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The Research About Credit Loan in China

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一、合阳县论文 1. 背景介绍 合阳县隶属于陕西省渭南市,地处陕西省关中地区东部,总面积 1437 平方 公里, 总人口 45 万人。 2011 年, 全县 GDP 突破 50 亿元大关, 达到 50.69 亿元, 按不变价计算,同比增长 14.2%。其中:第一产业完成增加值 13.15 亿元,增长 7.2%,占地区生产总值的比重为 25.9%,较上年上升 2.4 个百分点;第二产业完 成增加值 14.55 亿元,增长 25.7%,占地区生产总值的比重为 28.7%,同比上升 1.4 个百分点;第三产业完成增加值 22.99 亿元,增长 11.1%,占地区生产总值 的比重为 45.4%,比上年下降 3.8 个百分点。人均 GDP 达到 11593 元,较上年 增加 2523 元,增长 15.4%。 总体而言, 合阳县当前是处于经济快速发展、 人民生活水平不断提高的状态。 人民的投资和贷款需求应运而生, 并在此背景下有不断增长的趋势。 因而调查小 额信贷在合阳县的可行性,有助于我们课题的研究和完成。 2. 政府访谈 [1] 政府访谈情况 合阳县目前主要发展林业、畜牧业、蔬菜业等,而蔬菜业尤其以反 季节种植为主。政府对于农业给予了大力的支持。 该县当前主要有三个特殊贷款项目。 首先政府在大力推行无息创业小额贷款, 该贷款允许单户最多借款 五万元,而一般是三至五万,需要一名财政人员作担保。财政人员指的 是在有财政收入的行政事业单位就职的人员, 需其开具介绍信, 并以此 介绍信为抵押接受贷款扶持。 其二, 政府积极支持大学生继续高等教育, 对全县所有大学生开放 贷款业务。 该贷款为有息贷款, 但是在大学四年内没有本金和利息负担, 同时毕业后第一年只需还利息, 第六年到第十四年需要还本付息。 该项 目由国家开发银行主导,并遍及全国各地。 其三, 当地政府为促进奶畜业, 准备以一千万资金在银行发行担保 风险基金。 该基金手续相对简单, 只需通过政府审核并有一位财政人员 担保即可。 而且即使有农民无法还款, 银行就可以以这一千万作为保障, 从而维持贷款的良好运行。 银行可以放大五倍资金, 即发行五千万贷款。 总体而言, 农村的信用体系比大城市要更有序。 合阳县内大型银行 有工商银行、建设银行、农业银行、农业发展银行和邮政储蓄银行,同 时在县城周围乡村中都有农村信用联合社的分支机构, 银行体系完全覆 盖整个行政区。 同时, 县城中的小额信贷公司也蓬勃发展。 注册资本为三千万的 “万 源庄”公司已落户于此,但影响力尚小。据悉,也有一家注册资本一亿 元正在批复中。 [2] 政府访谈小结 根据我们对于合阳县政府的调查, 我们发现合阳经济正处在高速发 展的阶段, 合阳县政府也很支持小额信贷企业的入驻, 并提出可以为小 额信贷企业提供一定的帮助与扶持。 虽现有小额信贷公司, 但根据我们

的走访, 这些公司都没有很大的名气, 因而从供给方看来竞争压力并不 算大。 3. 乡镇访谈 [1] 乡镇访谈情况 我们走访了王村镇和洽川镇, 与当地居民进行了广泛的交流。 在其 中我们了解到了对于信贷许多不同的看法和情况, 有助于我们对民众信 贷环境进行进一步的分析和评估。 我们挑选两个典型案例: 1) 访谈对象 1:中王村饭馆老板和老板娘 据两位受访者介绍, 正规农信社的利息一般在一分到一分二, 但向 当地的农村信用合作社贷款障碍重重, 贷款需要夫妇双方同意, 如果数 额超过 2 万元需要很多担保人为其担保, 并对其房产产权证和住处进行 拍照。与此同时,当地农信社对小额信贷的供给意愿较弱。由于害怕贷 款人无法还款, 故不愿向低收入者放贷。 由于以上两种因素的综合作用, 当地村民更倾向于进行“黑贷” 。然而我们了解到, “黑贷”利率一般从 一分五到五分不等, 使借款村民还款压力较大。 因而当地小额信贷供给 情况较为恶劣,同时也有较大的需求缺口。 访谈对象 2:南王村村支书 据村支书介绍,南王村村民主要收入来源有三:外出打工经商、 前往王村矿工作和在家务农。 前两者一般收入较高, 务农者收入较少。 受制于收入情况,村民的积蓄总体而言相对有限。因而在大病医 疗(由于目前逐渐完善的医保体制,这部分的需求不那么旺盛)以及 房屋扩建、扩大生产规模时,村民也会选择贷款的方式进行筹资。 针对如今比较兴起的农信社业务,村支书表示农信社的一大信贷 障碍在于其还款期限固定且不能变通。当地农信社的贷款期限固定为 一年。每年的十二月二十五日之前必须把当年的借款还清,如果还需 要资金可以再借,明年十二月二十五日再还。这给长期需要资金投入 的企业带来了巨大的困难。 2) 另外南王村综合超市店主向我们说明村里贷款需求还是比较旺盛, 但是对小额信贷公司不了解,也带有怀疑态度。井溢村某村民也告诉 我们由于村里密切关系,大家会比较倾向于个人贷款;同时能够立刻 获得资金,大部分人对于较高的利率还是可以接受的。 [2] 乡镇访谈小结 根据我们对当地居民的访谈, 我们得到不少的收获。 当地居民的贷 款用途主要为设备投资、大病医疗、结婚彩礼、教育费用几项。 但是农村信用合作社在当地的信贷开展障碍重重, 在贷款期限、 贷 款条件上都对村民有不小的限制, 这也造成了当地村民比较倾向于选择 “黑贷” 。 我们还需要注意到, 当地人们有强烈的不愿冒风险的情绪, 基本没 有创新和创业的欲望,甚至可以说是安土重迁、安于现状。 基于以上三点, 我们认为当地的信贷需求没有得到很好的满足, 小

额信贷在当地拥有发展空间, 但在发展时要注意方式。 我们认为只有从 根本上地让居民们的意识更加的开放,想法更加的自由才能打开局面。 而达到此的具体措施就是一些诸如入户宣传的途径, 以此来增加群众对 于这一方式的了解,进而产生对于小额信贷的信任感与依附感。同时, 也应该适当降低贷款门槛, 缩短放款周期, 并采用比较灵活的贷款期限, 这样方能增加小额信贷公司自身的竞争力。 4. 商铺访谈 [1] 商铺访谈情况 我们走访了合阳县及其周围城镇的一些商铺, 了解到了一些基本信 息: 当地商铺普遍对借贷机构了解甚少, 而主要的途径是通过亲友进行 借款; 同时当地邮政储蓄提供小额贷款, 不过需要家庭中两人以上有固 定收入或者三家商铺联保,门槛较高。不过县城中新开发了一个楼盘, 城中商铺店主们普遍认为贷款需求会有所增长。 合阳县洽川镇也是比较著名的旅游景点, 我们在景点前采访了一些 小商贩。因为这些商贩大多是小成本经营,没有扩大规模的意愿,他们 普遍反映没有贷款需求。 在洽川镇也不乏一些较大规模的农家乐。 商铺店主在商铺成立之初 恰有一百多万的借款需求, 其中 30-40 万受助于亲友, 利率为 0; 30-40 万则通过关系和信誉求助于高利贷,利率约为 20%-25%,余下的少部 分则由银行的借贷项目补齐。 论及如今高速发展的小额信贷业务, 店主 表示: 如今小额信贷公司借款操作较为繁琐, 且新兴业务给人的安全感 较低。 而银行与信用社对于借贷者的要求较高, 一般不会以他们这种人 群作为放贷首选。因而从其中得到信贷的难度较大,可能性较低。与此 相对的是村中的私人放贷机构, 只需由有信誉的几位同乡担保即可快速 地拿到资金,非常便利,适合当地的基本情况。这种放贷组织形式的存 在对于小额信贷在当地的发展有所抑制。 [2] 商铺访谈小结 中大型商铺的兴起使得合阳县整体的借款需求有所增加, 不过我们 也必须注意到小成本的商贩一般不会有借款需求, 而较大商铺或多或少 都有借款的需要。 商铺借款主要用于初创或者扩大规模, 但是商铺主对 于新兴事物接受程度仍旧较弱,多数人表示对小额信贷公司没有了解, 而更倾向于向亲友借款。 5. 总结 基于我们在合阳县对政府、 民众和商铺等的调查, 我们发现小额信贷的发展 具有较大的空间。 就政府走访的情况而言, 政府对小额信贷公司的进入持有比较 积极的态度并且希望小额信贷能对当地经济产生促进作用。 但是,结合我们街访的情况,多数居民和店铺主,均表示对小额信贷公司不 甚了解,而有听闻的人则又持有怀疑态度。与此同时,银行和农信社的小额信贷 业务手续繁杂,且有较多壁垒,较难为居民所用。再者,民间借款虽有迅速灵活 的优势,却因利率过高市场有所收缩。因而,目前小额信贷的供给并不足以满足 人们日益增长的小额信贷需求, 因而作为小额信贷的供给方, 宜信公司仍拥有在 渭南市合阳县继续发展的空间。 在小额信贷的进驻过程中, 宜信公司需特别注意

在基层的观念宣传与企业形象推广, 赢得民众的更多信任, 得到更为良好的发展 前景。综上所述,我们认为在合阳县五万元小额信贷项目的发展是可行的。

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