...How are theory and research related to each other? Discuss in detail and refer to the major components of research design (the sample design, the data collection design, and the data analysis design). The relationship between theory and research: Theory is defined as a systematic explanation for a set of facts and laws. Theory in relationship to research provides the hypothesis; therefore it is the source of one's research project. Theory is a motivation for undertaking Social research; research test, modifies, and expands social theory. A researcher can use theory for direction in choosing a research design or work with in limited theoretical expectations. In either format, research is structured by ideas and expectations created through use of abstract, logical reasoning. Theory is one of the three main elements in the traditional model of scientific method. In this model, developing a theory begins with an interest in some aspect of the real world. one's theoretical analysis of the social factors believed to affect the research topic, clarifies the possible relationship among factors known as variables. Through the next element, operational, the theoretical considerations results in the formation of a hypothesis. The hypothesis defines general cause and effect concepts known as research variables which are illustrated in a model. The variables are denoted by the letters X, being the independent variable or cause, and the Y, the dependent variable or...
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...Week 5 Literature Review 1. Transparency is not a One-Way Street, (2003). Disaster Prevention and Management, 12(1), 71-72. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214378197?accountid=14872 This article reviews how the red Cross has not been transparent with its dealings and how this has caused a mistrust between the organization and the public. This article applies to how the Red Cross is not providing information to the public and this is causing many problems internally and externally for the organization 2. Red Cross, (2015). Mission, Vision and Value Statement of the Red Cross. Retrieved from www.redcross.org This site explains what the Red Cross is trying to accomplish and how it operates. This site states what the true mission is and what is expected of the members. This site gives an insight into what the Red Cross is doing wrong. 3. Foster, R. (1950). The American Red Cross: A History. NY: Harper and Brothers. This book contains the history of the Red Cross and what the organization was meant to be and it gives a look into where the mission began to fail. 4. Gilbo, P. (1981). The American Red Cross. New York: Harper and Row. This book gives information on the Charter between the US Government and the American red Cross. This information covers the Charter and how FEMA and the Red Cross are suppose to work together in a disaster. 5. Allen, J. (2005). The Scandalous History of the Red Cross. CounterPunch: Petrolia...
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...NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING LAB REPORT 4 Submitted By: NS Fatima Hassan DE-34-CE-B-209 Submitted to: Sir Saqib Ejaz TASK1: Code: img=imread('fig01.jpg'); figure(1) imshow(img,[]); img=rgb2gray(img); rotatedim=imrotate(img,45,'bilinear'); threshold=graythresh(rotatedim); BW = im2bw(rotatedim,threshold); figure(2) imshow(BW,[]) Output: Figure [ 1 ]: Original gray scale image Figure [ 2 ]: Rotated image after thresholding TASK2: Code: img=imread('fig02.jpg'); figure(1) imshow(img,[]); img=rgb2gray(img) doubimg=im2double(img); %converting image to double figure(2) imshow(doubimg,[]); logtransform=log(doubimg); %log transform figure(3) imshow(logtransform,[]); Output: Figure 3: Original image Figure 4: Image after log transformation Figure 5: Image after Log Transform TASK3: Code: img=imread('fig03.jpg'); figure(1) imshow(img,[]); img=rgb2gray(img); doubimg=im2double(img); %power transformtaions powimg1=1*(doubimg.^5); figure(2) imshow(powimg1,[]); powimg2=1*(doubimg.^10); figure(3) imshow(powimg2,[]); powimg3=1*(doubimg.^2); figure(4) imshow(powimg3,[]); powimg4=1*(doubimg.^0.5); figure(5) imshow(powimg4,[]); powimg5=1*(doubimg.^0.1); figure(6) ...
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...Family Counseling Approach Research Gestalt Family Therapy Gretchen Thomas Liberty University Abstract Not every client will be of the Christian faith. With that known, proper integration of psychology, spirituality and theology is imperative to have a successful and healthy therapeutic relationship. There are many theorists with distinctively diverse approaches. The Gestalt experiential family therapy process allows professionals the flexibility to individualize their procedures while maintaining an unyielding theoretical background. The way one views integration has a lot to do with their worldview, which determines their use or lack of use of spiritual methods in counseling as well as help the professional deal with on-Christian counselees. This manuscript provides a synopsis of the history of the Gestalt experiential family therapy framework, the leading figures, and in conclusion an overview of how a personal worldview interacts with the Gestalt theory. keywords: Gestalt, integration, experiential family therapy, worldview Family Counseling Approach Research Gestalt Family Therapy Introduction The experiential model or experiential approach to family therapy has many innovators. The symbolic experiential approach pioneered by Carl Whitaker highlights how the therapist provides counselees different ways to accept and deal with issues (Goldenberg and Goldenberg, 2013). Satir (1967) emphasizes the importance...
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...Organizational Research and Theory Name: Institution: Date: Power is an essential factor in the running of an organization institution or even a state. A powerful institution will always ensure that things work out and at no instanced are things going wrong. However, one would wonder what exactly organizational power is. Power also has some benefits that come along with it. Organizational power, in this case, can be defined as the means by which conflict are resolved in an organization. Others define power as the ability of a group or a person to overcome the resistance of others so as to achieve the desired outcome (Jones, 2010). It is reasonable to state that some element of coercion exists in conflict resolution. Therefore, organizational power is specifically said to be the ability of A to make B to do a thing that B could not have done. Therefore, if a subunit with an organization has a lot of power, it can apply power to achieve the results that it desires. In conflict resolution element of power plays a crucial role. It influences the decisions to be made, for example, how resources shall be allocated to different subunits. Most decisions in an organization are made through bargaining, and when this is so then the side with more power significantly influences the outcome or the decision made. In other words, power determines the subunit that will suffer with an organization and the one that will benefit. As a matter of fact, conflicts arise in organizations...
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...MARKET RESEARCH 1. Discuss the importance of attitude measurement, and describe tow different approaches to measuring people's attitudes toward a given object. There is a growing need among today's marketers to better understand their customer's attitudes and feelings toward the company's products, services, and delivery systems. Some researchers view "attitude" as a derived composite outcome of the interaction between a person's beliefs (i.e., cognitive thoughts) and expressed emotions (i.e., affective feelings) regarding those beliefs. Knowing these interactions can be helpful in predicting a person's behavior (i.e., conative action). Not all researchers accept this trilogy approach to measuring attitudes; some simply see attitudes as a global indicator of a person's feelings (i.e., affect = attitude) toward an object or behavior. No matter the approach, these is significant diagnostic value to both researchers and practitioners in understanding the different scale measurements used to capture people's belief structures versus emotional feelings versus behavior tendencies. Tell how to correctly design and text Likert, semantic differential, and behavior intention scales, and explain their strengths and weaknesses. Likert scale designs uniquely use a set of agreement/disagreement scale descriptors to capture a person's attitude toward a given object or behavior. Contrary to popular belief, a Likert scale format does not measure a person's complete attitude, only the...
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...Aesthetician" redirects here. For a cosmetologist who specializes in the study of skin care, see Esthetician. Aesthetics (/ɛsˈθɛtɪks/; also spelled æsthetics and esthetics) is a branch ofphilosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.[1][2] It is more scientifically defined as the study ofsensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentimentand taste.[3] More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature."[4][5] More specific aesthetic theory, often with practical implications, relating to a particular branch of the arts is divided into areas of aesthetics such as art theory, literary theory, film theory and music theory. An example from art theory is aesthetic theory as a set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement: such as the Cubist aesthetic.[6] Contents Edit The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning "esthetic, sensitive, sentient"), which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel, sense").[7] The term "aesthetics" was appropriated and coined with new meaning in the German form Æsthetik(modern spelling Ästhetik) by Alexander Baumgarten in 1735. Aesthetics and the philosophy of artEdit Aesthetics is for the artist as Ornithology is for the birds. — Barnett Newman[8][9] For some, aesthetics is considered a synonym for the philosophy of...
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...Between Theory And Research An excerpt from .awcett, J., and Downs, .. (1986). The Relationship of Theory and Reseach. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century Crofts. [.awcett & Downs teach in a School of Nursing and their examples involve topics of interest to nurses. Your humble instructor has modified this excerpt slightly to maintain terminology consistent with the social sciences]. 1 The close connection between theory and research was implied in the discussion of their functions. Stated explicitly, the initial impetus for research is the search for theory. Theory development relies on research, and research relies on theory. Brown (1977) characterized the relationship between theory and research as a dialectic, a transaction whereby theory determines what data are to be collected and research findings provide challenges to accepted theories. 2 Research, then, is neither more nor less than the vehicle for theory development. It is the method used to gather the data needed for the theory. This is true whether the purpose of the research is to generate a theory or to test one. When the purpose is theory generation, the phenomenon of interest suggests things to look for. .or example, if a theory of clients perceptions of factors influencing their adherence to a nursing care plan were to be generated, one source of data would be clients perceptions of why they were willing and able to follow the care plan. Conversely, if the purpose is theory testing, the theory dictates...
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...the four types of research theories – deductive, inductive, grounded, and axiomatic. I will also discuss why and how these theories are used, and which is the most relevant, or most important. I will discuss the differences and similarities in theory and hypothesis. I will also discuss variables, and why they are important components of theoretical research. Four Types of Research Theories When doing research, it is important to first have your idea, or subject you will be researching. Once you have chosen the subject, then the research begins. There are so many places to go to use as sources. There are books, articles in magazines or newspapers, interviewing sources, and the ever growing internet. Personal experiences are another great way of getting information for your research. There are many ways to obtain information for your subject, but deciding on the subject to research is the first step. Then you need to decide how narrow or wide-ranged your topic is going to be. One example is Crime Scene Forensics. Will the paper be done on the entire subject of forensics, or will it be narrowed down to one element of forensics, such as DNA testing, or maybe ballistics? This is a decision that you will make before you start researching the subject. A very intelligent instructor, said to choose something that interests you and the researching will be a lot more interesting and fun to do. I think this is a very good concept to remember about research, and can also make...
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...4 Types of Research Theories CRJS430 – 1104A – 01 Unit 1 IP Charlotte Cordova October 6, 2011 American Intercontinental University Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the four types of research theories – deductive, inductive, grounded, and axiomatic. I will also discuss why and how these theories are used, and which is the most relevant, or most important. I will discuss the differences and similarities in theory and hypothesis. I will also discuss variables, and why they are important components of theoretical research. Four Types of Research Theories When doing research, it is important to first have your idea, or subject you will be researching. Once you have chosen the subject, then the research begins. There are so many places to go to use as sources. There are books, articles in magazines or newspapers, interviewing sources, and the ever growing internet. Personal experiences are another great way of getting information for your research. There are many ways to obtain information for your subject, but deciding on the subject to research is the first step. Then you need to decide how narrow or wide-ranged your topic is going to be. One example is Crime Scene Forensics. Will the paper be done on the entire subject of forensics, or will it be narrowed down to one element of forensics, such as DNA testing, or maybe ballistics? This is a decision that you will make before you start researching the subject. A very intelligent instructor, said...
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...While conspiracy theories have existed since the beginning of media in one form or another, they have been especially prevalent in the last few decades. Ever since the invention of the internet, the spread of self published ideas has been easier than ever, resulting in the growing number of skeptics. Conspiracy theories have been widely accepted more than ever since the previous presidential election, as mainstream media outlets picked up several theories regarding the two main candidates. So to understand this broadening phenomena, one must know the kind of people who believe conspiracy theories, why they are inclined to believe them, and what effects they are having on the world. Identifying the people who tend to believe conspiracy theories...
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...The Modern Development of Atomic Theory According to Democritus, “Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion.” This conveys the controversy in scientific investigations made in defining a singular molecule. Since 460 BC, atomism has been an alternating concept of chemistry. Several significant scientists have contributed to this field profoundly. The modern development of the atomic theory is based on researches and discoveries of Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Robert Andrews Milikan, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick, and Niels Bohr. Robinson, Bertsch, both Professors of Physics, and McGrayne, a science writer, wrote for Encyclopedia Britannica defining an atom as the “smallest unit into which matter can...
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...Introduction. The polemical debate in understanding why crime occurred in society had invited a cornucopia of theoretical ideas based on ideology, pragmatism, and concomitant paradigmatic shifts. This debate, sometimes vitriolic and vexatious in equal measure, had resonated across the centuries mostly via philosophical thought. In the last two hundred years, however, the debate had become increasingly interwoven and complicated by newly-developed and derivative theories (sometimes polar or diametrically opposed) through the complex entanglement of modern societal development and socio-political thought. Insodoing, unpacking and defining the etiology of crime has proved to be a noteworthy adversary. This essay would seek to examine this unfolding drama of etiological proportions by addressing one of these key modern-day ideological polarities: right realism and left realism. It would critically discuss the relational polarity between these two theories by first examining and then comparing their respective etiologies. Second, it would examine and critique the interplay between ideology and British crime policy. Left Realism (LR): Etiology. “Left realism was explicitly, although not exclusively, concerned with the origins, nature, and impact of crime in the working class” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2007: p.191). It was a radical criminology and a very British development (Newburn, 2007). It was ‘Left’ as crime was envisaged as endemic owing to the class and patriarchical...
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...From the winning of the space race to secret societies who control what we see of the world. Conspiracy theories, whether true or not hold the power to control the beliefs of millions. These theories can range from 9/11 to JFk’s assassination to the true cause of climate change. Science offers us an explanation of the unknown with the use of facts and irrefutable evidence. With each major event or catastrophe, speculation soon follows from those seeking the truth. Every once in awhile an inquisitive mind stumbles upon something that shocks the public. Today with constant speculation of the truth from both the media and the public more and more conspiracies live in the minds of citizens. From small conspiracies of everyday life to cataclysmic schemes of the rich and powerful, evidence of conspiracy is everywhere. “Today’s world has left me absolutely astonished, in the way that the grandest...
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...Psychodynamic Theory And Its Inability To Meet The Requirements Of The Scientific Method La Trobe University Word Count 505 The Psychodynamic Theory And Its Inability To Meet The Requirements Of The Scientific Method According to the psychodynamic theory, composed by Sigmund Freud, personality is a combination of conscious and unconscious processes. The Oedipus complex describes the process in which a child undergoes a developmental stage where they despise the parent of the same sex, but adore the parent of the opposite sex (Ahmed, 2012). Although the psychodynamic theory provides a framework for personality, it does not meet the requirements of the scientific method. The scientific method refers to a series of steps used to collect and interpret data as well as to test predictions. Limitations of the theory include its unfalsifiable nature, due to its inability to be proven wrong (Popper, 1983), as well as the presence of inconsistencies within the study, making the theory...
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