切史料都由於各種原因而被忽略,現在已經很少有人知道當年租界的繁華,而開發運河旅遊的專家們也似乎並未注意到這些,往往只是提到這裡是運河的最南端,至於從前為何會形成那麼多的工廠,碼頭和商店則未有提及。【現存的租界遺產僅存現今杭州市第二人民醫院內部的杭州“海關”,即人們所說的“洋關”,是清政府為了因應各個租界成立的事實,被迫設立的徵稅機關,也是當年貨物進出的樞紐。洋關留存至今的三幢房屋現位於杭州市第二人民醫院住院部內。三座建築呈“品”字形佈置,間有後期構築的醫用建築。東、南、北三座樓平面矩形,皆為二層磚木結構,紅色清水磚外牆,立面多採用仿英的“券廊式”,屋頂坡形,出簷短淺。(浙江在線)】-6 原本這些可以挖掘的歷史故事,都可以成為橋西歷史街區的獨特亮點,如今卻並未得到重視,確實也是值得我們反思的。這些租界文化可以說是瞭解杭州近代史的一個視窗,特別是現存的“洋關”建築,其風格有半封建,半殖民地的特色,都具有有一定的歷史意義。 除了半殖民地文化以外,橋西歷史街區還有一個值得發展的亮點,即為坐落於街區腹地的張大仙廟。【據拱宸橋的何姓老先生所述:舊時張大仙廟香火鼎盛,一年一度都有熱鬧非凡的廟會,是當時杭州北部最為繁華的場景。在張大仙的生日農曆七月廿三至廿五,來自蘇南浙北各地的香客蜂擁而至,使得運河上的船隻都出現了堵塞,放眼望去是幾十裡長的船隊,來進香的客人多達萬人。而廟會期間,當時拱宸橋地區著名的舞龍隊,舞獅隊還有竹馬隊,高蹺隊,滾燈隊等,二三裡長的表演隊,從拱宸橋出發,一直表演到杭州城南的米市巷始折返。在廟會期間,五大茶園和麗春戲院會停業三天,讓出數百張八仙桌供給老太太們吃素念佛三個通宵,直至第三天的下午,拱宸橋周邊的馬路上香客如織,遊客如潮,橋邊有名的幾家大南北貨商店新義和順昌等人氣和生意火爆多日。當時蓋叫天和眾多的京劇名角如譚鑫培、劉鴻聲、汪笑儂等熱熱鬧鬧地出來捧場,唱戲三天之多。另有杭州俞小飛的“小熱昏”小羅書與“杭州灘簧”等戲種劇碼每晚在麗春戲院、陽春茶園說唱,非常熱鬧,一票難求。當時廟內還有中醫中藥的義診義賣,原因是張大仙原系橋西二司殿的道長,生前積極行善,為鄉里治病而不收藥費,鄉人感念其生前品格,故聯名上書朝廷,討敕封,建廟宇以資祭祀。次年光緒皇帝敕封其為“張大真人”,並同意建廟,不久慈禧太后亦賜以“顯佑仙官”的稱號。(呂洪年 2010:1)】-7 或許是杭州人出於對張大仙的緬懷,很多受其恩惠的百姓,都有一種感恩的心理,很多老百姓認為一個好人,生前助人,死後亦會保佑黎民,故而張大仙廟建廟以來香火繁盛,綿延不斷。即使是上個世紀文革期間,廟宇被毀,很多百姓仍在家中擺出儀式,偷偷祭拜。而現今,廟宇重建,信仰自由再度放開,像張大仙廟這樣的道教聖地,有著良好的群眾基礎,再度復活應該只是時間問題了。橋西直街有著這許多的廟宇文化,租界文化,民族工商業文化,碼頭文化,以及如同小河直街這般的江南民居文化,可以說是包羅萬象,是一個杭州近百年來發展歷史的活生生的縮影。如何把這些文化的符號,進行整理彙編,用文字或圖像的形式呈現給遊客,是一個值得深入探討的話題。即怎樣將這些文化內涵比較簡潔的傳達給遊客,讓遊客也能瞭解體會這裡的歷史和文化,是一個宣傳橋西歷史街區的重要考量方向。現在有關部門已經實施的是,這裡很多的老廠房均作為工業遺存進行保護和開發,在老廠房的基礎上改建了中國刀剪劍博物館、中國扇博物館和中國傘博物館等三個國家級博物館,集中展示中國傘文化、杭州張小泉剪刀以及以杭州王星記扇子為主的中國扇發展史等近代民族工業發展進程。三大博物館的建設可以說是與這裡的民族工商業文化的一個很好的結合,同時也合理利用了這裡的廢棄工廠的閒置空間,創造了其再利用的價值。此外,橋西直街利用其張大仙廟的聲望,打造運河畔國醫國藥、養生保健特色街區,集中了方回春堂、大運河國醫館、天祿堂等國醫國藥老字型大小等商家入駐。可以說也是一個利用好現有歷史文化資源,來發展特色商業的好例子。只是現在對於張大仙廟,租界以及相關故事的宣傳仍舊沒有達到足夠量,即使是周邊的居民,如果是外來的遷居者,都不知這些歷史故事,更別提外地遊客了。幾個茶樓以及戲院已經修復完畢,從硬體上看是很有老杭州的味道了。只是遊客稀少,戲樓也沒有正式戲團入駐,並未形成“戲氛”。 硬體已經提升了,如何宣傳以加強這裡的軟文化已經成為當務之急。作者認為,如果在地人能夠利用好張大仙廟這一文化資產,就能抓住其主軸。重新開辦一年一度的張大仙廟廟會,並配合以相關戲樓,茶館的表演服務,重現數十年前的繁華場景,可以說是提升此地知名度的不二選擇。並且配合以相關的持續的行銷方案,廟會的聚集人氣的能力一定可以完美展現。而且張大仙廟也是一個串聯其整個橋西歷史街區的最佳鏈條,無論是從實際行銷的角度,還是從文化內涵的角度。張大仙廟曾經的繁榮,其實也與此地曾經經歷過開埠通商的半殖民時期,曾經工商業的發達,航運業的發達有直接的聯繫。通過廟會這一文化元素,正可以把橋西歷史街區各個產業有機聯繫起來。並且那麼多的歷史故事也正可以通過廟會的時候重新展現給世人,並且這種文化的感染力和凝聚力是很驚人的,不但能轉化成人們豐富茶餘飯後的談資,而且更加可以增強地方文化的凝聚力,增強在地民眾對於鄉土的認同感。 另外,對於小河直街和橋西街區而言,合理的與現今每年在舉辦的西湖博覽會結合,也是一個推廣二者的不錯選擇,讓小河直街成為西湖博覽會上展示江南河畔人家的民俗風情的特色博物館,或曰“開放式博物館”,即【通過科學的、教育的,或者一般來說的文化的方式,管理、研究和開發一個特定社區的包括整個的自然環境和文化環境的整個傳統。因而這種開放式博物館是公眾參與社區規劃和發展的一個工具。因而開放式博物館在管理上使用所有手段和方法來准許公眾以一種自由的和負責的態度來理解、批評和征服它面對的問題。本質上,開放式博物館是為了達到其意願的變化,使用工藝品、真實的日常生活和具體的環境作為它的表現手段。(張康建 華晨 陳怡,2009:1)】-8。將小河直街與拱宸橋西歷史街區的特色相結合,利用兩地距離不到一裡的優勢以及現已經開放的運河水上巴士和遊船碼頭,將兩地整合開發,共同組建一個開放式博物館,把大運河杭州段的江南小橋流水的民俗文化,碼頭文化,商號文化,殖民文化,以及近代工業遺址文化有機組建在一起,展示給參觀者一個整體的,活生生的有關近代大運河杭州段的面貌。 探討了兩地的發展定位的選擇權衡,我們再來看看有關社區永續發展的問題。兩個社區的永續發展可以說與兩個方面息息相關:一是地方經濟的發展與地方民眾的收入的提高;二是地方民俗文化的保護和創新。由於之前篇章所探討的定位問題,著力點就是探討解決社區的經濟發展難題,即怎麼樣來發現社區最為亮眼的文化元素,並採取一系列方式將其文化品牌予以強化,並為遊客所認知且認同,以達到吸引遊人,發展經濟的目的。據調查,社區的居民大多都擁有社區的房屋產權,而且社區的房屋主要是以上房下鋪的形式存在,故而社區經濟發展之後,社區居民哪怕並不會經營之道,只需將下樓的商鋪出租,即可獲取較高的穩定回報,所以第一條即地方經濟的發展和民眾收入的提高在經濟這一層面可以基本同時實現,在此暫不做更多的討論。我們需要關注的是,社區的商業化是否會造成文化的邊緣化,即活生生的運河人家的江南民俗文化的載體——社區的居民,是否會流失,而使得社區變成一個文化“空心化”的地方。由於之前在討論社區存在的問題的時候已經交代了幾種空心化的原因:原住居民有部分經濟條件尚好,故有一定的將房子出租給商用,而舉家搬遷至別處的打算;另有部分居民選擇拿補償金離開去別處置業。 所以在此我們來討論一個可能的更深層次的問題,這也是前面所述的調查已經提過的,即居民之間的互動的社區活動不足,也導致了凝聚力的不足,社區居民之間的互動僅限於門對門的閒聊。居民對社區的認同感普遍不足,與土地感情淡漠,除了個別高齡老人外,剩下的人中很少有對在地歷史有所關心的。這個原因很有可能是該街區在過去很長一段時間裡面曾是杭州的貧民窟,房子破破爛爛,年久失修,有能力搬走的年輕一代都走了,社區的精英人群走的乾乾淨淨。剩下的居民大多是無力遷徙,所以對社區的認同感和自信心普遍不足,大多數人認為該社區不是一個好地方。如此低的認同感,再加上社區裡面居民缺乏共同的資源和利益,更加深了居民搬離,社區空心化的隱患。還有就是居民普遍對自身的利益較為關注,而對社區的公共事務較少關心,訪談中大多數人都表示社區公共事務主要應由社區管委會來解決,他們自己的參與熱情並不高。 針對以上的社區認同感和自信心不足的問題,當務之急是應該設計一些社區活動,並且鼓勵居民的社區活動參與積極性。最佳的模式應該也是發展節慶文化,將比方之前提到的張大仙廟廟會,龍舟賽,元宵燈會等等重新開辦或者是創新開辦。在杭州市打造休閒之都,生活品質之城的良好契機下。挖掘自身的傳統,找出節慶活動的總體主題,並在此基礎上開展節慶活動,通過原有或創新的相關的意像來詮釋社區的文化內涵,居民的生活風俗等,既豐富了社區居民的生活,提高了居民對社區的認同感,又增加了社區的凝聚力和對旅遊者的吸引力,達到帶動社區經濟,社會,文化的三重發展的目的。 周永廣(2005:36-41)提到,【日本始於20世紀70年代的“一村一品”運動,1988年的“故鄉創生事業”,使得每一個鄉村開始關心自己腳下這塊土地的個性】-9 。 那小河直街和橋西歷史文化街區正是可以通過培育相關節慶活動,塑造自己在市民心中的獨特形象,並使得社區居民開始通過這一系列一開始由官方和專家學者主導的活動中,開始關注自己的社區,並熱愛自己腳下的土地。 對於節慶的開發模式而言,一開始應該可以由政府主導,聯合兩個社區聯辦,因為考慮到單個社區規模有限,難以形成集聚效應,所以採納聯辦。政府提供財政和政策支持,文化工程師提供指導,居民和業主們作為主體密切配合,媒體進行宣傳,吸引全城市民參與。然而,政府主導舉辦活動終究也是為了讓社區居民能夠真正參與進來,形成獨特的社區文化,並最終能夠脫離政府的補助而獨立運作。最後,社區的居民若能夠把諸如張大仙廟廟會,或者是小河元宵燈會之類的節慶,真正變成生活的一部分,在節慶之前沒有官方的提醒就能主動的自主營造,準備出各式各樣的杭州運河文化的創意金點子,如此自下而上的力量整合,才是真正的對於鄉土的認同和運河原生態的文化生命力的表現。

六.結語 本文在對大運河杭州段拱宸橋西歷史街區和小河直街社區實地調查的基礎上提出,杭州運河歷史街區發展定位的關鍵是找到地方文化發展的特定文化元素。比如小河直街可以發展元宵燈會,橋西歷史街區可以恢復舉辦張大仙廟廟會。一開始在政府主導下,結合在地民眾的參與,配合以媒體的宣傳,以實現社區發展與旅遊發展的同步進行。之後等節慶文化發展初具規模以後,可以考慮讓社區居民參與直接組織籌辦社區的節慶活動,讓該節慶活動真正融入社區居民的生活當中,成為一種自然而然的風俗文化。但是兩地的旅遊觀光和節慶發展也剛剛起步,居民參與籌辦的構想還有待於進一步經過實踐的檢驗。 調查中針對所發現的社區居民搬遷,活的社區文化流失的現象。作者則提出,通過合理的社區定位和節慶籌辦,同時也可以使居民間通過籌備與參與共同的社區文化活動,提高社區居民對於社區的歷史瞭解與認識,進而提高對於社區的認同感和自信心,增強社區居民間的凝聚力,有利於社區的永續發展。 所以,總體來講,挖掘社區歷史文化的核心元素,並舉辦創新的或者是復古的相關的社區節慶活動,既可以解決目前社區發展中所遭遇的定位不明,同質化嚴重的尷尬局面,又可以使社區的活著的文化——居民,產生一定的凝聚力,避免繼續的流失。真正使得地方文化的保護與經濟的發展得到雙贏。當然,這些設想仍存在一些其他的附屬問題,比如節慶的商業化運作是否會使得原有社區的淳樸民風變味,遊客的陸續增加是否會破壞當地的文化與生態環境等等。這些問題都有待在實踐中進一步的檢驗與考證。

參考資訊
1. 摘自百度百科——杭州市 http://baike.baidu.com/view/6885.htm
2. 楊凱成 2009。《鹽業文化資產觀光下的記憶製作》 第6頁
3. 曹嵐 2009。《探索歷史文化街區復興之路》第2頁
4. 王雯君 張維安 2004。《客家桐花祭的分析》 第8頁
5.傅朝卿,2002。《國際歷史保存及古蹟維護:憲章、宣言、決議文、建議文》臺南:臺灣建築與文化資產出版社
6. 浙江在線 http://www.zjwmw.com/07zjwm/system/2011/11/18/018008442.shtml
7. 呂洪年,2010。《保護慰藉心靈的傳統文化空間》 第1頁 摘自浙江文化資訊網 http://www.zjcnt.com/Article/2010-05-20/154568.shtml
8. 張康建 華晨 陳怡, 2009。 《“運河開放式博物館”理念下的歷史街區解讀 ——以杭州小河直街為例》 第1頁
9. 周永廣,薑佳將,王曉平.基於社區主導的鄉村旅遊內生式開發模式研究[J].旅遊科學,2009,23(04):36—41。

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Sara Lee

...j [pic] Term Paper Title: Organizational Behaviors of Sustainable Tourism A Partial fulfillment for Bilingual MBA Programme 2013 Subject: Organizational Behavior (Code: BP6903) Lecturer: Dr. Yu Wang Presented by: Yinsi Tu (ID: 5539073 ) Shilong Chen (ID: 5569005) Xingjun Liu (ID: 5561065) Jialing Xing (ID: 55569009) Yunmei Wang (ID: 5569006) Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Organizational Culture of Sustainable Tourism 3.0 Government's Policies in Sustainable Tourism Management 4.0 Characteristics and Diversities in Sustainable Tourism 5.0 Tourist Behaviors in Sustainable Tourism 6.0 The Relationship between Sustainable Tourism and Environment Protection 7.0 Conclusion 8.0 Bibliography 1.0 Introduction Today, as the world economy,science and technology and cultural developing aggressively , the increase of personal income and free time, Labor and Leisure has become two important aspects of an integral human social life. Today, leisure sports and tourism is the world's most widely used recreational activities. Leisure sports, people enjoy the beauty and movement created by a pleasant activity in order to express themselves to the outside world. Homer and Swatchbrooke (1996) defined tourism as tourism refers to people temporarily leave permanent residence elsewhere in recreational activities. ...

Words: 4840 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

... Heritage Assessment: A Comparison of Three Cultures Sufi Heritage Assessment: A Comparison of Three Cultures America’s growing diversity is increasing day by day as it is considered to be the “land of opportunity”. People from all over the world are here with different cultures. As United States has increasingly cultural diversity -Asian are 3.6 %, one tenth % of US population will be foreign born by 2050 (Gregory Juckett, 2005). It has become very important to understand and respect this various cultural beliefs especially in the healthcare system. All cultures have equal values and are different from one another. Heritage Assessment is a tool to help us know about one beliefs and the health tradition. Heritage tool help the author recognized different cultures thoughts, beliefs. This tool helps to evaluate the similarities and differences between different cultures. No one becomes culturally competent overnight or with one or two hours of training; certain attitudes need to be learned, skills transmitted, and knowledge absorbed (California Endowment, 2003). People from different culture have different beliefs about their health traditions. They have a different approach for protection, maintenance, and restoration of their health. This paper will compare the similarities and differences regarding health practice methods among the Hindus, Muslims, and White cultures. This author, Hindu female from Nepal, completed...

Words: 1924 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

C/C Essay-Mesopotamia & Egypt

...How Geography Effected Ancient Cultures Mesopotamia and Egypt in the ancient world were in modern day Iraq, and Egypt is still there today. Culture in theses societies, was loosely based on their natural surroundings. While geography in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt differed in stability and protection, they were similar in farming opportunities, with comparable sources of water giving them both the chance to excel in agriculture. The river flooding in Mesopotamia and Egypt differed in predictability; while rivers in Mesopotamia were sporadic in flood patterns, the Nile in Egypt was very predictable in its flooding. This caused the two civilizations to have opposing ideas of the power of their gods. In ancient Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were incredibly unpredictable, and when they flooded they caused frenzies in surrounding areas. This unpredictability was reflected in their religion, as they felt the flooding of the rivers was a punishment for something they did. In thinking they could never please the gods, the people of Mesopotamia believed one only had the underworld to look forward to after death. They viewed nature as something out to get them. This belief led to more selfishness in people, and as a result, people were generally less trusting. However, in Egypt, the Nile River and its yearly predictable flooding led to the creation of calendars to plan agriculture around flooding; therefore, the flooding would help, not hurt them. The predictability...

Words: 1153 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

...day by day as it is considered to be the “land of opportunity”. People from all over the world are here with different cultures. As US has increasingly cultural diversity -Asian are 3.6 % 1 ten % of US population is foreign born by 2050 (Gregory Juckett, 2005).It has become very important to understand and respect this various cultural beliefs especially in the healthcare system. All cultures have equal values and are different from one another. Heritage Assessment is a tool to help us know about one beliefs and the health tradition. Heritage tool help the author recognized different cultures thoughts, beliefs. This tool helps to evaluate the similarities and differences between different cultures. No one becomes culturally competent overnight or with one or two hours of training; certain attitudes need to be learned, skills transmitted, and knowledge absorbed (California Endowment, 2003). People from different culture have different beliefs about their health traditions. They have a different approach for protection, maintenance, and restoration of their health. This paper will compare the similarities and differences regarding health practice methods among the Hindus, Muslims, and White cultures. Health Protection Health Protection is the way of living healthy lifestyle by preventing from illness and diseases. It is how people from different cultures protect their and family health from diseases on a regular basis. Hindus Hindus follows religious teaching practice for...

Words: 1691 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Kxo303 Workship 1

...1 summary Although it refers to the historical background of whale-watching industry, the location and natural resources of Kaikoura, and the factors of success We think that the key points of this case are the benefits and disadvantages of the whale-watching industry which contain the culture values, social values, environment protection and the problems it face after our discussion. Culture values: the success of maori venture has engendered a renaissance in maori culture in kaikoura. Social values: the profits from the whale-watch have been used to take young people off the unemployment register. It also used to promote the development of the school education. Environment protection: the profits from the tourism can be used to strengthen the education of environmental protection. It also promote the development of eco-tourism.all of those measures are benefit for environmental protection. Current issues: the whale-watching industry causing some serious problems such as: jealousy, racism and even sabotage. One of the biggest problems it faces is the establishment and maintenance of an adequate tourism infrastructure. In conclusion, the culture and social values, environment protection and current issues are more important than background, location, history and the factors of success. Part2 A vision statement is sometimes called a picture of your company in the future but it’s so much more than that. A vision statement is about applying to an entire company or to...

Words: 462 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Whistle Blowing, Business Ethics

...has been the absence of any forthcoming information from insiders. Whistle blowing has been almost nonexistent during the run up to the financial crisis and its aftermath. This is reflective of the negative stigma that is associated with whistle blowing in most businesses and corporations. Combined with a culture of silence that is prevalent in the finance and accounting industries this is not a big surprise. Federal regulators and congress have been encouraging whistleblowers to step up in recent years, however more must be done. Regulators must continue to improve protection and incentives for whistleblowers to come forward. In addition corporate culture must change in its negative view of whistle blowing. Most importantly though professionals, especially accountants must understand that they are serving the public interest and thus must step up and reveal any fraudulent or unethical activities that hurt the public. Whistle blowing is hard to encourage and federal authorities have been doing terrible job of it until recently. The trend has been changing, first with the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 that included a provision for expanded whistle blower protection. The act made it legal for public companies to fire employees that reported any illegal activities in which a firm or its employees...

Words: 1762 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Dicussion

...tattoos are trying to tell a story in the form of art and body piercing is a sexual expression. Likewise, other cultures around the world have been doing this for centuries. The African women will input rings around their necks and both sex will insert plates in their lips. Therefore, every culture practice these body ornamentation differently. Going back to the pages of history, tattoos in the early ages, were borne not for fashion. Instead, they were generally inscribed in body, essentially for the medicinal and spiritual qualities (iloveindia, n.d.). “While beadwork and jewelry are also frequently used as a means of beautification, there are a few types of body art that dominate. Body decoration and transformation occurs at set times in a person’s life and the decoration’s thought to enhance a person’s status and beauty” (Admin, 2010). In varies of cultures, tattoos and body piercing is the form of beauty and power because it reconfigures identity, sexuality, gender, and status. Africans and indians mark themselves for beauty, medical purpose, and protection from evil spirits. “Traditional tattooing in African culture is not a mere expression of one’s individuality. It’s a series of intricately designed patterns that carry major cultural implications, where the body displays the strength of the inner character. Tribal lineage, maturity, spiritual protection, political and social status as well as personal strength are all indicated through the art of African tattooing”...

Words: 681 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

...Understanding one’s culture and beliefs is essential for deliverance of caring and compassionate care. Culture influences thoughts, beliefs, customs, communications, actions, religion, and social groups (The Office of Minority Health, 2013). Health care that is center to one’s culture and is sensitive to the beliefs and customs will foster a positive experience. The Heritage Assessment tool can be utilized to lay the foundation for health care professionals in understanding a client’s culture and traditions. The Heritage Assessment is a tool that a nurse can use to investigate a client’s ethnic, cultural and religious traditions. It helps identify how deeply a person identifies themselves to their culture and religion customs. The tool is useful in helping the health care provider establish an understanding of the client’s health practices. People who identify themselves with a heritage may view health differently than the health care provider. The client’s practices may differ and may see health as a holistic approach. Health as a holistic approach has three parts: body (the physical self), mind (attitudes, feelings, and behaviours), and spirit. The methodology of maintaining, restoring and protecting health requires the health care provider to attain knowledge and comprehension of health resources for the client’s heritage or religious background. These methods can be utilized in conjunction with modern medicine. The writer used the assessment tool on three individuals....

Words: 1557 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

...The Influence of Heritage on Current Culture Evaluation of how family subscribes to these traditions and practices is offered in detail, while offering insight and/or reflection.It is essential for nurses to provide culturally sensitive care to each and every patient in order to establish repor and maintain a safe working relationship with each individual. To provide culturally sensitive care to a nurses patient’s he or she must first assess their own beliefs, values, and culture at large. The nurse can do this by using the Heritage Assessment Tool. This tool shows the nurse how important their heritage is to them and if they have adopted their ways of life from their family’s history and influence. This gives the nurse a starting point for his or her own competency because once the nurse knows their own beliefs they will know what to keep in mind as their own biases that may hinder or limit care of their patients. The Heritage Assessment tool can then be used with the nurses’ patients in assessing how much they follow their cultural heritage. When interviewing families from different cultures one can see the disparities between them and their perception of their health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration. Applying the Heritage Assessment in Evaluating the Needs of the Whole Person The Heritage Assessment is a useful tool in evaluating the needs of the patient and in being able to provide holistic patient care. The Heritage Assessment Tool assesses whether...

Words: 1627 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Goal Setting

...QUESTION ONE. HOW GOAL SETTING MOTIVATES AN EMPLOYEE. 1. There is a clear and understandable job description reassures employees to put in the substantial effort since every employee knows what is expected of him or her. 2. Goals activate cognitive knowledge and strategies such as the technical aspect of every operation that help employees cope with a variety situations. 3. When employees participate in the goal setting process, they often do not need to be reminded about what is expected of them. Firefighters do not need to be reminded of their purpose to save lives and property. 4. Management should be a role model to all employees as this will set the foundation for organizational goals. Therefore a good role model motivates employees to work hard following the manager’s footsteps instilling courage and guidance as the chief leader takes responsibility of every task to be undertaken by every fire fighter within his department. 5. An organization should create recognition programs that reward the employees who meet the organizational goals. This include but are not limited to promotions of acknowledgement of best fire fighters on a monthly basis in recognition of their good performance by placing their pictures on a wall to be viewed by all and sundry. FIVE PRACTICAL LESSON LEARNT FROM RESEARCH ON GOAL SETTING. 1) Productivity improvement can managed through frequent training. This attained through regularly training of fire service personnel...

Words: 951 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Overrepresentation In Child Welfare Research Paper

...and their culture. Therefore, if a child is removed, the child will not be placed in a non-native home, and will be placed with a native family, or family members related to the child. By removing a native child and placing them into a non-native home creates long-lasting trauma and can leave a child feeling disconnected from their culture and identity which can create a lifetime impact of harm. ICWA ensures that at all levels- county, state, and federal - native children are protected. As a social worker, it is important that historically social workers have played a role in social control, and that it is important to build trust with native families to work with them as much as possible. It is also crucial to remember that removal is the last possible option, if applicable, and the goal is reunification if a child is...

Words: 1449 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Heritage Assessment

...different health prevention, cultural practices and beliefs. The aim of this paper is to compare the American, American Indian and Ecuadorian health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration. Heritage Assessment and Culture The assessment of heritage is an important step in order to have understanding of one’s cultural status. A person’s traditions, beliefs, and everyday language play an important role in impacting on the patient as well as the health provider. Diversity in people brings about different beliefs regarding health, sickness, infection, virus, birth as well as death (Edelmam & Mandle, 2010). Heritage culture is the study of people’s cultural beliefs, religious practices, social, and physical lives. It defines the understanding and awareness of different ethnic groups of people, studying and evaluating their cultural background (Rogerio-Candelera, M. A., Lazzari,M., & Cano, E. (2013). In identifying the diversity among the American, American Indian and the Ecuadoran we can begin to understand how different or similar they are in their beliefs and practices, and how these affect their health practices. Comparing health traditions between these cultures Health Maintenance In dealing with health maintenance...

Words: 1064 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Heritage Assessment Tool

...Heritage Assessment Tool Stacey Howard Grand Canyon University 4/20/2014 Heritage Assessment Tool The Heritage Assessment Tool is useful in determining how connected an individual is to their specific culture which enables the culturally competent practitioner to identify health traditions, evaluate needs, and create appropriate plans for health maintenance, protection and/or restoration of the patient. Heritage and culture are interchangeable words that represent the concept of learned or inherited thought processes, ideas, and traditions that have been passed down from parentage, nationality and/or ethnicity. It is important for the practitioner to understand the beliefs of their patient to better facilitate treatment compliance and enhance rapport with the patient and family. As noted by Edelman, Kudzman & Mandle (2014), culture has an impact on a person’s health, healing, perceptions of wellness versus disease and attitude towards health practitioners. Many times important revelations regarding the patient’s health practices, traditions, and perceptions are gleaned not from the patient answering direct assessment question but from their relaxed conversation, ramblings, and casual remarks. The patient will not feel comfortable to converse with a practitioner they don’t trust or have a rapport. It is through cultural sensitivity, competence and appropriate assessment that practitioners are able to develop the trust and rapport needed to assist them...

Words: 1053 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

...all over the world reside in the US. There are many customs, religion, values, beliefs, and so forth, in the US. To be in the healthcare profession, it is vital and necessary to be culturally aware and competent to provide culturally appropriate, holistic care. One of the ways to learn about a person’s heritage is by using the Heritage Assessment (HA). The HA tool has 29 questions and is a reliable method used to collect data on the patients’ traditional heritage. This paper will discuss the usefulness of the Heritage Assessment (HA) tool, this student’s summary of personal learning, this student’s cultural heritage common health traditions, in addition to the differences in health traditions from three different cultures in relation to health maintenance, protection, and restoration. We have to understand our own cultural beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices that are relevant to health and illness before we can understand others (Jarvis, 2012). People have different views on health and illness which is influenced by their cultural beliefs. According to Jarvis (2012), to be culturally competent, one must have knowledge of one’s own personal heritage, the heritage of the patient, nursing profession, and health care system. The Heritage Assessment is a useful tool to build cultural competency by collecting relevant data to assist the healthcare providers to provide better care. The tool assists healthcare providers to bridge the gap to better understand the patients’ belief...

Words: 1477 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Heritage Assessment

...Every individual has a cultural heritage. Each culture views the world differently. Heritage is whom we are, where we came from and our historical roots. The Heritage Assessment Tool is designed to “give nurses an understanding of the patient’s traditional health and illness beliefs and practices so that culturally appropriate interventions can be initiated. The tool is a series of twenty nine questions.   These twenty nine questions are designed to determine a patient’s ethnic, cultural, and religious background,” (Flowers, D.L., 2005).  The Heritage Assessment Tool (HAT) , is a check list used by professionals to gain knowledge of patients culture and beliefs prior to initiating care (Spector 2000).   In combination with questions that relate to health beliefs and practices the HAT assessment includes events in their childhood, which contribute to the values, and beliefs in adulthood (Spector, 1989).   NursesThe Heritage Assessment Tool is a worksheet operated by people in the medical field in order to recognize the standpoint of a patient in respect to culture and beliefs.   It’s an accurate method in which the medical professional comprehends the patients prior to beginning any interventions.   Ultimately the objective is to diminish disease and ease anguish in the most effectual way that is feasible, it is wise for the licensed practitioner to recognize the utmost comfy actions for the client.   (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) The heritage assessment tool aids medical professionals...

Words: 951 - Pages: 4