...On Wikipedia — The Technology, The People, The Unfinished Work Shuo Xiang, 20074330 University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 sxiang@uwaterloo.ca ABSTRACT Wikipedia is ubiquitous in the current age of the Internet. Every search conducted in Google is more than likely to turn up quite a few links to relevant articles in Wikipedia. However, Wikipedia also suffers major problems in numerous areas and its impact on society at large goes way beyond an extra Google search result. In this paper we will first examine the history and origin of Wikipedia. Secondly, a brief discussion of the underlying technologies and features of Wikipedia will be discussed. Thirdly, the results of the “Micro Wikipedia Survey” will be summarized and relevant commentaries given. Fourthly, the two major issues of Wikipedia and their impacts on society at large will be exposed and discussed in detail. Fifthly, positive and negative consequences Wikipedia have on different segments of society will be identified and discussed. Lastly, some concluding remarks and recommendations will be given that adequately summarizes the author’s stance on the past, present and future of Wikipedia. Categories and Subject Descriptors Computer technology, Wiki technology, Web 2.0, Impact and ethics of new computerized technology Keywords Wikipedia, Wikipedian, Wiki, credibility, NPOV, CS, 492, impact, computerized technology, ethics, McHenry INTRODUCTION Computer information communication has undergone several stages...
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...settlements consist of behavior settings, while behavior settings consist of a standing (or recurring) pattern of behavior and a milieu (a physical pattern). In fact, urban designers can be thought of as pattern maker. In urban design most issues focus on the tradeoffs between the achievement of competing goals, between human needs and functions provided by the physical environment. Hence, urban design is more likely to be seen as a problem-solving approach from the perspective of the users in some specific environment. These approaches are committed to obtaining a higher quality of life in human settlements. They could be achieved from the developments in both substantive and procedural knowledge that have resulted from the empirical research of the past three decades. There has been much questioning about how best the effort in urban design to attain a functional environment. Paying more attention to it, this essay explores the key factors affecting the functional environment based on understanding of the main content about chapter 9 & 10. It then goes on to argue that it is essential for reasonably applying the elements of urban design into practical programs in China. Moreover, development requirements are...
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...Authoritarianism Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is usually opposed to individualism and democracy. In politics, an authoritarian government is one in which political authority is concentrated in a small group of politician. Characteristics Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential challengers. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. Authoritarianism emphasizes the rule of the few; it often includes election rigging, political decisions being made by a select group of officials behind closed doors, a bureaucracy that sometimes operates independently of rules, which does not properly supervise elected officials, and fails to serve the concerns of the constituencies they purportedly serve. Authoritarianism also tends to embrace the informal and unregulated exercise of political power, a leadership that is "self-appointed and even if elected cannot be displaced by citizens' free choice among competitors," the arbitrary deprivation of civil liberties, and little tolerance for meaningful opposition; A range of social controls also attempt to stifle civil society, while political stability is maintained by control over and support of the armed forces, a pervasive bureaucracy staffed by the regime, and creation of allegiance through various means of socialization and...
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...Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China Ezra F. Vogel REFERENCES American Rural Small-Scale Industry Delegation. Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People’s Republic of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. Atkinson, Richard C. “Recollection of Events Leading to the First Exchange of Students, Scholars, and Scientists between the United States and the People’s Republic of China,” 4 pp. Bachman, David. “Differing Visions of China’s Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang,” Asian Survey, 26, no. 3 (March 1986), 293-321. Bachman, David. “The Fourteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.” New York: Asia Society, 1992. Bachman, David. “Implementing Chinese Tax Policy.” In Lampton, ed., Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China, pp. 119-153. Backhouse, E. and J.O.P. Bland. Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Bainian chao (百年潮) (Hundred Year Tide). Monthly. Beijing: Zhongguo zhonggong dangshi xuehui, 1997 -- . Barfield, Thomas J. Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Barman, Geneviève Barman and Nicole Dulioust. “Les années Françaises de Deng Xiaoping,” Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire, no. 20 (October-December 1988), 17-34. Barman, Geneviève and Nicole Dulioust. “The Communists in the Work and Study Movement in France,” Republican China, 13, no. 2 (April 1988), 24-39. Barnett, A. Doak, with a contribution...
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...China has the largest population in the world, the authoritarian system and the implementation gap in the field of policy increase the complexity of the problem. Since the end of 1980s, political reform took place under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang, a relatively free political environment existed, thus a nationwide debate of neo-authoritarianism occurred among government officials and intellectuals (Landry, 2008). The collapse of the former Soviet Union made Chinese people again worry about the weakness of central power, the intellectual field even began to doubt the long-term vitality of communist countries. Therefore, after the Tiananmen Square protests calmed down, Central government of China tightened its control over all provinces through restructuring the cadre appointment system (Brødsgaard, 2002). In this paper, the author will analyze how has the Central government asserted its control over the local governments since the 1990s, and make a critical evaluation of its effectiveness. 2. Central government’s policies on local governments since the 1990s 2.1 First stage: 1990-1993 Since the opening and reform in 1978 till 1993, Central government mainly adopted decentralization and interest concept to give local governments more autonomy of economic development, so as to allow some regions become prosperous first (Landry, 2008). For instance, when implementing the system whereby local authorities take full responsibility of local finance, Central government...
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...Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Digital Photography 1. Introduction A sailor planting a wet one on a nurse, Man walking on the moon, a student standing up to a line of tanks, and the horrifying moment a plane crashed into a skyscraper. Figure 1 –"V-J Day, Times Square, 1945", a.k.a. "The Kiss" “Man on the Moon, Apollo 11, 1969” "Tiananmen Square, China, 1989" “9/11 Attacks, New York City, 2001” All of these iconic images from history would be nothing but memories without the invention of photography. The power of photography has allowed us to see distant places, events before our lifetime, people from foreign lands and tragedies including war; all through the view of a lens. In just under 200 years, photography has transformed the world we live in enabling us to see not only beyond the boundaries of time and location but also beyond the range of human vision through macro, infrared and high-speed photography. Figure 2 – High Speed Photography, Bullet shot through an apple 1 Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Photography has changed a lot since its inception, what once was a painstakingly slow process involving specialized equipment and chemicals has become a revolutionary digital medium accessible by virtually anyone. 2. A Brief History of Cameras While the founding ideas behind what would become photography date back as far as the ancient Romans, the real history of cameras starts in the 17th century. Photography’s...
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...Superpower Susan L. Shirk China 2007 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2007 by Susan L. Shirk Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shirk, Susan L. China: fragile superpower / by Susan L. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5 1. Nationalism—China. 2. China—Politics and government—2002– I. Title. JC311.S525 2007 320.951—dc22 2006027998 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Sam, Lucy, and David Popkin This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strong Abroad...
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...BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA: ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL FACTORS Georgine K. Fogel, Lawrence Technological University ABSTRACT China is an emerging economy that offers lot of market opportunities for foreign investment. Although the country has a huge potential for economic growth offering access to a large market and considerable savings in labor costs, caution must be used due to differences in the political and cultural environment that create risk and pose uncertainty for foreign investors. This paper examines the economic, political, and cultural factors that influence business practices in China. INTRODUCTION After more than a quarter century of reform and opening to the outside world, by 2005 China’s economy had become the second largest in the world after the United States when measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis (World Bank, 2009). The Chinese government has a goal of quadrupling the gross domestic product (GDP) by 2020 and more than doubling the per capita GDP. A widespread market economy mechanisms and some reduction of government role has been evident since 1978. The government fosters a dual economic structure that has evolved from a socialist, centrally planned economy to a socialist market economic system, or a “market economy with socialist characteristics.” The rapid industrial development has been achieved by increasing technological advancements, huge foreign direct investment and productivity increases. People’s communes...
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...RESEARCH PAPER 06/36 19 JUNE 2006 A Political and Economic Introduction to China “If the 20th century ended in 1989, the 21st began in 1978” Martin Jacques, The Guardian, 25 May 2006 China’s political and economic rise and what it means for the world is now a central preoccupation of analysts and policy-makers. Public awareness of China is likely to increase as the 2008 Olympics in Beijing draw near. This Research Paper is intended to act as a resource that Members of Parliament and their staff can draw upon when engaging with China’s remarkable transformation. Part I provides key facts and figures about China. Parts II and III review recent developments and future prospects by addressing four key questions. Is political authoritarianism sustainable? Can China’s development be peaceful? What are the main domestic economic challenges facing China? What is China’s impact on the world economy? Part IV summarises key aspects of UK and EU relations with China. The Paper ends with a select bibliography of key sources. The Research Paper is intended to act as a platform for a series of Library Standard Notes that will address in more depth specific issues about China that there is space here only to discuss briefly. Jon Lunn, Maria Lalic, Ben Smith and Claire Taylor INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND DEFENCE SECTION Ed Beale, Ed Potton, Ian Townsend and Dominic Webb ECONOMIC POLICY AND STATISTICS SECTION HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY Recent Library Research Papers include: List of 15...
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...Siyao Xu Dr. Fisk CSCI 301 Term Paper Revision #1 24 November 2012 Internet Censorship of the People’s Republic of China 2000 years ago, in Qin Dynasty. The ancient Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang launched the infamous event "Burning of the Books". He burned all the books from the countries he conquered and thousands of Scholars were killed. Why it happened? The reason is simple, Qin Shi Huang wanted to censor any of the information either threat him or his nation. Today, the speed and the scale of the Internet development in China is incredible. However, development always accompanied with troubles. The globe is connected with the Internet. China is in front of a crossroads, a more open Internet society or another "Burning of the Internet"? The rest of the article will discuss the following points. 1. The background of the Chinese Internet censorship 2. Legal basis and requirements 3. Chinese Internet censorship measures 4. Cases of Internet censorship 5. The impact of Internet censorship 1. The background of the Chinese Internet censorship “The 23rd China Internet Development Statistics Report” released by the China Internet Network Information Center, CNNIC, in January 2009, according to the report, as the end of 2008, the number of Internet users in China had reached 298 million people, the number of mobile Internet had reached 117.6 million people. Internet penetration rate is 22.6%. Chinese netizens more than the United States, are the highest...
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...Secretary of Defense Corporate Fellows Program FINAL REPORT PFIZER, INC. LTC David J. Clark, USA April 2003 USAWC CIVILIAN RESEARCH PROJECT Product Counterfeiting in China and One American Company’s Response A Case Study and research report on corporate activity relating to national security and strategy Prepared for the Director of the Secretary of Defense Corporate Fellowship Program by David J. Clark Lieutenant Colonel United States Army Secretary of Defense Corporate Fellow Dr. Clayton Chun Project Advisor The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government, the Department of Defense, or any of its agencies. It also does not reflect any policy or position of Pfizer Incorporated. U.S. Army War College Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania 17013 - This Page Intentionally Left Blank - ABSTRACT AUTHOR: Lieutenant Colonel David J. Clark TITLE: Product Counterfeiting in China and One American Company’s Response FORMAT: Civilian Research Project DATE: 4 April 2003 PAGES: 36 CLASSIFICATION: Unclassified When America, the world’s largest economy, interacts with China, the world’s most populated country, matters of strategic and global importance are inevitably raised. Using his fellowship position in a major U.S. corporation as a vantage point, the author describes the impact...
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...Record of Submission & Plagiarism DeclarationThis assignment is my own work and the sources of information and material I have used (including internet resources) have been identified and acknowledged as required in the referencing guidelines provided. My work may be referred to the JISC / Turnitin Plagiarism Detection Service for checking. The Faculty reserves the right to request an electronic copy of any work where unfair practice is suspected. This assignment, or any part of this assignment, has not been submitted for any other module at the University of Glamorgan unless specifically allowed by the module leader. | First Name…Charlotte…………………………… | | Surname……Brownhill…………………………… | | Date of Birth………22/09/1993………………………. | | I have read, understood and accept the University policies on plagiarism and I hereby certify that this submission is my own work and is consistent with the policies of the University.Signed: …………C.L.Brownhill………………………….. | ------------------------------------------------- Completing the form below confirms that you have read and agreed with the above statement Assignment Cover Sheet All pages of this form must be submitted together with the completed assignment by no later than 4:00 pm on the specified submission date. SECTION A | RECORD OF SUBMISSION | To be Completed by Student Only | | | 1 | Student ID: | 13022296 | | | | | If this is a group assignment, please provide the student numbers of all group...
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...to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B * 10 hours for revision. Other course planning support You will find other support for planning the course in the Teacher’s Guide. This is a free downloadable resource that you can access at www.edexcel.com/certificate. Edexcel Subject Advisors Edexcel has a team of specialist subject advisors available to help you with implementation of this specification. You can contact them by email...
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...enomenon. James Watson and his team studied the phenomenon in 1997 and their book, “Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia” is an excellent resource for anyone studying this topic, especially the first two chapters. During a lecture at Chongqing University, Professor Zhang Jin mentioned that the idea of Scientific Management was being explored in China during the early 20th century by such business leaders as Lu Zuofu with his experiment at Beibei. This “model society” was implementing the same values in the early 20th century that McDonald’s later touted in the U.S. fifty years later. The author suspected that they had a common ancestor in Taylorism, a business model developed in the U.S. around 1900. Further research found that indeed, they shared that common ideology. Could this be the reason that the Chinese have adapted so well to an open market system? The ideas were not new, having, in fact been explored by Chinese business leaders prior to the Cultural Revolution. This curriculum project explores the history of Scientific Management in China and the U.S. It also looks at the concept of McDonaldizaiton and how McDonalds has had to adapt to succeed in China. It...
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...“To do business in China, you have to do local, that is, local innovation with a global perspective.” (James Xia, 2006) 1 Introduction I recently visited Shanghai to attend the Cass Business School China Symposium. There were a number of very interesting presentations by excellent leaders and experts from across the industry spectrum. For me, the most compelling of these was the ‘Branding in China’ presentation given by Ruth Ang, and this paper focuses on that topic. The main area that I will be analysing is how Chinese and foreign companies are building brands in China, and what the future holds in terms of branding in China. Here I will look at the activities that firms are pursuing in order to build a lasting competitive advantage, not only in the tier one cities like Shanghai and Beijing, but also in the tier two and three cities where hundreds of millions of consumers live, work and purchase. I will also briefly examine the impact of fake brands in the Chinese market. I then briefly analyse exactly how Chinese companies are positioning their brands outside China, and conclude by looking at what branding and marketing core competencies are required in order to build a lasting competitive advantage both inside and outside China, and how Chinese firms can position themselves to succeed strategically in these fluid markets. 2 Branding in China “If it can be Chinese, it should be Chinese.” (Professor Chris Brady, 2006) One only has to look at some of the big established...
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