Three Issues Considered
The first question I will address is “Are science and philosophy closely interrelated, or are they different in their goals and methods? Science supposes that there is only one proper basis of knowledge, it is experiment and rational analysis of nature. Philosophy tends to say that there are many ways of understanding, just as there are many forms of knowledge and many beginnings of that knowledge. In the beginning there were sciences but no actual scientist. They were all known as philosophers. Philosophy invented intellectual thought and rigorous reasoning which in turn is what invented the sciences. Philosophy continues to influence science by questioning the science's weaknesses.
Some people think that the sciences can stand apart from philosophy. That philosophy is all questions, never giving a real answer. Where as, science is a methodology that is based on research and experimentation. “The specific sciences cannot and should not break their connections with true philosophy” (Spirkin, A.). By doing this they would have no questions for them to research and experiment. According to Wolff, the Milesians who are considered philosophers were also scientist. Thales who is known as the first philosopher was an astronomer. By his knowledge of the stars he could predict the weather (Wolff, 14). “Following Thales were the Milesians Anaximander and Anaximenes, who expanded and developed speculative theories about the basic components of nature and their order…. They started Western civilization on its scientific journey (Wolff, 15). Lucretius a Roman philosopher and poet defended the Cosmological theory called atomism, in which everything in the universe is made up of little bits of matter called atoms which are so small they cannot be seen by the naked eye (another surprisingly modern doctrine) (Wolff, Chp.1 pt.). Science and philosophy have always learned from each other. Philosophy tirelessly draws from scientific discoveries fresh strength, material for broad generalizations, while to the sciences it imparts the world-view and methodological impulses of its universal principles.
One of the views that contradicts the interrelationship of science and philosophy is “Nobel physicist Steven Weinberg (1992) took the rather unusual step of writing a whole essay entitled “Against Philosophy.” In it, he argued that not only is philosophy not useful to science, but that, in some instances, it can be positively harmful” (Pigliucci, M.). This question is one that is disputed, throughout the science and philosophy world. “As in any parent-offspring relationship, things can get acrimonious, with the offspring staking out its territory while denying the parent’s relevance or contribution, and the latter having a difficult time letting go of the now adult and independent progeny” (Pigliucci, M.). In my opinion without philosophy there would not be any science philosophy developed intellectual thought and reasoning, without the ability to put the question to the test and to gather the information to complete the research and experiments there would be no science. The second question I will address is “ Is beauty completely in the eye of the beholder? Is what counts as a work of art utterly subjective? Are there any universally agreed on standards of taste, beauty and aesthetics value? In my thought on the three questions is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, therefore it is subjective, although a piece of art must be recognized as a work of art to be considered art, I cannot see how it could be universally agreed upon. Art evokes different emotions in different people at different times. It is a feeling you get when you look at a painting, picture or sculpture, or when you watch a movie or a play. Art and beauty are subjective, as what is art to one may mean nothing to another. In the textbook, “About Philosophy” by Robert Paul Wolff, Plato believes that artist creations are appearances and that as such they lead us away from knowledge and away from a proper inner harmony of the soul. In Plato’s writing “Republic” he wrote about how he believes that art is misleading and harmful and therefore that it ought not be permitted a place in the ideal society (Wolff, Plato, 275). Aristotle did not agree with Plato in that, he said that “Great artist have the ability, through their art , to grasp the universal that lies within the particular, and to present it to us in such a way that we achieve a greater knowledge that we would otherwise have” (Wolf , Aristotle, 280). As you can see they differed on what they believed art could do for you. According to Plato it was harmful but according to Aristotle it was helpful in as it could help you understand the particulars, the way you should.
We as a whole the total population of human being on the earth will never have a universal Idea standard that will include taste, beauty and aesthetic value. The nature of beauty is one of the most enduring and controversial themes in Western philosophy, and is—with the nature of art—one of the two fundamental issues in philosophical aesthetics. Beauty has traditionally been counted among the ultimate values, with goodness, truth, and justice (Sartwell, C.)
The basic issue in art is that of its beauty. That is whether beauty is subjective—located ‘in the eye of the beholder or whether it is an objective feature of the object or art. Many attempts have been made to combine the feature and the beauty. In other words, the subjectivity and the objectivity. This has not been accomplished today. In Of the Standard of taste, Hume wrote “Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others” (Hume 1757, 136). In the Critique of Judgement Kant basically had the same idea, “The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective. Every reference of representations, even that of sensations, may be objective (and then it signifies the real [element] of an empirical representation), save only the reference to the feeling of pleasure and pain, by which nothing in the object is signified, but through which there is a feeling in the subject as it is affected by the representation” (Kant 1790, section 1). James Kirwin, however felt that if all beauty is subjective then it seems that the word has no meaning, or that we are not communicating anything when we call something beautiful except perhaps an approving personal attitude
According to Plato art is harmful, Aristotle says it is beneficial. Kant and Hume believe beauty is in the eye of the beholder while Kirwin believes that if beauty is not communicating anything then the word beauty has no meaning. Art. Both Art and Beauty mean different things to different people at different times. There fore art is subjective in the eye of the beholder and cannot be universally standard.
The third question I will address is, “Do religion and philosophy answer the same questions and serve the same purpose in human life and in society overall? Or are the goal and methods of each quite different or even at odds. Religion and philosophy is different as religion is based on faith and philosophy is based on reason. Being religious is not being philosophical.
Although there are some similarities to religion and philosophy, there are also many differences. Soren Kierkegaard was a philosopher and was deep into religion and was afraid that if there was no God and Salvation then he would be damned. (Wolff)
Kierkegaard’s doubts and fears concerned his very existence as an individual, mortal creature longing to believe in God’s promise, not the abstract, impersonal logical relationships among disembodied forms, or “essences (Wolff Slide 7) He was not ng the majority of the philosophers as most were trying to answer the question of is does a God exist?
According to Dictionary.com the definition of religion is :
 A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.
 A specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: the Christian religion; the Buddhist religion.
 The body of persons adhering to a particular set of beliefs and practices: a world council of religions.
 The life or state of a monk, nun, etc.: to enter religion.
 The practice of religious beliefs; ritual observance of faith.
The definition of philosophy is:
 The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct.
 Any of the three branches, namely natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and metaphysical philosophy, that are accepted as composing this study.
 A particular system of thought based on such study or investigation: the philosophy of Spinoza.
 The critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge, especially with a view to improving or reconstituting them: the philosophy of science.
 A system of principles for guidance in practical affairs.
According to Dictionary.com religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause nature and purpose of the universe especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Differing from what they say philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. Both philosophy and religion are concerned with the universe it is looked at in totally different ways. One of which is philosophy is asking questions that may never be answered and that religion based on faith gives answers that may never be questioned. Religion is based on faith and philosophy is based on knowledge.

Works Cited

Dictionary.com. Definitions. www. Dictionary.com/definitions
Hume, D 1757, “Of the Standard of Taste,” Essays Moral and Political, London: George
Routledge and Sons, 1894. 1740, A Treatise of Human Nature, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Kant, I, “Critique of Judgement”. 1790. J.H. Bernard, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Kirwan, James. 1999. Beauty, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Massimo Pigliucci. Borderlands Between Science and Philosophy. The Quarterly Review of Philosophy. Volume 83, No. 1 March 2008
Sartwell, Crispin, "Beauty", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.(Fall
2012 Edition). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/beauty
Sparkin, A. Dialectal Materialism. Philosophy as a World-View and a Methodology. Chap 1.
Wolff, R. (2011). “About philosophy”. Philosophy of Art. (11th ed.). Pearson Education. PT. Chapter 7.slide 13 http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Unit_I/Wolff_Ch01.pdf
Wolff, R. (2011). “About philosophy”. Aristotles defense of the poets.(11th ed.). Pearson Education., Chapter 7, Pg 279 Aristotle
Wolff, R. (2011). “About philosophy”. Philosophy of Religion (11th ed.). Pearson Education PT slide 7 http://vizedhtmlcontent.next.ecollege.com/CurrentCourse/Unit_IV/Wolff_Ch08.pdf
Wolff, R. (2011). “About philosophy”. What do Philosophers do? The study of the Universe. (11th ed.). Pearson Education. Chapter 1, Pg 14-15 Melesians
Wolff, R. (2011). “About philosophy”. Platos Attack on the poets.(11th ed.).
Pearson Education. Chapter . Pg 275 Plato