...Egypt was part of the Nile River Valley civilization, one of the four major river valley civilizations. Agriculture was a major influence in the success of the four major river valley civilizations. Agriculture allowed for complex agricultural societies to be formed. Egypt’s proximity to the Nile River allowed Egypt to have the elaborate society it ended up creating. Urban life, social hierarchy, and gender roles were aspects of Egyptian society. One aspect of Egyptian society is urban life. There were many major Egyptian cities that emerged in the Nile River Valley. Memphis was founded by Menes as early as 3100 B.C.E. Memphis was located in the head of the Nile Delta which made it a convenient location for the capital city of Egypt. Trade and industry was made successful because of the city’s accessibility to water. Thebes was a significant city before and after the unification of Egypt. Before the unification, Thebes was an important political center and after the...
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...A pharaoh of ancient Egypt was a political and religious leader of the people. The rulers of Egypt were usually the sons or declared heirs of the preceding pharaoh, born of the primary wife (pharaoh’s chief consort) or sometimes a lesser-ranked wife whom the pharaoh favored. Early on, the rulers would marry female aristocrats in an effort to establish the legitimacy of their dynasty by linking it to the upper classes. To keep the bloodline pristine, many pharaohs would also marry their sisters or half-sisters to ensure the royal bloodline. There were many pharaohs that ruled in Ancient Egypt and all wanted to leave an eternal legacy. Of the many great pharaohs that ruled only a few have genuinely accomplished such a goal. Those that have achieved the status have done so through fortuity as most of the tombs have been ravaged or destroyed. These hapless circumstances have left many questions into Egyptian history, life, and culture—now individuals can only image how a pharaoh and his people must have lived together in Ancient Egypt. A pharaoh of ancient Egypt was a political and religious leader of the people. The rulers of Egypt were usually the sons or declared heirs of the preceding pharaoh, born of the primary wife (pharaoh’s chief consort) or sometimes a lesser-ranked wife whom the pharaoh favored. Early on, the rulers would marry female aristocrats in an effort to establish the legitimacy of their dynasty by linking it to the upper classes. To keep the bloodline pristine...
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...loved almost every minute of it. Although the movie was very entertaining, l did find some historical inaccuracies in it. I believe the movie could have been made much better if some of these inaccuracies were fixed. This review will deal with historical inaccuracies that focus on the characters of the movie, the values and beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians, the geographical locations and architectures shown in the movie. The Mummy tells the story about a priest named Imhotep, who had an affair with the Pharaoh’s mistress and killed the Pharaoh, and as punishment for his deeds he was mummified alive and cursed for all eternity in Hamunaptra, the city of the dead. Thousands of years pass, and in the 1920’s a soldier of the French Foreign Legion named Rick O’Connell meets a librarian and aspiring Egyptologist named Evelyn, and joins her and her brother on a quest to find Hamunaptra, a lost Ancient Egyptian city which is said to have numerous amounts of hidden treasure. Instead of finding treasure though, they accidently reawaken the mummy of Imhotep, who if brought back to life, will “arise a walking disease”, unleash the ten plagues of Egypt, become invincible, and cause mass destruction. First, I will highlight the historical inaccuracies of the characters shown in this movie. The main villain in The Mummy is Imhotep. In the beginning of the movie, Imhotep is shown to be the High Priest under the rule of Pharaoh Seti I. In actuality, Imhotep was an Egyptian polymath who served...
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...Lesko’s “Women’s Monumental Mark on Ancient Egypt” Barbara Lesko’s article argues the fact that women in ancient Egypt were as important figures as the men were. The title suggests that women left a monumental mark, such as tomb chapels and temples, rather than just an impact on ancient Egypt. Though Lesko’s argument tries to portray women of great power and ranking, being director of the dining hall for example is not a position to be exuberant about. Lesko’s argument did not persuade me into believing the supposed unbelievable power women held; not counting the few royal women. However the abundant presence of art and architecture dealing with women in ancient Egypt is surprising. Lesko’s main argument dealt with women of ancient Egypt supposedly holding the same power and rights as the men. A strong point that exemplifies her argument is the presence of female art depicting women sitting beside their husbands rather than standing behind them. The importance of men and women being portrayed side by side shows equality between the two, rather than a portrayal of a woman servicing her man. Another strong point within Lesko’s argument is the fact that women had statuettes and life-sized statues dedicated to their obvious importance to ancient Egyptian society. Having life-sized statues of women is a bold statement that exemplifies the importance women held in society in conjunction with men. However, Lesko’s argument contains some problematic points such as women holding the...
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...Egypt is divided into twenty-six governorates (sometimes called provinces), which include four city governorates: Alexandria (Al Iskandariyah), Cairo (Al Qahirah), Port Said (Bur Said) and Suez; the nine governorates of Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta region; the eight governorates of Upper Egypt along the Nile River south from Cairo to Aswan; and the five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile. All governorates, except the frontier ones, are in the Nile Delta or along the Nile Valley and Suez Canal. Ancient Egyptian architecture is the architecture of Ancient Egypt, which developed a vast array of diverse structures in great architectural monuments along the Nile. Egypt was on of the most influential civilizations throughout history. The Karnak is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the east bank of the Nile River in Thebes (modern-day Luxor). It covers more than 100 hectares, an area larger than some ancient cities. To the south of the central area is a smaller precinct dedicated to his wife, the goddess Mut. In the north, there is another precinct dedicated to Montu, the falcon-headed god of war. Also, to...
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...The fossil in question was generally regarded to be the 220 million-year-old remains of Tyrannosaurus Rex. Several years ago, however, this hypothesis was overturned by the discovery of yet another species {Morehouse, 1993 #21} which is now the undisputed progeny {Argus, 1991 #14;Turnhouse, 1987 #26} of the species at hand. While the true origin of this larger reptile is quite uncertain at this time, it is thought to be from central or eastern Asia. Where the other species {Schwartz, 1990 #7} arose is a mystery. If it was central Asia, we could reasonably infer that other reptiles were not dominant in this ecosystem. Some think that we will never know {Billoski, 1987 #16;Schwartz, 1976 #24;Whiting, 1987 #27}. However, fossils currently in the museum in Berlin provide strong evidence that the emerging reptile was small-boned and duck-billed {Whiting, 1987 #27}, possibly with a larger wing-like arm. Overall, it was striking how much atherosclerosis we found," Dr. Gregory S. Thomas, director of nuclear cardiology education at the University of California, Irvine, and co-principal investigator of the study, said in a news release from the European Society of Cardiology. "We think of atherosclerosis as a disease of modern lifestyle, but it's clear that it also existed 3,500 years ago," he said. "Our findings certainly call into question the perception of atherosclerosis as a modern disease." The study, slated for presentation Tuesday at the International Conference of...
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...CULTURE LOCATION Today more than sixty-one million people live in Egypt. Egypt is located in northeastern Africa. On the north it borders the Mediterranean Sea, on the east the Red Sea and the State of Israel in the Sinai desert. Most of the population is concentrated in the Nile Valley, which is only a very small part (six percent) of Egyptian territory. Almost all the rest of the country is desert. HISTORY Archaeological evidence shows us that hunters lived in Egypt more than 250,000 years ago when the region was a green grassland. Around 25,000 BC, climate changes turned Egypt into a desert. The people survived by hunting and fishing and through agriculture. In 3100 BC, King Menes joined the two parts of the land into one kingdom. The Dynasty that he founded, together with the one after it, are now called the "Archaic Period". Egypt soon evolved into a centralized and well organized kingdom. Egypt gained a growing influence in the ancient world and its power came to dominate the Near East for more than 500 years. The construction of the great pyramids of the 4th dynasty (about 2575 - 2465 BC) took place during this time. The new kingdom expanded rapidly and the country was quite stable internally. Ancient Egypt and its culture had a tremendous impact on what is now the Western World. After the death of Tutankhamon the fourth, the Dynasty and the power of the king weakened. A period of decline followed and Egypt was invaded by the Assyrians and the Persians, and opened its borders...
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...Ancient Egyptian Military A trumpet blares and two masses of armed men rush toward each other. It’s a battle between the ancient Egyptian Military and the Nubian Military. Egypt began forming an army in the Middle Kingdom. When Egypt was without a pharaoh, they fought each other with weapons such as bows, clubs, and spears. They wore linen kilts and leather straps around their chest. Without their army, ancient Egypt wouldn’t have become one of the greatest civilizations in the world. The army was very important to the ancient Egyptians. It was considered to have formed when Nebhepethre Mentuhotep I united Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. Men who wanted to join the military gathered by the mayor of the village. The governor of the territory chose the best men for recruitment. Men of the upper class became charioteers. Scribes started as pay clerks but later advanced to Scribe of Recruits. Soldiers first trained in barracks. They went home when they weren’t needed. Even if they were at home, they shared the booty and plunder that was taken by the army. Before fighting, the Egyptians and their opponents agreed on the place and time of battle. There were no ambushes and they fought in broad daylight on open ground. There was a trumpet signal to begin when both sides were ready. They usually fought on land but the occasional warship was used. Soldiers used medicine to heal battle wounds. They used bandages for broken bones, needles for surgery, and moldy bread to stop cuts from...
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...Material culture often plays an important role in providing archaeologists and historians with a better understanding of the peoples and cultures associated with them. These artefacts date back to many thousands years ago however; some of the earliest artefacts can be found in Egypt. Egypt is located in the northeast corner of Africa, spanning to the southwest corner of Asia, while the Nile runs north throughout the entire country. Before the Old Kingdom, Egypt was divided in to Upper and Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt in the South and Lower Egypt in the North. The reason for this is the direction in which the Nile ran, towards the North. The roots of Egyptian civilization date back to over 6000 years ago back to the earliest human settlements along...
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...NEW KINGDOM EGYPT Syllabus; Internal developments * Impact of the Hyksos: Political, Economic, Technological * Establishment of the Eighteenth Dynasty wars against the Hyksos, reunification of upper and lower Egypt * Roles of queens; Tetisheri, Ahhotep II, Ahronose-Nefetari * Development and importance of the cult of Amun * Political and religious significance of Building programs * Role and contribution of Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV * Role and contribution of prominent officials within Egypt and the Empire Expansion of Egypt’s boundaries * Development and role of the army * Relations with Nubia, Syria-Palestine, Mitanni * Establishment of Empire; Military campaigns in Nubia, Syria-Palestine * Nature of Egyptian imperialism * Maintenance of the Empire; Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV Key themes 1. Development of the army and empire- how it changed overtime 2. Growth of the power of Amun 3. Administration/buildings/officials/roles of Royal Women Key Terms * Warrior Pharaoh Image * Smiting the enemy * Wretched Kush * Vile Asiatics * Khepresh-war crown * Tribute * Booty * God’s wife of Amun Relations between the kingdoms Palestine; the people of this area were referred to as Asiatics. Old kingdom times there were small raids in this area, probably for booty such as Goods, Cattle and slaves. There has been trade between Palestine...
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...development, Egyptian religion underwent significant changes of emphasis and practice, but in all periods religion had a clear consistency in character and style. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Some, such as Amun, Isis, Osiris, and Horus, were worshipped throughout the whole country, while others had only a local following. There were two essential foci of public religion: the king and the gods. Both are among the most characteristic features of Egyptian civilization. The king had a unique status between humanity and the gods, partook in the world of the gods, and constructed great, religiously motivated funerary monuments for his afterlife. The Egyptian "Book of the Dead" contains the major ideas and beliefs in the ancient Egyptian religion. Because their religion stressed an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. Tombs were placed if possible in the desert. Vast resources were expended on creating prestigious burial places for absolute rulers or wealthy officials. Tombs contained elaborate grave goods (mostly plundered soon after deposition), representations of “daily life,” or less commonly of religious subjects, and some texts that were intended to help the deceased attain the next world and prosper there. The texts came increasingly to be inscribed on coffins and stone sarcophagi or deposited in burials on papyrus. Some royal tombs included long passages from religious texts. When a person died...
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...Ancient Greece The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks. Part of a series on the | Modern Greece.Septinsular Republic.War of Independence.First Hellenic Republic.Kingdom of Greece.National Schism.Second Hellenic Republic.4th of August Regime.Axis occupation (collaborationist regime).Civil War.Military Junta.Third Hellenic Republic | History by topic.Art.Constitution.Economy.Military.Names | History of Greece | | Neolithic Greece.Neolithic Greece | Greek Bronze Age.Helladic.Cycladic.Minoan.Mycenaean | Ancient Greece.Homeric Greece.Archaic Greece.Classical Greece.Hellenistic Greece.Roman Greece | Medieval Greece.Byzantine Greece.Frankish and Latin states.Ottoman Greece | | Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BCto the end ofantiquity (c. 600 AD). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Included in ancient Greece is the period ofClassical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Classical Greece began with the repelling of a Persian invasion by Athenian leadership. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished fromCentral Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture...
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...Explain the significance of Cleopatra’s relationship with Julius Caesar? Although hardly any record remains on Cleopatra’s role throughout the Alexandrian War (48-47BC) until the end of the war, the significance of Cleopatra’s relationship with Julius Caesar was highly beneficial on her behalf, as confirmed by ancient historian Cassius Dio, because Caesar bestowed the kingdom upon Cleopatra alone, since he had waged the war for her sake. The Alexandrian War worked in Cleopatra’s favour as once again, she re-established and secured her rule on the throne beside her brother Ptolemy (XIV). Moreover, under the authority and command of Julius Caesar, the removal of her rebellious sister Arsonie from the kingdom provided her with once less immediate threat in the royal family. Caesar even left three legions to protect Cleopatra’s reign of power (McManus, 2001) to make sure that his powerful army could diminish any insurgencies as well as ensure her safety. Cleopatra’s relationship with Caesar was immensely valuable to her, as it provided her ongoing protection and a continuation of her lineage and moreover, an heir, which cements her position as a queen according to Plutarch “(Caesar) left Cleopatra as queen of Egypt, and a little later she had a son by him.” Whether it was for political purposes, or it was a genuine romance, or perhaps both, it was evident that Caesar’s romantic affair with Cleopatra secured her survival and safety on the throne. In 47BC, Cleopatra gave birth...
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...powerful Warrior Pharaoh and Warrior King began his fifty-three year, ten month and twenty six day reign in a co-regency with step-mother Hatshepsut during the New Kingdom 18th dynasty. Thutmose carried out seventeen successful military campaigns over his ruling and was the most successful and tactical military strategist through his implementation of surprise attacks, belief of the Gods supporting him, tributes and oaths, the sharing of booty and the building of a strong navy and army. Dubbed with the title of “The Egyptian Napoleon” shown in the source The Great Commanders Of The Egyptian World, Thutmose demonstrated the ability to command the Ancient Egyptian world and dominate surrounding cities and countries. Thutose was an incredibly skilled warrior whose name was associated with the status of hero long after his ruling in Egypt. Thutmose III came from a dynasty of great and powerful military strategists which laid the underpinning for him to be a powerful “Warrior Pharaoh”. Thutmose III built on the foundations his grandfather Thutmose I laid out after obtaining his commencing his reign in early childhood. At the start of Thutmose III’s sovereignty, where Hatshepsut took full control and Egyptians experienced stability, peace and prosperity. The Egyptian army was on standby, fully equipped and ready to go when called for Thutmose’s first expedition in to Nubia and Asia at age 11. From this time the reign was a complete partnership with the Hatshepsut and the young Thutmose...
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...Assess the reign of Amenhotep III Amenhotep III’s reign is often referred to as a time of political stability and economic prosperity for Egypt. Under his reign, and as a result of many conquests of his predecessors, Egypt was flooded with wealth, promoting a flourishing civilisation. With this sense of stability and wealth, Amenhotep was able to invest his time into building programs, building extensively at Thebes, Luxor and Karnak, which also resulted in an advancement in art and religion. In order for his reign to be as successful as it was, Amenhotep also had to promote the image of warrior pharaoh in order to maintain ma’at. Amenhotep governed his empire by a policy of diplomacy, he needed to maintain the peace and stability through a carefully kept balance of power between greater and lesser kingdom. Due to these factors Amenhotep has a highly successful reign for almost 40 years. With the empire at peace for most of his reign, Amenhotep was able to initiate a building program that would surpass that of any of his predecessors. O’Conner says “few Pharaohs from any period of Egyptian history are as noteworthy for their monument-building activities as Amenhotep III.” The Temple of Luxor is an example of the architectural achievements during Amenhotep’s reign. Reeves says that it is Amenhotep’s principal architectural triumph. The temple was built for the purpose of the Opet Festival. This festival renewed the pharaoh’s power and reaffirmed that he was the god’s son. Reliefs...
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