...Psychodynamic Approach Carl Jung had a unique personality theory. When we compare it to Freud, they each thought that consciousness and unconsciousness had an effect on the mind. Jung created eight types of personalities that were then divided into four categories of functions. The foundation comes from Jung’s introversion and extroversion experiences. Erik Erikson developed his theories from an observational predetermined order. Unlike Freud he did not focus on sexual development but on children’s socialization skills and how they impact the child. Erikson has eight stages and each one has two results. If you were to complete every stage successfully it was seen as a healthy personality. If one did not complete each stage successfully then it is said that you have an unhealthy personality. Sigmund Freud studied the psychosexual model. Freud said that this stage starts in early childhood and goes through adulthood. As we are exposed to the environment a child forms an ego, which is seen as one of the strongest characteristics of a personality Psychodynamic Theories Brochure There have been many different theories throughout the years. Each has their own strengths and weaknesses when it comes to explaining individual behavior. This brochure will summarize psychodynamic theories and how they influence our lives. Theorists include Sullivan, Freud, Adler, Jung, Horney, Klein, Fromm and Erikson. All eight of these theorists mentioned have very unique personalities and life...
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...Psychoanalysis is based on the theory that almost everything people do is controlled by their unconscious mind at some level, and Behaviourism that almost all human emotion is conditioned by habit which can be learned or unlearned. Both are deterministic, focus on an aspect of the ‘patients’ life or personality and use directive approaches by the therapist. One major difference between humanistic counselors and other therapists is they refer to those in therapy as 'clients', not 'patients', seeing the therapist and client as equal partners rather than as experts ‘treating’ a patient. PCT diverged from the model of therapist as expert and moved toward a nondirective, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client in the therapeutic...
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...In this approach, sleeping seems to be an important aspect for strengthening our memories. *Sleep Deprivation - This is caused by exogenous zeitgebers. Exogenous are the external influences that create an impact on our internal regulations of the body. The environmental factors disturbs circadian rhythms, for example, shift work, jet lag, age and ageing. Sleep deprivation is just the way life is for many of us. Having to miss one night of sleep may affect our mood, the way we behave, our mental well-being but sometimes we don’t even realise it. We need to sleep to be able to cognitively function: memory and recognition. *Strengths - Very scientifically proven *Weaknesses - Reductionism 2. A) Explain EITHER the Restoration Theory or Wish fulfilment...
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...PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH Caitie Pearce Q1. Describe the main assumptions of the psychodynamic Assumption One: The personality is comprised of three parts The id, or ‘pleasure principle’, is with us since birth. According to Freud, a new born baby is completely selfish. Its main priority is to survive. It has no room for good or bad, only pleasure or pain. Without the id, babies wouldn’t cry when they were hungry or needed attention, and people wouldn’t do things purely for enjoyment The ego, or ‘reality principle’, appears around the age of three. Children become aware of the feelings of those around them and that they can’t always have their own way. The ego is the scales of the personality; it balances the id’s need for immediate satisfaction with the expectations of society, and the superego’s need to be moral with the id’s need for pleasure. The superego, or ‘morality principle’, develops around age five. The child internalises their parents sense of morality. The superego is also responsible for the ‘ideal self’. “The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society.” (McLeod, 2008) When a person acts in accordance with their ideal self, the superego can reward them with a feeling of pride. However, if one falls short of this expectation by giving into the demands of the id, they may experience feelings of guilt for failing. If there’s an imbalance...
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...Love Yourself to Improve Your Confidence Frame of Reference “The Psychodynamic approach can help one to understand a person’s ability to work as well as to love” (Cole, 2012). “It goes into details to explain how mental processes, such as perceptions, thoughts, and feelings that are either unconscious or conscious influence a person’s ability to participate and being satisfied with his or her occupation” (Bruce & Borg, 2002). This approach has been widely used to treat patients with mental illness. “The model has been used in a variety of different formats including long- and short-term individual work. In its short form, a problem solving approach is utilized, involving the use of “forms of feeling” to link together specific emotions, memories,...
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...characteristics that leads to growth and actualisation (Meyer et al, 2008). The approach, and Roger’s view of the personality altered the way, in which I value myself, acknowledging the fact that you can truly become who you really want to be (ideal self) furthermore the self concept predicts your experiences, and the quality of life. By incorporating genuineness, warmth, positivity, self-acceptance, value towards oneself, and living without pretense, you would be able to grow and move more towards the ideal self. This approach is definitely one that inspires me to be...
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...The Psychodynamic approach is based on the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) He believed that the way a person thinks and behaves is based on the experiences they have had in the early years. He also believed that if a person goes through emotional distress it is caused by conflicts that have been unresolved since childhood and these will be buried in our unconscious mind so it is difficult to see that these play an important role in our current life. Freud said that there were 3 parts of the personality; The Id (childlike part of your personality), Ego (adult part of your personality) and Superego (parent part of your personality) These will develop differently in individuals depending on their childhood experiences. Someone who is psychologically a healthy person has a strong Ego and can balance the demands of the Id and Superego. With Ronnie, we can see that this may be proven as his experiences in his early years have been very traumatic. This may be the reason he chose a harder path in life so far and that his past has not been dealt with in a positive manner so therefore is unresolved and causing him to still be making the wrong decisions he is making. Using this theory while Ronnie is being cared for in a home has its advantages as it would give the care...
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...Psychodynamic & Humanistic/Existential Approaches Psychodynamic & Existential/Humanistic Theories Psychodynamic and existential/humanistic theories vary greatly in their approach, dynamic, and assumptions. The succeeding compares and contrasts the two theoretical approaches paying attention to the assumptions presented by each approach, motives for behavior, and whether the approach is deterministic or not. To gain more perspective into each approach it is essential to learn about the different theories and theorists that developed and contributed to each. The key psychodynamic theorists presented include Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack-Sullivan. On the other side, the theorists that contributed to the existential/humanistic approach include Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. Psychodynamic Theorists and Theories The founder of the psychodynamic approach to personality and psychoanalysis was Sigmund Freud. Freud’s views were focused mainly on sex and aggression as the basis for human motivation (Feist & Feist, 2009). According to Freud there are three distinct parts of human personality; the id, the ego and the super ego. And also three levels of consciousness; unconscious, preconscious and conscious. The two sets of three coincide with the id being part of the unconscious, the ego a part of both pre-consciousness and consciousness and the super ego also a part of the unconscious. A general assumption...
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...Discuss the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. (12 marks) Psychopathology is the study of abnormality. Abnormality is a psychological behaviour that deviates from the norm or is harmful and distressing to those around them. The psychodynamic approach to psychopathology looks at what drives us to behave in a particular way. Freud believed that a mental disorder is caused by unresolved conflicts of childhood which are unconscious. According to Freud the human mind or psyche consists of the id, ego and superego and conflict between these cause anxiety. The id is the irrational part of our personality which uses the pleasure principle: it seeks to have fun. The ego is the conscious rational part of personality, it uses the reality principle. The superego is the moral sense of right and wrong. Conflict between the id, ego and superego create anxiety. The id demands gratification which causes conflict with the superego’s sense of right and wrong. The ego then must step in between the two to restore them to reality and then proceeds to defend itself against the anxiety caused by using ego defence mechanisms.examples of ego defence mechanisms are: repression, denial, projection etc. These are all part of the unconscious mind, here memories and information that are hard to bring into the conscious mind exist. This has a powerful effect on behaviour which frequently leads to distress because the person does not understand why they are acting a particular...
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...Evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality. (6) The psychodynamic model was created by Freud (1856-1939). The core assumption of this approach is that the roots of mental disorders are psychological. They lie in the unconscious mind and are the result the failure of defence mechanisms to protect the self (or ego) from anxiety. If the superego, ego and id are out of balance then the individual is considered to be abnormal. For example, a patient who has symptoms of anxiety would be encouraged to explore his past in order to discover problems occurring during one of the psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic and genital). In order to deal with this problem the patient has used ego-defence mechanisms, such as repression or denial. The psychodynamic model has a number of strengths. One of these strengths are that many people with psychological disturbances do recollect childhood traumas which therefore can be resolved by this method. Also, by developing a method of treatment, Freud encouraged a more optimistic view regarding psychological distress. Mental illness could, in some cases at least, be treated. Also, this is the only approach to focus on the underlying causes of the disorders rather than the symptoms they create. This approach believes abnormality is the result of hidden things in the unconscious, and tries to uncover what is hidden. By attempting to deal with the cause, longer-lasting recovery is more possible. The weaknesses of the psychoanalytic model...
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...I believe when most people think about the different schools of psychology they may draw inaccurate conclusions and stereotyped assumptions that each will remain loyal to their chosen field of study by only using techniques associated with their discipline. In his article it is clear that Kraft approaches the healing process from a psychoanalytical point of view. However, he displays an openness and willingness to utilize any and all means necessary to assist his clients in reaching an optimal state of well-being even if this means using techniques from other disciplines. This exhibits a certain amount of flexibility on his part that is to not only be admired, but also to emulate. Kraft’s article delivers detailed accounts of how hypnosis,...
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...I it is based on the idea of not one size fit all. The technique applied is varied across many factors such as the nature of the client’s problem to the nature of the client itself. Some counsellor may apply behavioural approach while some may be oriented towards humanistic approach. Similarly, some may go with psychodynamics while others may find cognitive behavioral approach favorable. Hence, it is important to realize which approach or technique will best suit the client with anorexia. However, it should also be kept in mind that a particular technique may suit a particular anorexic while the same approach may not go well with another anorexic...
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...differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior. Suggest the significant differences between behaviourism and psychodynamic approach to understanding human behavior...
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...making each approach unique.’ Discuss what makes the psychodynamic approach unique. Refer to other approaches in your answer. (12 marks) In terms of human behaviour, psychology provides alternative perspectives, known as approaches, which give explanation to human behaviours. What makes each approach unique is that they all have their own focal points for how to explain behaviour. For example, the biological approach looks to the evolutionary processes and gene mutations/hormone levels, whilst the cognitive approach looks at how behaviour is influenced by internal mental processes. However, the psychodynamic approach is often questioned about what makes it unique when compared to other approaches. In my essay, I will discuss this. Pioneered by Freud, the first component of the psychodynamic approach that brings uniqueness is its assumptions for the root causes of behaviour. The psychodynamic approach reduces behaviours to hidden thoughts and instinctive drives, which Freud deemed as the unconscious mind. Freud argued that these instinctive drives have been present since birth, seeking to 'gain pleasure and avoid pain', influencing the choices that an individual may make and the behaviours they may produce in order to do so. This makes the approach unique because it relies heavily upon the unconscious mind, whilst other approaches such as the cognitive and social learning theory look to conscious experiences as an explanation of behaviour. The cognitive approach sees behaviour...
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...between Psychodynamic and Behaviourist Approaches Assumptions - The Psychodynamic Approach assumes that it is our unconscious mind, that we have no direct control of, that produces our behaviour. The Behaviourist Approach assumes that it is our past learning history that determines our behaviour, as Behaviourism assumes that all our behaviour is learned. Methodology - The Psychodynamic Approach tends to use Case Studies to investigate the cause of our behaviour. The Behaviourist Approach tends to use Experiments, but has the tendency to gather data using Observation, this is because of the importance Behaviourism places on observable behaviour. Scientific Approach - The Psychodynamic Approach takes a very idiographic approach. That means that a lot of the information has been interpreted by one individual and has not been objectively measured. The Behaviourist Approach, on the other hand, tends to use an objective, scientific approach, where behaviour is directly observed by an independent observer.. Reductionism - When something as complex as human behaviour is explained by the Psychodynamic and Behaviourist Approaches, they each simplify human behaviour in terms of their own approach. The Psychodynamic Approach explains human behaviour in terms of unconscious motivation, and the Behaviourist Approach explains it in terms of the importance of learned behaviour. Determinism - When looking at the factors that are thought to control human behaviour, the Psychodynamic Approach...
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