...understanding of the purpose of research in the health and social care sectors. Learners will be able to explore different research methodologies, enable them to plan and conduct their own research relating to a health or social care issue and evaluate the success of the outcomes. Unit Objectives 1 Understand the function of research in health and social care 2 Understand ethical issues relating to research in health and social care 3 Understand research methodologies relevant to health and social care 4 Be able to plan for a research project 5 Be able to conduct research relevant to a health and social care context 6 Be able to interpret research findings WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a planned process in which information is collected systematically for a specific purpose, analysed and reported. Research can have many different functions in health and social care. Functions of Research In pairs read through the following study and discuss the function(s) that the research can be used for. Aim: Hofling (1966) aimed to discover whether nurses would comply with an instruction which would involve them having to infringe both hospital regulations & medical ethics. The intention was to test the strength of the doctor-nurse relationship, regarding how far a nurse would go to comply with doctor’s orders against their own code of professional conduct. Procedure: Identical boxes of capsules were placed in 22 wards...
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...briefly but accurately stating the key points of the article for a reader who has not read the original article. The critique begins by summarizing the article and then analyzes and evaluates the author’s research. Summaries and critiques help you learn to synthesize information from different sources and are usually limited to two pages maximum. Actions to Take 1. Skim the article without taking notes: Read the abstract. The abstract will tell you the major findings of the article and why they matter. Read first for the “big picture.” Note any terms or techniques you need to define. Jot down any questions or parts you don’t understand. If you are unfamiliar with any of the key concepts in the article, look them up in a textbook. 2. Re-read the article more carefully: Pay close attention to the “Materials and Methods” (please note that in some journals this section is at the very end of the paper) and “Results” sections. Ask yourself questions about the study, such as: o Was the study repeated? o What was the sample size? Is this representative of the larger population? o What variables were held constant? Was there a control? o What factors might affect the outcome? 3. Read the “Materials and Methods” and “Results” sections multiple times: Carefully examine the graphs, tables, and diagrams. Try to interpret the data first before reading the captions and details. Make sure you understand the article fully. 4. Before you begin the first...
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...Volume 3, number 2 What is critical appraisal? Sponsored by an educational grant from AVENTIS Pharma Alison Hill BSC FFPHM FRCP Director, and Claire Spittlehouse BSc Business Manager, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford q Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results and relevance before using it to inform a decision. q Critical appraisal is an essential part of evidence-based clinical practice that includes the process of systematically finding, appraising and acting on evidence of effectiveness. q Critical appraisal allows us to make sense of research evidence and thus begins to close the gap between research and practice. q Randomised controlled trials can minimise bias and use the most appropriate design for studying the effectiveness of a specific intervention or treatment. q Systematic reviews are particularly useful because they usually contain an explicit statement of the objectives, materials and methods, and should be conducted according to explicit and reproducible methodology. q Randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews are not automatically of good quality and should be appraised critically. www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk Prescribing information is on page 8 1 What is critical appraisal What is critical appraisal? Critical appraisal is one step in the process of evidence-based clinical practice. Evidencebased clinical practice...
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...Rudd COM/172 March 20, 2012 Russell Murphy The history of marijuana and medical benefits Although possessing marijuana is a federal offense pending, some states allow the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes, generating revenue for the states. There are 16 states’ and Washington DC, in which marijuana is being, used for medicinal purposes and not break any laws. Eighteen states’ are pending Legislation to legalize medical marijuana. There are documents stating that the Chinese used marijuana for paper, the process consisted of hemp around 2000 BC. According to Guither, P. Drug Warrant (2006), “America’s first marijuana law was enacted at Jamestown Colony, Virginia in 1619. It was a law “ordering” all of the farmers to grow Indian hempseed. There were several other “must grow” laws over the next 200 years. A person could be jailed for not growing hemp during times of shortage in Virginia between 1763 and 1767, and during most of that time, hemp was legal tender a person could even pay their taxes with hemp and try that today. Hemp was such a critical crop for a number of purposes including essential war requirements and rope, excreta. That the government went out of its way to encourage growth” Guither, P. ( 2006) (para 6). The history of marijuana Marijuana has many different names, Hemp, Ma, and Marihuana are just a few of the names in which marijuana is called. Marijuana and hemp are the same plant but they have different uses. According...
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...Zubair1Ijlal1, Asif Tanveer1, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar2, Ahsan Aziz2, Muhammad Ashraf2, Naeem Akhtar2, Farhan A. Atif2, Asghar Ali2 and Muhammad Mudassar Maqbool3 ABSTRACT Farmers’ efforts to control Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) weeds provide low economic returns as the information regarding critical weedcrop competition period is lacking. We investigated the critical weed-crop competition period in sesame at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan during summer season (July-November) 2005. Treatments were weed-crop competition periods (WCCP) of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks after emergence in addition to full season competition and full season weedy check as negative and positive controls, respectively. A gradual decrease from 6.88 to 12.40 % in seed yield was recorded with 6 weeks to full season weed-crop competition. Non significant reduction in seed yield was observed up to 5 weeks WCCP. Weed crop competition for a period of 3 weeks did not show significant decrease in straw yield, number of capsules plant-1, number of seeds capsule-1 and 1000 seed weight, whereas a significant decline in all these parameters was noted as WCCP exceeded 3 weeks. Weed density and dry weight did not increase significantly until WCCP was prolonged up to 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. This study led to conclude that although growth decline was started after 3rd week, however significant yield decline was noticed from 6th week after crop emergence. Key Words: Yield, weeds...
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...Eucalyptus globulus Labill Eucalyptus globulus Labill, is a species also known as the Tasmanian Blue Gum grows mainly along the east coast of Tasmania. The specific epithet globulus is Latin for globe-like or spherical, which refers to the shape of the fruit it bears. Bluegum Eucalyptus is part of the Myrtaceae family. Bluegum trees are also native to many parts of Australia, and various sub-tropic climate regions. This species of Eucalyptus is a medium-sized tree, that grows 15-20 meters tall. Occasionally the tree can reach heights of up to 70 meters. It’s root system grows deep and spreads out far in range for sturdy attachment. The bark of the tree is rough and persistent, but peels to reveal long thin strips of smooth grey, green, or yellow trunk. The tree’s juvenile leaves are waxy and blue-green in color. When the leaves start to mature they become sickle-shaped, dark green, glossy, and develop many oil glands. Eucalyptus globulus is a flowering tree, which flowers from September to December, but seeds will remain on trees until mid summer. The flowers are white or cream, and produce massive amounts of nectar which is pollinated by nearby birds, mammals, and insects. Bluegum trees’ habitat is a tall, open forest with a wide range of soils. The bluegum eucalyptus tree was first described in 1799 by a French Botanist named Labillardiere, who was collecting specimens on the coast of Tasmania. Labillardiere noted that most forms of eucalypt can adapt to many different...
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...Amanda Bjork JOUR 330 Research Paper Part 3 According to UMUC JOUR330 Module 4, “part three of the public of the four-step public relations process is the action phase. It is during this stage of the process that the organization implements its strategic plan by doing and saying things to change attitudes, perceptions or even behavior on the part of its targeted publics”. The public relations decisions made as a result of the Tylenol crisis arrived in two phases. The first phase was the actual handling of the crisis. The comeback of both Johnson & Johnson and Tylenol was the second phase in the public relations plan. The planning for phase two began almost as soon as phase one was being implemented. The sabotage of the Tylenol capsules spurred an extreme panic about the safety of over-the-counter medications. In fact, the Tylenol crisis was so prominent that a survey at the time shows more Americans were aware of the tragedy than could identify the president of the United States (Murray & Shohen, 1992). It even threatened the very survival of Johnson & Johnson as a company because at the time, Tylenol products made up a very large portion of their revenue. Johnson & Johnson chairman and CEO, James Burke, reacted to the negative media coverage by forming a seven-member strategy team. The team's strategy guidance from Burke was first, "How do we protect the people?" and second "How do we save this product?" The company's first actions were to immediately alerted...
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...SpaceX vs. NASA Often people ask, ‘Should we trust NASA or should we trust SpaceX?’ when it comes to the two corporations many questions come up but the main question we will be assessing today will be in fact, ‘Which company is better?’ It really is a good question one of much significance that it's come up many times. So while the question is being asked we will provide an answer. Starting with a comparison of NASA and SpaceX. NASA was founded July 29, 1958 in the United States of America. It was founded by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Currently the NASA headquarters are located in Washington, D.C. Each year the government gives up approximately $18.4 billion with an increase next year of $19.1 billion to NASA. All of this money goes into many things along the lines of deep exploration projects, small satellite groups, and space station operations. NASA plans to spend $3.7 billion to further develop the Space Launch System, along with a heavy lift rocket. These all are very admirable feats and...
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...to be a famous stadium called “Yankee Stadium”. There was also a finding of an old fashioned newspaper clipping with the title” HIV Cure Found” in what appeared to be the year of 2030. My fellow archaeologist and I found an item with a note stating this is a “time capsule’, which had a branded label of “The 60’s….We Rocked” on it. After much investigating and thought as to how we could open this container and what is needed to do so, we finally managed to open this capsule. Inside this capsule we found five extremely secured items that conveniently came with brief explanations of what they are and of what time they came from. The Five items consisted of; (1) One small compact, of which held some sort of medicated pills. (2) A plate that is labeled “VIN Plate” and has writing to describe what was considered a VIN plate to a vehicle. (3) Three small, flat and round shaped items that appear to be disks or albums. (4) A picture that was protected in a sealed packet of a man and a woman in a car. This picture labeled, “Day of JFK assassination”. (5) A piece of brown colored paper with the writing and labeling of “Never forget Stonewall Riots - - 1969”. Here is a summary of the five items that was found in the capsule each having a distinctive history. This will be an unofficial documented record of these five items, where they came from and the history behind each item. There is a...
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...Biopsychosocial Case Study Paper Theodore (Ted) John Kaczynski—AKA the Unabomber—was born May 22, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois to Wanda and Theodore Richard Kaczynski (Meyer, Chapman & Weaver, 2009). The date of his first recorded attack was on May 25, 1978 when a package exploded at Northwestern University, and his last attack was on April 24, 1995 aimed at the California Forestry Association. However, before the spree of attacks—mostly targeting universities and airlines—Theodore Kaczynski’s life was marked by antisocial tendencies, flattened affectivity, and interpersonal dysfunction. During his primary and secondary Ted played by himself and his mother encouraged socially isolated activities, such as reading. He graduated high school one year early but was not remembered specifically by most of his class mates. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of Chicago and taught at the university level for several years before abruptly quitting and moving to a secluded cabin in Montana. Even though several diagnoses of psychological disorder are warranted, the diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder (SPD) best describes the particular features exhibit by the Unabomber over the course of his upbringing and adult years. Though, to piece together a diagnosis of SPD and the life events of Ted an overview of the case study must be presented, the psychological, social, and biological precursors of the disorder must be examined, and the application of the behavioral-cognitive...
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...“OTC” The Ideal Choice Abstract: This paper will focus on comparing the positives and negatives of taking 3 OTC painkillers, Motrin, Tylenol, and Bayer, and will determine which of these is the safest, most beneficial, OTC painkiller. Sources include FDA Reports, a research study, manufacturer’s information and other medical documentation. Nikkos Jackson GE117 Composition 1 It’s 3:15a.m., and you just woke up with a pounding headache. You are running a slight fever, and all you want to do is go to bed. You go into your bathroom cabinet to retrieve some medicine, and in front of you sit Motrin, Tylenol, and Bayer. Which do you choose? What will eliminate all of your symptoms? What is the safest OTC pain reliever that you can take? These are just a few of the questions you may have when deciding which OTC pain reliever is the right choice for you. Although, Motrin, Tylenol, and Bayer serve similar purposes, there are many differences in each drug that makes them affect your body differently, including active ingredients, dosages, and side effects. Motrin is a general use pain reliever and fever reducer. This drug is intended to relieve fever, minor aches and pains throughout the body, as well as headache pain. The active ingredient in Motrin is Ibuprofen. This pain reliever is taken orally, and comes in several different forms. The original form is a tablet, but there have been other forms introduced such as the capsule, and gel capsule. It is recommended that this drug not...
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...Prescription medication abuse James Glassman COM/172 December 22, 2011 University of Phoenix Sheila Bassoppo-Moyo, Ed.D. Prescription medication abuse In this research paper you will find that obtaining prescription medication is easier than going to find illegal drugs. Another, disturbing problem is the amount of deaths in the United States each year caused by the abuse of prescription medication. Some questions you might find yourself asking are why is this a problem, how can we resolve this problem, what are some long term effects from abuse of prescription medication, and what is the government planning to do to help resolve this issue? In recent years the abuse with prescription medications has come to a ridiculous number in the last decade across the world. I hope this paper helps you understand the significance of this worldwide problem. What is prescription medication abuse? Prescription medication abuse is when someone takes medication prescribed by doctor in a manner or dosage other than prescribed, or when someone takes prescription medication from somebody else and uses it in a manner or dosage other than prescribed (na, 2011). Abuse can include taking a friends or relatives’ prescription to get high, to relieve pain, or help with medical issue without seeing a physician. There is a reason why prescription medications are prescribed by a doctor, prescription medications are dangerous when taken with other medications or not taken properly. In many cases...
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...9-807-027 REV: AUGUST 1, 2008 ROBERT F. HIGGINS VIRGINIA A. FULLER NatuRi Corporation In February 2006, Aravind Cherukuri and Kartik Natarajan were reviewing their options for raising capital for NatuRi Corporation, the company they had founded together in 2005. With operations split between Chennai, India, and Boston, Massachusetts, NatuRi had developed a biological compound that showed promising effects in cholesterol management. The compound, discovered by Aravind’s mother, biological scientist Rukmini Cheruvanki, was derived from the byproducts of rice bran oil (RBO) production. Early animal trials had demonstrated that the compound was effective in lowering “bad” cholesterol while simultaneously increasing levels of “good” cholesterol. If manufactured for human ingestion, the compound would provide a natural alternative to synthesized cholesterol-lowering drugs on the market. Although NatuRi was still in the start-up stage, it had captured the attention of at least four potential investors willing to offer a seed investment. Having just received a term sheet from Waltham Partners, a well-known East Coast venture capital firm, Aravind and Kartik were now forced to weigh their options and determine which of the four potential investors currently interested in their venture would be most appropriate for NatuRi’s future growth. Their funding decision for this stage would also impact options for later rounds of funding. The duo had to decide on NatuRi’s ...
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...Final Project: Time Capsule Jack B. Gilmore Kaplan University Final Project: Time Capsule 4/18/2325—I received a phone call this morning, requesting my presence at the site of an archeological dig. I was informed that what appeared to be an intact “time capsule” with a “1/1/1970” date-stamp was found in the rubble of Old Washington D.C. America was a different place then—people were free to eat red meat, the internal combustion engine was everywhere, and procreation was not regulated, to name just a few of the now seemingly barbaric practices that were commonplace in that America. Knowing this, the contents of this capsule should hopefully shed some light on our ancestors, and the information contained within will most certainly be invaluable to historians studying the era of the 1960’s. Item #1: An intact and remarkably well preserved newspaper dated August 8, 1964 with the headline “Johnson Declares War!” The paper is of course referring to President Lyndon B. Johnson and his declaration of war on Vietnam with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution (Chambers, 2000). While the United States had been gradually entering into war with Vietnam for approximately a decade by this point (Britannica.com, 2013), it was the incidents in the Tonkin Gulf and Johnson’s resolution immediately following that solidified the war in America’s psyche. Before this, the Vietnam conflict was simply just that—a “minor conflict” to the majority of America, and as this was a far more preferable way...
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...Programming Fundamentals Paper PRG/211 January 25, 2014 Reusability Recyclable codes are used to diminish the amount of time taken to create new coding projects. This also in many cases can decrease the amount of funding used by a corporation to create its products. Reusing codes in a sense is the taking of code from one product and trying to use it in another. The hope is that the person or persons creating the code will not have to heavily modify the code so as to save time and to keep the process simple. In this research paper we will discuss security within the realm of hiding code and how object-oriented programming and procedural programming methods are similar. We will also discuss code reusability and encapsulation. Object-Oriented Programming Object-Oriented programming is program writing that is designed around objects instead of actions and logic. These objects can be encoded and tried independently and then later amassed and composed to create a full program. Also incorporated in object-oriented programming is a technique termed data hiding. Programmers use data hiding to hide data inside the program. This makes it harder for hackers and other unwanted entities to gain entry to the information. This type of security comes at a cost. Programmers need be able to use additional code to hide the data. In object-oriented programming the code is made up of objects. These objects are then encoded into capsules. This gives each object...
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