...U.S. Society Shifts From Agrarian to Urban Throughout history the American society has continued to change. The biggest transformation occurred when the American society shifted from an Agrarian culture to an urban culture. This shift affected society greatly. The time during the Civil War brought on a rise of western farmers. As time advanced to post Civil War, the American People had grown accustomed to a set of traditional values. Religion became a central factor in the lives of families. Traditionalism also gave individuals in families defined roles where men worked and women took care of the children and estate. This type of Victorian society was a period in America when there were strict rules for public behavior and a strong work ethic. By the late half of the 19th century, a modern industrial economy started to emerge through the rise of big business. The railroad industry became the first big business by stimulating the national economy. It helped pave the way for other big industries like steel, coal, and oil to arise as well. This growth of industry made the U.S. a desirable place for immigrants, however it also created a class of workers dependent on wage labor. The conditions in factories were often unsafe and workers had to work long hours for low wages. In retaliation, workers banded together to form labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor to get better working conditions. As America anticipated entering WWI, the...
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...Topic; Non-traditional families are becoming the new normal in the United States. Discuss and compare the traditional family and non-traditional families. Family pattern has changed greatly due to industrialization and urbanization since the nineteenth century. Another factor which has been involved in those changes is the growing intervention of the state, by legislative action, in the domestic affairs of the family. As a result of these trends, the modern “nuclear” family has been substituted for the traditional extended family. The increase of values such as individualism and egalitarianism has influenced the patterns of modern family. Although traditional and modern families share similarities in terms of constitutional concept and milieu of love and care, they have several differences in term of family size and gender roles. Traditional and modern families share a lot of similarities. As the traditional family was, modern family is still an institutional component of western societies. In other words, both are a “unit structure” or “basic organism” of which society is composed. As an institution, traditional and modern families similarly have to complete functions such as procreation and socialization of children. For example, even though the modern family has decreased in size, it is still the common environment where children are born; receive a moral education, where their tendencies are disciplined and where their aspirations are encouraged. Therefore, to reassure...
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...has undergone changes. These changes begin at the nuclear family. Modernization has significantly influenced family structure as expressed socio-culturally, socio-biologically and socio economically. All these change factors are discussed herein highlighting their impact on the family structure today. This paper presents the shift from the traditional family towards the modern family where the size of a family is critical, women are empowered, humanity is becoming more independent in choice, high mobility, economic security is key, medical technology is defining life and media influence on social life is greater. In general the issues affecting the family today have been prescribed by modernization. 1.0 Introduction The traditional family is the basis of life within the society where family existence in relation to high mortality and fertility determines generations to come and explains the origin of lineages. In olden days, the society depended on the nuclei unit to support its future generational growth. In his report Moynihan asserts that the family is the basic social unit of life. It’s the basic socializing unit and adult conduct in society is learned as child. In the history of the family, mortality, economic constraints, ideological choices were different from those prevailing today. This set-up produced one...
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...The late ages of the Renaissance period marked a time of an evolving society. As a result of growth, expansion, and exploration, people were exposed to multiple cultures and different religions. Technological advances in the form of science and invention had an impact on the way people viewed the connection between earth and the universe. During earlier periods, religion was often a central focus for which societies based their lives. It was an accepted practice to integrate ones faith, governing oneself, in accordance with religious tradition and ritual. However, at the turn of the Renaissance, a result of the integration of cultures and societies, the questioning of faith and religion materialized and division of the faith transpired. After the Renaissance, Judaism experienced a shift from a single religious entity to multiple movements. This divide in religious concept produced the traditional and modern Judaic principles. According to Molloy (2010) the traditional Judaic principle was expressed in Talmudic scholarship and Hasidism (“devotion,” “piety”). The liberal direction of Judaism, referred to as the Reform, made worship more accessible, especially to societies in Germany and France. During the Reform movement, translated versions of traditional Hebrew prayers were written in German. Although the Reform movement contributed to the growth of Judaism, it faced opposition from followers of the traditional faith, whose mission was to preserve the beliefs and practices of Hasidism...
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...unequal - Social values are adapting to full-time working women - Roles are becoming more symmetrical (similar to Willmott and Young’s MoP view) - Women who didn’t work did 83% of the housework. Part-time = 82%. Full-time = 73%. Duncombe and Marsden - Women do a triple shift as they do paid employment, housework and emotion work. Wilkinson - Domestic abuse is the result of the stress of family members caused by social inequality - Some families have fewer resources than others - Not all people are equally in danger of domestic abuse Yearnshire - A woman suffers around 35 assaults before reporting it Mirlees-Black - 6.6 million assaults each year, half involving physical injury - 99% are committed by men against women - ¼ women suffer domestic abuse at least once in their life, 1/8 repeatedly so. David Cheal - State agencies don’t want to become involved in the family because they believe the family is a good thing (ignores ‘dark side’), women are free to leave and the family is a private sphere. - While many welcome the opportunity to have their same-sex partnerships legally recognised, others fear that it may limit the flexibility of their relationship. Aries - Elements of the modern notion of childhood...
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...Course Date Henslin Briefly describe the main historical events in European Society that influenced the development of Sociology The French, Industrial revolutions and the Enlightenment period are the key events that bore development of sociology. The French revolution that lasted for a decade had a great impact on social structure. There was a power shift from the church to the peoples’ hands. The static clerical hierarchy gave up its property and rights. The French revolution had political, social and historical impact in the entire Europe. The Industrial Revolution commenced in England leading to various changes in the society. It marked a shift from traditional means of production to use of technology. Consequently, there was an increase in production, quality and efficacy of goods. The Enlightenment period contributed to the birth of sociology and is considered as an important source of critical ideas such as human freedom and democracy. The idea behind the thinkers of Enlightenment was to stimulate people to solve their problems rather than wait for the church to provide solutions. It posed a challenge to the traditional conceptions of the world. Summarize the basic focus and main points of each of the three main modern theories/perspectives/paradigms of sociology (from the text and discussion in class) Symbolic Internationalism The perspective borrows the idea that members of the society act according to how they interpret the social world. It directs sociologists...
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...Modern Class System New research, conducted through the Great British Class Survey (GBCS) indicates a changing paradigm in social class across the UK. This was a survey created by a number of economists and socialists from universities across the UK and France and is based off the previously discussed ideas of Bourdieu with the aims of discovering how British people interact with class systems. It can be identified from this that 7 classes have emerged in the UK starting at the bottom with precariat this then moves up to traditional working class, emergent service workers, new affluent workers, technical middle class, established middle class and then finally elite at the top (Savage et al. 2015). This however cannot be seen as a ladder in...
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...that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Contemporary History. http://www.jstor.org Journalof Contemporary London,Thousand Oaks, CA and HistoryCopyright? 2004 SAGEPublications, New Delhi, Vol 39(3), 373-401. ISSN0022-0094. DOI: 10.1177/0022009404044446 Trentmann Frank Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption If there is one agreement between theorists of modernity and those of...
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...has the primary function of reproducing society; biologically, socially, or both. There are various structures of a family based on the relationship shared between the parent and the children. - Life and people are always changing, but the main values and bases of the concept of family should always remain present. To many people, the definition of the word family is a unity among a group of people who care and tend to each other’s needs, while forming an unbreakable bond. Therefore, family values are important and should be cherished and nurtured. - Every country has different family values such as Chinese and American. Therefore, I chose “ Chinese family values and American family values “ as my topic. 2. Aims of the study The study helps students of English as a foreign language have more knowledge about “ Family values in Chinese and American and the difference, similarities between them “. 3. Object and scope of the study - Object of the study: Family values - Scope of the study: Family values in Chinese and American 4. Methods of the study Based on some books, references on the Internet…..about family values in Chinese and American. B. DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Chinese family values While China has increasingly adopted Western influences, the traditional family structure is still highly valued and holds a prominent position in the Chinese culture. Both traditional and modern Chinese families have similar values and...
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...that practiced ascetism tended to become prosperous. Members will tend to want to compromise with the world with their new found wealth and thus abandon world rejecting beliefs. Sects with a charismatic leader either collapse on a leader’s death or a more formal bureaucratic leadership will take over; thus transforming the organisation into a denomination. Stark and Bainbridge (1985) see religious organisations moving through a cycle. The first stage is schism, where there’s tension between the needs of the deprived and privileged members of the church. Deprived members break away to form a world rejecting sect. The second phase is one of initial fervour with a charismatic leadership and tension between the sect’s beliefs and those of wider society. The third phase is denominationalism, where the fervour disappears because of the coolness of the second generation and protestant ethic effect. The fourth stage is establishment, where the sect becomes more accepting and the tension with wider society reduces. In the final stage a further schism results where more zealous or less privileged members break away to found a new sect true to the original message. However Wilson (1966) argues not all sects follow the sectarian cycle. He argues whether they follow the cycle depends on how they answer the question “How shall I be saved?”...
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...especially on a global scale. Ethnographers can document environmental issues like ecotourism through the different ways the local environment and cultural adaption interacts with this new expanding social phenomenon. Ethnographers such as Blaser, Hecht, Apffel Marglin and Pearson can provide a new perspective on understanding the different concepts between human intervention and “nature” and the effect human intervention does to local environments and communities through their interactions with the global world. For many rural and indigenous communities, ecotourism has become a doorway to the global economy. Anthropologist can study these indigenous communities...
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...these materials were covered in class and not all the materials covered in class are to be found in these notes. But you will find a generally close correspondence between class and readings in what follows. Be aware that these notes are not intended to replace reading the text. Also, these are “rough” notes. They were devised initially for my own use. They are not polished and stand open to correction. But I think you want them, so here they are. Dr V What is culture? A complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life of a given group or society. Material and non-material Characteristics of culture: Shared Learned Taken for granted Symbolic (meaningful) Defining idea: transmission by non-biological means Distinctions(?) between human and animal cultures (language & tools). Elements of culture: Language: symbol systems. Does language shape culture? Norms: cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation. Implicit vs. explicit; ideal vs. real. Folkways/mores/laws/taboos Social sanctions Ethnomethodology and the study of norms. Beliefs. Values: Value-orientations Institutions. Cultural diversity: Dominant culture. Most support from major institutions. Function of power. Subcultures. Often develop as a result of exclusion from mainstream society and culture. Counter-cultures Rejection of dominant cultural values, often for moral and political reasons. Cultural diversity issues: Ethnocentrism Seeing things...
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...Assess the view that religious beliefs and practices are changing to reflect a new era of diversity and choice. (33 marks) Some sociologists reject the secularisations theory, they are beginning to say that instead of religion declining, it is changing, in terms of changing to reflect a new era of diversity and choice. Sociologists such as Davie argue that religion isn't declining but the need to publicise it is reducing, religion is taking a more privatised form. This can explain the decline in churchgoers; they no longer feel like they have to go to church to be religious, now attending church is a matter of choice rather than society frowning upon those who chose not to go. This has brought around ‘believing without belonging’, thus the decline of traditional religion is matched by the growth of a new form of it. Proving that modern society is not becoming increasing secular but forming new religions through choice and diversity. However, Voas and Crockett reject the claims Davie puts forward, explaining that if her thesis was to be true the British Social Attitudes survey from 1983 to 200 would show that belief in God is increasing, although it shows that not only is church attendance declining but also peoples belief in God. If Davie were right with new religions forming the surveys would've shown higher levels of belief. Bruce also interjects the view that if those who are religious are not willing to invest time into attending church, this must reflect the declining...
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...playing a supportive role rather than a leading role at home, in the community and in the workplace. But the physical attributes of women i.e. beauty, were misconstrued, even abused. In some societies woman were subjected to oppressive relationships dominated by a patriarchal system. In many levels of society woman are still seen as the “lesser” gender. They are enslaved by Psychological and Economic oppression. In modern civilisation women are “used” to...
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...themselves could develop and change their society. French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet was involved in the origins of the theory with the concept that technological advancements and economic changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. Condorcet was the first to make the connection between economic and social development connection and that there can be continuous progress and improvement in human affairs. With that said, new advancements and improvements would need to keep pace with a constantly changing world. Furthermore, he encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition to social structure and the evolution of societies, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism, which stresses the interdependence of the institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most famous work is The Division of Labour in Society, which described how social order was to be maintained in a society and how primitive societies might make the transition to more economically advanced industrial societies. Durkheim suggested that in a capitalist society, with a complex division of labour, economic regulation would be needed to maintain order. He stressed that the major transition from a primitive social order to a more advanced industrial society could...
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