...Does culture influence auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia? Introduction Approximately 70% of patients with schizophrenia hear voices making auditory hallucinations the most common type of hallucination for people with schizophrenia. For many patients, these voices are disabling and greatly affect individuals’ daily lives. In the US, these voices are often violent, causing fear and distress in patients. Many patients describe their voices as telling them to perform specific violent acts towards both others and themselves (including suicide). While much of the literature focuses on these types of violent voices, most of these studies are centered on patients in western countries, and specifically patients in the US....
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...Introduction Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide despite evidence suggesting a number of harmful effects (Caspi, 2005). It has attracted copious amounts of media attention regarding the possible long-term effects of smoking cannabis, as it has been suggested it can mediate a number of mental health issues, ranging from psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations (visual and auditory) and to the chronic clinical disorder, Schizophrenia. There has been great discrepancy about the harmful effects of cannabis use, reflected in the constant debate about whether it should be classified as a class B or class C in the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act (Mcleod, 2010) whereas some even believe it should be legalized. Legalizing cannabis has caused uproar within in social and even scientific settings because some believe its use provokes Schizophrenia, however, there a large number of users who never develop this psychotic illness. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterised by delusions (loss of contact with reality) and hallucinations (visual and auditory) i.e. perceiving stimuli which aren’t present. Schizophrenia has a global prevalence of 1.5%, although, it is unclear what percentage of this is caused by cannabis use. It is huge financial public health issue in both human and material aspects (Murray, 2003) and although it has been reported for many years, ts aetiology is still poorly understood This article aims to evaluate recent evidence concerning this...
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...victor bautista 01/25/12 ENG-105 Mary Mandley Schizophrenia: Is Recovery a Viable Option? Schizophrenia is a mental illness of chronic nature that affects people of all walks of life. It is estimated that about 1% of Americans suffer from this disease. Though it ranks high in the consciousness of the public very little is known about the illness. The concept of Schizophrenia has caused much mass confusion due to the influence of pharmaceutical companies, media, government, and mental health professionals who have shaped the perception of the public in a negative way. Schizophrenia is not an imposed death sentence in which patients are shackled and placed behind bars for the protection of society, it is a treatable disorder that can be controlled and kept at bay. The motive of this paper is to explain the phenomenon of Schizophrenia and to tackle the two main views associated with the potential satisfactory recovery of the illness. Mental illnesses have existed for many years. Long ago, the people who suffered from mental illnesses, deformities, and mental retardation were all classified into one group; abnormal. Early theories speculated that these people had acquired these “abnormalities” due to their bodies being possessed by evil spirits. These evil spirits would ultimately be exorcised by various methods ranging from submitting the patient to various types of music to dangerously drilling a hole in their skull to free them from evil possession. The act...
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...Final Exam: Spring 2015 Dr. Heath What is urbanization? population shift from urban to rural areas...What disciplines contribute to our understanding of urbanization? What factors are considered in determining if an area is “an urbanized area”? How is urbanization related to psychology? Is urbanization increasing or decreasing in the U.S.? Worldwide? What percentage of the world citizens currently are estimated to live in an urban area? What percentage is projected to live in an urban area by 2050? What part of the world will have most of the biggest cities, the developed countries or the developing countries? How does increasing urbanization create stressors for poor urban dwellers? On what measure is Global Burden of Disease (GBD) based? What does this formula mean: DALY = YLL + YLD ?disabilty-adjusted life year =YLL = years of life lost due to premature mortalityYLD = years lived with disability. Do mental disorders contribute to YLL or YLD or both? What is WHO? World health organization...What classification scheme does the WHO use to classify mental disorders? What classification scheme does the USA use to classify mental disorders?International classification of diseases!! What are ICD-10(above) and DSM? diagnostic and statistical maual of mental disorder!!!!Why does it matter what a person’s disorder is classified as? What is depression? What physical diseases does depression correlate with (and probably contribute to)? What are some likely mechanisms by which...
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...different domain of information that may help the clinician plan treatment and possibly predict the outcome (Association, 2000). The five axes included in the DSM-IV multi-axial classification are as listed: * Axis I: Clinical Disorders and Other Conditions That Need Clinical Attention. * Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. * Axis III: General Medical Conditions. * Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems * Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). As stated in the DSM-IV-TR “the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale is a 100-point scale that measures a person’s overall level of psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a continuum” (Association, 2000). Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling mental illness characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including: abnormal thinking, loss of contact with reality, and hallucinations. This illness usually starts in late adolescence or early adulthood,...
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...mental illness that happen to them or people around them. They have a negative view towards mental health. When we said mental health, the first word that came to their minds is CRAZY. Mental illness as said before, it not just included ‘mental corruption’ but also cognitive, behavior and emotion disorder. All these are under mental health problem. As an example, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patient sometimes did not realize that they have the symptoms until one day they discover about it through their reading or heard what people said about their repetitive behavior and thoughts. Even OCD is not as dangerous as schizophrenia, but it still need to be prevented. So in order to help Malaysian People aware about their mental health, all party include government or non-government, institution, and others that involving in mental health are suggested to play their role to help people get noticed about this mental illness. There are several ways we can do to help increasing Malaysian mental health awareness. We can organize an expo about mental health. Government and non-government should collaborate together to meet the citizen, in urban or rural area. As we know, May is the month for Mental Health Awareness. We can use this opportunity to give Malaysian a talk about mental health, expose to the symptoms that lead to mental or psychological disorder. But, we must expose to them correctly, or less they will shocked that they have the symptoms of psychological disorder and thinks...
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...Summary All the random changes in subjects and crazy ideas are typical to those who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia, a disorder that affects over 2 million Americans (Mayo Clinic, 1998). Often Leann hears voices and sees people who do not exist and that is how she gets all her ideas about her or others reading minds and telling the future. Just how we, as "normal" people, view our world through our own perspective, people with schizophrenia, have their own perspective of reality. Schizophrenics live in a world that is distorted and often is filled with hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking. People with schizophrenia often seem distant, or preoccupied, when engaged in conversation. However, schizophrenics also exhibit very different kinds of behavior at odd times (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).NIMH, 1999 Researchers at the Mayo Clinic (1998) claim that, "Schizophrenia affects approximately 1 percent of the population worldwide, including more that 2 million Americans," In any given year, this surprising amount of people are affected. Women are usually affected with symptoms of the psychotic state in the twenties to early thirties. Some only have one psychotic episode, while others may have episodes throughout their lifetimes, but lead normal lives during the periods between episodes. However, people with "chronic" schizophrenia have a continuous or recurring pattern of the illness. They often do not fully recover their normal functioning...
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...Biopsychology is an important field because understanding the processes that occur in the body can lead to more effective drugs and relief for many people suffering from psychological disorders. Schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety are all psychological disorders that psychologists must deal with on a regular basis. Understanding these disorders is important for the health and well-being of patients. Part A: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that has many complex symptoms, most of which can also be associated with other disorders (Pinel, 2011). Schizophrenia affects many parts of the brain, including the forebrain and hindbrain. The cingulated gyrus, amygdale, and hippocampus are also affected. These areas are all part of the limbic system. It is believed that schizophrenia occurs when functional circuits of the brain are disturbed, which affects the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and thalamus (Lundbeck Institute, 2011). With such a large area of the brain being affected by this psychiatric disorder, it brings a host of symptoms. These symptoms are divided into two different groups, positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are ones that cause an excess of normal function, and negative symptoms cause a decrease of normal function. Separating the symptoms of schizophrenia can assist professionals with developing an effective treatment plan for their patients. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, incoherent speech, and delusions. Negative symptoms include...
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...all” and exportation of them can cause significant damage to the people in the countries who suffer from mental health disorders. I concur with Watters’ chief point that cultural specificity must be accounted for and significant cultural differences exist throughout the globe, particularly in the field of mental health. The first case involves anorexia in Hong Kong, in which a 14-year old girl died suddenly. When reporters investigated her death, they entered her symptoms into the Google search bar to attribute a cause of death. The results configured symptoms very similar to American anorexia. Due to this revelation, the media orchestrated awareness campaigns, which stimulated an increase in the amount of women who reported suffering from anorexia in Hong Kong. By way of this example, Watters sheds light on the cultural differences that play a crucial role in the misapplication of anorexia and how critical these misattributions can be. He introduces the work of Dr. Lee who worked closely with some of the women who intentionally starved themselves and discovered that...
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...The most appropriate DSM-5 Diagnosis for the client would be schizophrenia. This diagnosis is based in the client’s display of all five major symptomatic criteria, with substantial symptom bases found in criteria A1, A3, and A4 – that is, delusions, disorganized thinking / speech, and grossly disorganized / abnormal behavior. The delusions experienced by the patient may be described as both grandiose and persecutory; these are not found simultaneously in a singular thought pattern, but rather run concurrently. The client’s grandiose delusions form the basis of her self-concept, as she is convinced of her being on the verge of a major philosophical and spiritual discovery. This delusion may serve as the primary element in motivating all other...
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...gene they may live longer but no family history has been found to be connected to RTT. The rare male who has RTT will die before or shortly after birth; therefore this disorder cannot be hereditary. Add notes from last weeks lecture 2. Contrast the genetic cause of Rett syndrome as compared to schizophrenia. Explain your answer in general terms, address the relative involvement of genes and environment. RTT is caused by the lack of expression of MeCP2 and is sporadic. There is some evidence that schizophrenia is hereditary, and researchers have only established a few gene candidates for its cause. Another difference between RTT and schizophrenia is that RTT has an has a specific etiology, whereas schizophrenia receives a psychological diagnosis. If an individual is exposed to a mutation of the MeCP2 gene leading to RTT, they will develop this syndrome regardless of positive or negative environmental influences, on the other hand, schizophrenia appears highly influenced by environment, including stress, poor family environment and the use of marijuana. Several susceptibility genes have been indicated that may interact with environmental influences to produce schizophrenia. Add notes from last weeks lecture 3. (a) Why would Rett syndrome manifest more severely in males than in females? • (1 mark) Rett's syndrome is X-linked, therefore, it is almost solely seen in women. A female has two X chromosomes giving females a better chance at survival because they...
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...FAMILY PAMPHLET TO MINIMIZE STIGMA FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH A SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS A project presented to The Faculty and Staff of Saybrook University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) in Psychology by R. Paul Johnson San Francisco, CA December 2013 Approval of the Project FAMILY PAMHLET TO MINIMIZ STIGMA FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH A SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS This project by R. Paul Johnson has been approved by the committee member below, who recommended it be accepted by the faculty of Saybrook University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Psychology Project Committee: Theopia Jackson, Ph.D. Date Abstract FAMILY PAMPHLET TO MINIMZE STIGMA FOR PERSONS LIVING WITH A SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS R. Paul Johnson Saybrook University Individuals with mental illness have long experienced societal prejudice and discrimination, including among healthcare professionals. However, the stigma that comes from family and friends may have greater adverse impact. This project-reviewed literature on the stigmas associated with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness (SMI), as experienced by the person and family, as factors that may contribute to family/friends inadvertently perpetuating stigmas. Therefore this project integrates literature review findings and the author’s personal/professional experiences in the design of a pamphlet intended to be utilized by...
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...Murder Gene This is not a scientific or forensic expert term per se but is a term made popular by the media to refer to particular variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene which apparently predisposes an individual to disproportionate violence under any condition that triggers the carrier of that gene sequence to violence. As referred to in Mobley v State, "a possible genetic basis for violent and impulsive behavior in certain individuals." Also known as the rage gene and even more commonly, the warrior gene because of the theory that persons with this gene would likely have been the most efficient: berserk warriors on a field of battle. The murder gene, the theory goes, suggests that behavior and activities from infancy into childhood, and through adulthood, were not the products of free will as society defines this term because the individual lacked the ability to make non-impulsive, considered choices about his life's path.1 Authors Ishikawa and Raine suggest, in their 2002 article, that though then viewed by the courts as exotic evidence: "There are simply too many studies, in too many countries, using different methodologies that converge on the same conclusion: genes do play a role. Second, other, potentially less controversial fields of behavioral trait research have not only identified heritability in psychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and reading disability, but also in personality traits such as political conservatism. "Thus, it would...
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...Murder has always been a part of life. Although normally when we hear about it , the murderer is an Adult. However for some it becomes a taboo subject to accept that there are Juveniles who commit heinous murder as well. It becomes even more challenging when deciding what consequences the Juvenile will face. It is crucial to understand that there can be many factors that play into a role which might influence the murder the Juvenile has committed. In other words, Juveniles should not be treated as adults and thus possibly given a life sentence . Many elements of the juvenile should be taken into context. Not necessarily age, or gender, but deeper aspects that will determine their consequence . Aside from taking those deeper aspects into...
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...Brain imaging techniques Introduction to brain imaging techniques and other methods A number of techniques are available to investigate the question of how and where in the brain particular perceptual and cognitive processes occur. Tasks or tests can be devised that place varying levels of demand on the cognitive, sensory or motor capacities of the participant being tested. Performance of these tasks is then correlated with physiological measurements, and on the basis of these results, we may go on to ascribe functions to areas of the brain. Whilst there is a growing fascination with imaging techniques in the popular media (e.g. ‘This is your brain on politics’), it’s important to bear in mind that each technique has limitations that often don’t get picked up on by newspaper editors who themselves have little-to-no experience using them. The most often overlooked limitation is the issue of ‘reverse inference’ – just because cognition X (e.g. using one’s memory) is associated with brain activation Y (e.g. activation in the prefrontal cortex), that doesn’t mean that if a participant displays activation Y, they are necessary engaging in cognition X. Below we highlight some key neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques, and a few of their limitations. There are also a number of great blogs that deal with issues relating to neuroscience, particularly in the popular press (e.g. Bad Science, The Neurocritic, [citation needed]). Testing brain damaged subjects (Neuropsychology) ...
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