...actually Mencken who coined the term “Monkey Trial. (Crompton 26)” He was an incredibly influential journalist in his time,who attacked a variety of groups of people, and wrote an essay on the aftermath of the Scopes Trial, also having sharp comments that proved the existence of tension in the 1920’s. He writes in this piece, “The Liberals, in their continuing discussion of the late trial of the infidel Scopes at Dayton, Tenn., run true to form. That is to say, they show all their habitual lack of humor and all their customary furtive weakness for the delusions of Homo neanderthalensis...The World is displeased with Mr. Darrow because, in his appalling cross-examination of the mountebank Bryan, he did some violence to the theological superstitions that millions of Americans cherish. (Mencken)” Despite being known for controversial views, Mencken preaches the truth here. Clearly for this case to become so publicized, it must’ve had a huge effect on personal beliefs. Therefore, if Scopes has done violence to people’s beliefs and philosophies, namely the religious/rural, to millions of people, this is a solid marker of evidence, that this Monkey Trial showed a social dispute and hostility during the 1920’s. A quote insinuating huge magnitude, to news coverage by a magazine, to an article by one of the nation’s biggest journalists, the evidence all points...
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...Summary of Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion by Edward J. Larson (New York, Basic Books: 1997, 318 pp.) Part I: Before… Chapter One: Digging Up Controversy Decades before the Scopes Trial, Charles Darwin discovered fragments of a prehistoric human skull which became known as the "Piltdown skull." It was believed to originate from an ape due to its size and shape, but the jaw appeared to resemble an undiscovered ape. As popularity of the subject grew, newspapers started to take notice saying that the skull was a missing link between humans and ape, and that Darwin's theory of evolution had now been proven correct. As the United States took notice, controversy related to religion...
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...Jury Selection, Trials and Constitutional Rights The jury selection process is a significant portion of the trial process. Jury selection ensures that courts maintain proper Due Process and comply with constitutional guidelines. Furthermore, it gives lawyers the ability to evaluate the people in the jury and determine how they would feel about the case. The trial process branches out into six steps: jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, charging of the jury and deliberation of jury. Throughout the process of jury selection, potential jury is based on a process names an voir dire; otherwise known as committing to telling the truth. During voir dire, potential jurors are included in the case or eliminated from the jury. Potential jurors are required to answer a series of questions concerning their personal bias regarding the case. The series of questions help determine if any of the potential jurors have had previous exposure to the context of the case, or a personal connection to the actual trial. If a lawyer can conclude based on the questioning, that the juror may be biased, they have the ability to challenge their position on the jury. Voir dire will be further examined in order to discuss how an unbiased jury is prepared for a trial. The following step once the jury is selected is the opening statements. The prosecution and the defense each have an opportunity to present their case to the jury. Although, no...
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...The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: BasicBooks, 1997. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion, by Edward J. Larson, tells of the court trial of Clarence Darrow defending John Scopes against the radical populist William Jennings Bryan. Scopes had been challenged for going against the law by teaching evolution to students in a public school. The length of text begins with Scope studying the scientific findings of Charles Dawson, who examined skull pieces that may have filled the gap between apes and humans. This is what motivated Scopes with the fascination of evolution. But then there were people like William Jennings Bryan who come into play and take the religious side, wanting to go against the idea of evolution. Society wasn’t exactly mostly favoring the idea of evolution since there were laws against spreading the idea as Scopes had. This is, of course, how Scopes ended up in court. However, the text does not end with the ruling of the trial. The text stretches to the anti-evolution movement continuing on with Bryan trying to start his crusade, and eventually gets to how schools restructure what society thinks should be the new benchmarks of education. Basically, the text tells the history of these two ideas, but in the end, neither is right or wrong since everyone has the liberty for their own beliefs. The 1920s hosted a famous court case between John Scopes and...
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...Zachary Sherman Word count 1283 Do not copy; not an example of an essay we will write. Ms. D Stevens ENG-1A-093 4 November 2013 Not History: Inherit the Wind and the Scopes Trial Playwrights Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee based their play Inherit the Wind on the 1925 trial of substitute teacher John Scopes, who stood accused of a violating the Butler Act, which forbade public schools from teaching any theory of humanity's origins that contradicted the Holy Bible. However, Inherit the Wind, as the authors write in a preface to the work, does not attempt to offer total historical accuracy. Despite this admonition, as Edward J. Larson writes in his book Summer for the Gods, Inherit the Wind has dominated the public perspection of the trial and its impact from the fifty years since its release (21). But how well does the play match against the actual history of the case? An examination of two of its primary characters, Henry Drummond and Matthew Harrison Bradly, reveals that its departures in fact are often extensive, and wildly alter both the circumstances and the personalities of the characters full-blown figures involved. Henry Drummond is the defense attorney in Inherit the Wind, hired by the Baltimore Herald to defend the accused Bert Cates. Drummond is a self-described agnostic, portrayed by the authors as an aggressively pro-science legal genius who comes to fight an uphill court battle in defense of reason and justice (Larson 200-243). However, he is not entirely...
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...US History Since 1877 Critical Essay #1 Dr. Bachhofer Scopes Monkey Trial Religious controversy has been around from the birth of this country and beyond. This country was founded by people, at least in part, trying to get religious freedom from Europe. People, even today in modern society, want the right to believe whatever they want and not have someone else’s beliefs shoved down their throats or the throats of their children. This need for religious freedom and the age old controversy of religious battles sparked a huge trial in the mid 1920’s famously known as the “Monkey Trial”. By 1921, Protestantism split up into two distinct groups. One of these groups was known as the modernists and the other was known as the fundamentalists. Both groups were caught up in a fight with each other for the countries attention. Like any fight over something important, both groups thought they were right. The Modernists were made up primarily of urban, middle-class people. Modernists were attempting to change religion around to fit their society that was based around science mainly. They believed that there was a chance that Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory had some merit. Above all else the rejected the idea that everything in the bible was 100% accurate. They left the door open for alternate interpretations of the bible, something that the fundamentalists despised. The fundamentalists (also known as the “defenders”) on the other hand consisted mostly of rural farmers...
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...Evan Boiko HIS 112-005 10-16-11 The Scopes Trial The Scopes Trial was one of the most famous trials in the history of the United States due to the intense passion and concern that people had for it. The defense was defending personal freedom and democracy while the prosecution imposed on these values. In the end, even though John Scopes and his defense team lost the trial, they won in the long run by influencing decisions made in the future regarding free speech in the classroom and what teachers were required to teach. Many people had intense feelings for the Scopes Trial. These feelings and concern people had for the trial made it one of the most famous trials in America. Some people simplified the trial to Darwin vs. the Bible. This issue made the Scopes trial a large concern to many because Darwin undermined the literal reading of the bible. Darwin's theory of evolution more specifically struck at two major parts of the Bible, the seven days of creation story, and the story of Adam and Eve and how they were the first humans on earth. Many people also considered Darwin's theory to be a "moral outrage" because of how the process of natural selection worked. For natural selection to occur, the unfit of the species were killed off in extremely large numbers. With this information, Darwin was suggesting that "nature revealed a God who was cruel and wasteful or absent altogether." This particular notion created strong opposition to Darwin's theory because of the possibility...
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...Famous American Trials AndraLeigh Brown Date Due 2/24/14 The Salem Witch Trials The salem witch trials of 1692 were a very dark timw in American history. More than 200 people were accused of witchcraft practice and over 19 people were killed during this chaos. Salem, Massachusetts wasn’t alone in the witch hunt. A wave of trials swept Europe for nearly 300 years. This hysteria first began in January of 1692 when a group of young girls fell ill after playing a fortune telling game. They began behaving strangely. They later came known as the “afflicted girls”. The first of the girls to began experiencing symptoms was Betty Parris, fallowed by Abigail Williams, Ann Putnam, Mary Lewis. Shortly after Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, Mary Warren and Elizabeth Booth all started having the same symptoms. In February Samuel Parris called for a doctor to exam the girls. The doctor was unable ti find anything wrong with the girls and suggested they may be bewitched. Two of the girls named the women they thought were bewitching them. These women were Sarah Good, Sarah Osburn and a slave woman named Tituba who worked for the Parris family. On March 1st these three women were arrested and examined. During this Tituba confessed that her and the other two women had been approached by Satan and they all agreed to do his bidding as witches. In April and May more Men and women were accused this...
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...between forces of tradition and modernity. This tension was represented in whole by the Scopes Trial. The Scopes Trial was a court case where the Attorney General of Tennessee charged a high school biology teacher named John Scopes for going against the law of not being able to teach Darwin’s theory of evolution in school. Darwin’s theory of evolution stated that complex forms of life, like human beings, developed from simpler forms of life. Darwin’s modern theory clashed heavily with the fundamentalist, or traditionalist, view in the Bible, where God creates humans. The law of not being able to teach Darwinism in public schools was passed in 1925 by the state of Tennessee. The ACLU, or American...
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...CHAPTER 1 Introduction Chapter One is divided into eight parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Objectives, (4) Hypotheses, (5) Significance of the Study, (6) Research Framework, (7) Scope and Limitation of the Study, and (8) Definition of terms. Part One, Background of the Study, presents the introduction about the study and discusses the rationale for choosing the study. Part Two, Statement of the Problem, evaluates the purpose in conducting the study. Part Three, Objectives, enumerates the aim of the study. Part Four, Hypotheses, cites the assumptions on the result of the study. Part Five, Significance of the Study, describes the benefits that can be derived from the results of the study. Part Six, Research Framework, shows the theoretical framework of the study. Part Seven, Scope and Limitation of the Study, determines the extent of the study and identifies what are to be included in the study. Part Eight, Definition of terms, lists the important terms defined in conceptual and operational manner for the purpose of clarity. Background of the Study The aftermath of typhoon Yolanda or internationally known as typhoon Haiyan, is one of the worst typhoons Philippines have experienced. This calamity resulted to destruction of properties and this calamity has also caused blackouts all over the place. Electricity--- is badly needed after...
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...deals with the legal relationship between people. Substantive law is an independent set of laws that decide the fate of the case and cannot be applicable in non-legal contexts. So substantive law underlines the essential substance of a trial. Procedural law provides the machinery to enforce the substantive laws on the government bodies. It comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil or criminal proceedings. It deals with the method by which substantive law is made and administered. Procedural law has no independence and can be applicable in non-legal contexts. It only tells how the legal process to be executed by giving a step-by-step action. Question Two: During the discovery phase, the parties resort to the use of interrogatories, depositions, admission requests and document production requests. Briefly define these different discovery tools and explain the purpose for each. Explain the purpose of discovery as you understand it. Interrogatories are a formal set of written questions directed by one litigant and required to be answered by the other party and are used for the purpose of clarifying and narrowing the issues or the facts and help to determine in advance what facts will be presented at trial in the case. Deposition is the oral testimony of a witness by the lawyers outside the court and is used for the purpose of narrowing the issues, gathering information for the trail and also shortening the trail by making decision on the...
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...having a positive effect and healing the corresponding body part. For example, if a client has chronic headaches the practitioners would apply deep pressure to the center of the big toe. Although, reflexology is not used to cure disease, many people use reflexology with other forms of medicine that can help with asthma, anxiety, various cancers, cardiovascular issues, diabetes, headaches, kidney function, and menstrual issues (Teagarden, n.d.). Although, not all practitioners agree on the exact areas on the ear, hands, and feet there are some general similarities on reflex points. Practitioners use reflexology maps to locate the reflex that is for certain body parts. The left foot has the left side of the body and the organs on that side. Whereas, the right foot links with the right side of the body and the organs. The origin and the history of reflexology is hard to pinpoint but it is clear that it is an ancient practice that has been passed down through many generations. One of the first possible documentations of reflexology was in the Egyptian tomb of Ankhamor in 2330 BC. In addition, North American tribes of Indians are known to have practiced a form of foot therapy for hundreds of years. An example of reflexology being used in the past was, James Abram Garfield, an American...
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...Shannon Lee REL 131 – Religion in America Dr. John Schmalzbauer October 27, 2014 “The Scopes Trial” As I was reading the assigned readings for this project I came across many terms and/or phrases that didn’t make complete sense to me, a reader in the twenty-first century. However, after further research I have narrowed it down to the ten terms or phrases that gave me the most trouble. 1. The first term I came across that didn’t make sense to me was rudder. Unless you know anything about boats or ships, which I did not, this won’t make sense. Most twenty-first century kids have either never been on a boat or have but don’t know anything about the make of it. 2. The second term that gave me trouble was nullified. This term doesn’t make sense to a twenty-first century reader because it is not commonly used. It has been replaced with terms such as invalidate or neutralize. 3....
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...the Wind” was a film that was originally released in 1960, however it has been remade several times since that time. It was directed by Stanley Kramer and written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee. It is based on the true story of John “Monkey” Scope’s trial of being convicted of teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in a high school, even though it was illegal in the state of Tennessee. The story is told in Tennessee around the time of 1925. The film shows issues between cultures about how some believe in evolution and some believe in the Church, however, the major issue is the one on how Americans can think for themselves. I feel the movie depicted the issues in neither a negative nor a positive manner. I think it was more of a historical film than a film that takes a side on either side of the issue. It is negative in the fact that the way it was handled and the laws at the time thoroughly showed that it was illegal. At the time, teaching the theory of evolution was illegal in high school. The thought of children learning of how humans came to be outside of what the bible described was blasphemy. The people showing hatred towards Bertram Cates, the name of the character in the film that portrayed Scope, was a prime example of the way people viewed those who thought this type of way. I feel that it depicted society in a negative manner more than the situation itself. In the film, you heard citizens singing for the defendant and his attorney for their death. This...
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...highest level. Bayer is an established link in this chain principally through the proven use of its product Nexavar, which is currently licensed for the treatment of kidney and liver cancers. It is anticipated however that Nexavar’s scope will be extended to include its use in further indications in Oncology subject to positive phase III clinical trial results. All of this theatre of activity, from the viewpoints of the medical practitioners, the regulatory agencies and the pharmaceutical companies, is necessarily driven by the continuum of verified product trial statistical endpoints. While the market for pharmaceutically assisted weight-loss products is both extensive and growing, it remains fundamentally different from cancer therapies in that overweight individuals have realistically much more discretion with regard to the decision as to what if anything to choose from within the wide menu of discretionary weight-loss products, while cancer sufferers firstly must attend specialist Oncology consultants whose diagnostic analysis will determine what if any Oncology treatment may be suitable and secondly, being a life-threatening condition, cancer requires immediate urgent non-discretionary specialist care. While Nexavar currently is licensed for two indications, liver and kidney cancers, the prospect of its licensing complement being extended to include further Oncology indications is actively progressing. Ireland has approximately 29 practicing Consultant Oncologists. Because...
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