...Table of Contents Chapter 1 Mass Media Literacy 2 Chapter 2 Media Technology 16 Chapter 3 Media Economics 33 Chapter 4 Ink on Paper 49 Chapter 5 Sound Media 64 Chapter 6 Motion Media 80 Chapter 7 New Media Landscape 96 Chapter 8 News 112 Chapter 9 Entertainment 128 Chapter 10 Public Relations 144 Chapter 11 Advertising 160 Chapter 12 Mass Audiences 176 Chapter 13 Mass Media Effects 192 Chapter 14 Mass Media and Governance 209 Chapter 15 Mass Media Globalization 225 Chapter 16 Media Law 241 Chapter 17 Ethics 258 Chapter 1 Mass Media Literacy 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Media researchers at Ball State University found that people are intentionally involved in a media activity for __________ percent of their waking hours. A) 1 B) 10 C) 30 D) 60 Answer: C, Topic: Media Ubiquity Page Ref: 3 2) Traditionally, mass communication is defined as the technology-assisted transmission of messages to A) print journalists. B) interpersonal audiences. C) mass audiences. D) only niche audiences. Answer: C, Topic: Media Ubiquity Page Ref: 4-5 3) According to the research firm Nielsen, the medium that is used much more per day than other media is A) music. B) magazines. C) television. D) newspapers. Answer: C, Topic: Media Ubiquity Page Ref: 4 4) Mass media have become so integrated into people’s lives that __________ is common. A) mainstreaming B) media multitasking C) writing letters...
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...Com 1020 Assignment 2 Introduction Mass communication is the variety of all the media mediums together, and is aimed at a large audience. A ritual view is directed not towards the addition of messages in space but the maintenance of society in time, not the act of imparting information or influence but the creation, representation, and celebration of shared even if illusory beliefs, James,(1988: 43). This essay will discuss how mass communications has transformed the temporal and spatial foundations of the social-sphere. This essay will start by defining the key terms which are communication, mass communication, and the para-social. The separation of social space from the physical place by mass communications, time and space and mass communications will also be discussed in the essay. The para-social interactions, how mass communications transformed the temporal and spatial foundations of the social sphere will then follow. The ritual dimensions of communication will also be discussed, the essay will then sum up the essay and give the researcher’s opinion. Definition of key terms Communication refers to the transmission of meaningful messages; these messages are conveyed in images, language, gestures, or other symbols. Thompson. (1997:30) Anthony R, (2004), defines mass communication as the process in which professional communicators design and use media to disseminate messages widely, rapidly, and continuously in order to arouse intended meanings in large...
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...promote national development in Nigeria to increase its economic power and interaction ability among her people. This topic offers solution and background to the issues of language barrier among the people and communication barriers among the leaders and the people at the grassroots. It also discusses the functions of the media as whole and also defins radio and television. TABLE OF CONTENT Title page……………………………………………….. 2 Dedication……………………………………………….. 3 Acknowledgement………………………………………. 4 Preface……………………………………………………. 5 Table of content……………………………………………6 CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction………………………..…………………8 Definition of terms 1.2 Radio.………… ….………………………………….10 1.3 Television………………………………………..……11 1.4 National development………………………..………..12 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 The origin of radio………………………….…………. 13 2.2 The origin of television…………………………………14 2.3 The birth of radio in Nigeria……………………………15 2.4 The birth of television in Nigeria …………………... .17 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 The function of media in promoting national development in Nigeria………………………………………….………19 3.2 The influence of radio and television in promoting national development in Nigeria……………………………21 3.3 The effects of poor communication towards promoting national development in Nigeria……… …………………..24 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Solution ………………………………………………25 4.2 conclusion ……………………………… …………..26 REFERENCES...
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...THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATI STATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU ) 2 THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA ENUGU) 3 HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998) 4 MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS. 5 THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA 6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN NIGERIA A DISCOURSE ON THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 7 THE ROLE OF THE BROADCASTING MEDIA IN UPLIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF ENUGU STATE. (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS ) 8 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON “THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING” (A CASE STUDY OF THE ESBS ENUGU 9 THE IMPACT OF TESTIMONIAL USE ON ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS (A CASE STUDY OF KANU NWANKWO IN PEAR MILK ADVERTISMENT) 10 AN A****SMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON YOUTHS. (A CASE STUDY OF CAMPUS CIRCUIT ON MINAJ BROADCAST INTERNATIONAL) 11 THE ROLE OF RADIO IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA) 12 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 13 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 14 THE ROLE OF RADIO...
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... Research into the reasons why individuals use mass media dates back more than 50 years. Early forms of gratifications research attempted to understand why people used certain media content. In the process, it explored the functions of the media and the role of the audiences' needs and expectations (e.g., Herzog, 1940; Lazarsfeld & Stanton, 1941; Lazarsfeld & Stanton, 1949). These early studies preceded any formal conceptualization of the uses and gratifications paradigm later proposed by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974) and Rosengren (1974). Instead of asking what effects the media have on individuals and collective audience behavior, the questions were, what are people seeking and what do they believe they are deriving from mass media? According to Katz (1959), "it is the program that asks the question, not 'What do the media do to people?,' but 'What do people do with the media?'" (p. 2). In more familiar terms, "Ask not what the media can do to people, but what the people can do with media." The uses and gratifications paradigm provides one way of conceptualizing the relationship between the producer of messages (sender) and the audience (receiver). It presents a departure from the powerful (direct) effects models of communication research that dominated the field of communication between 1930-1960 and to some extent still dominates the field today. Volumes three and four of the Journal of Communication (1993) trace the history of this debate in detail...
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...coverage by “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” Introduction The necessity for Russia's democratic development, constructing of the civil society and law-based state is now generally accepted. At the same time, the authorities often seek only to declare the general principles, but demonstrate little desire to implement them in practice. In such situation the population is justified to mistrust the government and be skeptical about its actions. It is widely known that the key features of democracy (which underlies the basis of civil society), except guarantee of the rights and freedoms are also such as: the acceptance of political rights and freedoms of citizens in the volume, which allows not only government parties and organizations to act legally, but the opposition too; the presence of representative bodies of power, which are formed on the basis of universal, free and fair elections; the “separation of powers” principle, which means that the parliament is the sole legislative body; political pluralism and publicity of power. The civil society will not be able to exist without ensuring equality of rights and freedoms for all people; freedom of citizens in establishing of political parties and civil movements; freedom of establishing the mass media and ensuring their activities. In the modern Russian society the media, as declared, should ensure dialogue between the authorities and citizens, inform the latter about the government’s decisions, the home...
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...The media of mass communication have long played a fundamental role in people’s lives. The media informs, persuades, entertains, and even sells. For the most part; mass media is only owned by a few private companies, as we learned in the “media ownership” discussion. According to the “Telecommunications Act of 1996,”, this act was to spawn some competition the broadcast companies. It also eased the restrictions on the number of television stations one individual company can own. The media, controlled by power corporations and government organizations, has positioned itself to influence people in all manner of ways, but no one group controls the system as a whole. 90% of all television media is controlled by only six broadcast corporations. Media can provide companionship, shape perception. They are fundamental to an informed and educated public.(Pavlik, McIntosh 2004). “An important aspect of digitization is that the boundaries between different media have brought into question, and a presupposition has the developer that we are in an era of media convergence” (Storsul,Fagerjord (2008). Strosul and Fagerjord believe that “blurring the border between media does not have to mean convergence. There is also development toward stronger differentiation of media in which elements from earlier separate media and sectors are combined in new ways.” In communication, there are three forms of interpersonal, intrapersonal...
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...CONNECTIONS 16(1,2): 23-36 © 1993 INSNA The Influence of Social Networks on the Acculturation Behavior of Foreign Students1 Tsung-chi Kenny Hsu Department of Radio/TV/Film, The University of Texas at Austin August E. Grant Department of Radio/TV/Film, The University of Texas at Austin Wei-wei Huang Department of Mass Communication, Fu-jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan Cross-cultural communication scholars have looked at effects of interpersonal communication and both ethnic and host mass media uses on the acculturation behavior of immigrants for a long time. The present study employs an important network analysis concept, the social influence of alters on ego, in the field of cross-cultural communication. Using measures of alters' acculturation, English- and ethnic-language media uses, and years of residence in the U.S., a model is proposed and tested upon a sample of international students from a college campus. The results indicate that the alters' acculturation plays a central role in the pattern of relationships. INTRODUCTION To answer questions such as "what happens when individuals move from one culture to another" and "why are some immigrants more successful than others in adapting a new environment," social scientists have long employed the concept of acculturation to explain the process through which immigrants adapt themselves to the norms and values of the host culture (Gordon, 1964; Padilla, 1980; Gudykunst & Kim, 1984; Kim, 1977, 1988). The immigrant...
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...Politics The crucial function of mass media in influencing public’s knowledge and understanding on global and national issues is indisputable. In the Philippines, media plays a critical and widespread role in daily life (Suguitan, 2007). Suguitan proclaims that it is an understatement to say that the media is merely influential, for it is powerful enough to make or break persons and institutions, and even shape society (2007). Performing as the main source of information, media serves as the medium in which the government informs, explains, and tries to win the support of the people for its programs and policies (Soifer, Hoffman and Voss, 2001). In this jurisdiction, the media is often called the fourth branch of the government for it monitors political matters to ensure political players don’t abuse democratic processes (University of San Francisco, n.d.). According to Political scientist Harold Lasswell, a pioneer in media studies, the media must perform three societal functions: surveillance of the world to report ongoing reports, interpretation of the meaning of events, and socialization of individuals into their cultural settings. Surveillance involves two major tasks. When it constitutes to the need of general public, it is referred to as “public surveillance”, but it is called “private surveillance” when it involves only particular citizens. Public surveillance is politically significant since it awakens public concerns and initiates action in the society (Graber, 2010). Meanwhile...
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...takes a number of surveys conducted in the past and analyses them from the sociological point of view and determines their significance. The route between sociology and mass communication seems to be a one-way street. This is surprising because the exercise of social power, the mediation of social relations, the reproduction of society and culture, and the organisation of social experience are significant in sociology and media studies. (Sociology has a lot to say about the media and the media very little to say about Sociology.) The sociological study of communication is an attempt to answer the simple question of ‘who says what, in which channel, to whom and with what effect?’ This definition implies overt intention, avowed purpose, and communicative efficiency. However, some sociologists take the view that a greater emphasis on the role of society and external social forces in defining the roles of ‘sender’ and receiver’ is more appropriate. The former view further assumes that messages are as much received as sent and that motives for receiving are as significant as motives for sending. Thirdly, it further assumes the media are not neutral but complex social institutions with motives. Fourthly, messages are sent by media that have encoded purposes with many possible interpretations of origin and function. Developments Of Theory: Directions of change are occurring in media theory summarised as; radical subjective (based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions...
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...International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design ICCMTD 09-11 May 2012 Istanbul - Turkey “THE SOCIAL MEDIA AS A PUBLIC SPHERE: THE RISE OF SOCIAL OPPOSITION” Asst. Prof. Dr. A. Fulya ŞEN Fırat Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi - Gazetecilik Bölümü - Elazığ Abstract In The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Habermas described the bourgeois public spheres of the 18th and 19th century in England, France, and Germany. These spheres arose as arenas of cultural critique often arising from reading societies that focused on novels and the like. Cultural critique became political critique as these groups turned to issues of public concern fighting policies of censorship and for freedom of opinion. The public sphere is in the work of Jürgen Habermas conceived as a neutral social space for critical debate among private persons who gather to discuss matters of common concern in a free and rational way. This public sphere is open and accessed for public. Habermas pointed out that media has contributed to the decay of the rational-critical discourse and causing the decline of the public sphere. Political public spheres include social movements, media that monitor and criticize the state, and groups that take political action. In recent times have seen an explosion of debate, blogging, theorising and hype around the role of the internet in today’s social movements. Social media -internet applications such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube which facilitate...
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...In 1956 three professors of communication-Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm-brought out their Four Theories of the Press which went a long way in establishing a typology in the minds of journalism educators and students. Siebert, Peterson and Schramm discuss journalism philosophy presenting four theories (or concepts): 1. the authoritarian theory, 2. the libertarian theory, 3. the communist theory and 4 the social responsibility theory. Very briefly, here are the main characterstics of each of these theories. Authoritarian: The state, as the highest expression of institutionalized structure, supersedes the individual and makes it possible for the individual to acquire and develop a stable and harmonious life Mass communication, then, supports the state and the government in power so that total society may advance and the state may be viable and attain its objectives. The State (the elite that runs the state) directs the citizenry, which is not considered competent and interested enough to make critical political decisions. One man or an elite group is placed in a leadership role. As the group or person controls society generally it (or he or she) also controls the mass media since they are recognized as vital instruments of social control. The mass media, under authoritarianism, are educators and propagandists by which the power elite exercise social control. Generally the media are privately owned, although the leader or his elite group may own units in...
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...Role of Media in Various Sectors Advantages and Disadvantages on Youth Pragati Maheshwari* Abstract In this paper it is observed that media includes sources like print media and electronic media. Newspapers, magazines and any other form, which is written or printed, is included in print media and in electronic, media radio, television and Internet etc. are included. When there are so many channels and newspapers we cannot ignore its importance in the society.Mediacan change opinions because they have access to people and this gives it a lot of strength. This strength can either be used constructively by educating the people or it can be used destructively by misleading the innocent people. Power of the media can transform the whole society. Keywords: Print Media, Electronic Media, Democratic Media, Educative Media, Media in Entertainment. Introduction Media is everywhere; it has become a part of our daily life. The media play a dominant role in the learning process. Media has potential to shape personalities, change the way we perceive and understand the world and our immediate reality. The term media is derived from Medium, which means a carrier or mode. Media denotes an item specifically designed to reach a large audience or viewers. The term was first used with the advent of newspapers and magazines. However, with the passage of time, the term broadened by the inventions of radio, TV, cinemas and Internet. Connecting with media means being connected with the world around...
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...of organizing the world that a particular society has created over time. Nolan This framework or web of meaning allows the members of that society to make sense of them-selves, their world, and their experiences in that world. You do not arrive in this world knowing how to dress, what to eat, what to strive for, or how to spend your money and your time. In modern society different people communicate in different ways, as do people in different societies around the world, and the way people communicate is the way they live. It is their culture. When the elements of communication differ or change, the elements of culture differ or change. Communication and culture are inseparable. According to Hanson, Behaviour is governed by many factors, socioeconomic status, sex, age, education etc, each of which will have an impact on cultural practices as well. Individuals may differ by the degree to which they choose to adhere to a set of cultural patterns. Some individuals identify strongly with a particular group; others combine practices from several groups. In this chapter, we (1) explain why cultures develop, (2) highlight the essential features of culture, (3) define culture, (4) discuss the major components of culture. The Basic function of Culture People maintain cultures to deal with problems or matters that concern them. Haviland "It functions to improve the adaptation of members of the...
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...Theories of Communication – MCM 511 VU LESSON 01 COMMUNICATION Defining communication Communication is seen as central to our everyday ideas about what makes life worth living. It is not surprising that academicians have attempted to unravel the secrets of the communication process. In this section of the study we will examine the theorizing and theories of this discipline of communication. To understand communication theory we need to understand the nature of communication. Nature of communication People define terms in different ways, and those differences in definition can have a profound impact on the extent to which we understand each other and the way we move forward with both academic and everyday pursuits. Given the variety of ways in which words are used and understood, we are often ill-served to search for the single, so-called correct definition of a term. In other words, it is better to evaluate definition in terms of their utility rather than in terms of their correctness. So we should not assume that there is always a single right way to define a concept. There is a great deal of variation in the definitions. Some are very abstract and some are extremely specific. Few definitions are cited below. Communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually verbal) to modify the behavior of other individuals (the audience). (Hovland Janis and Kelly in 1953) Communication is the process by which we understand others and in turn...
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