...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment. Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...Title IX: Equity or Elimination? Issues of gender equity have confronted American society since its inception. The Declaration of Independence specifically states that all "men" are created equal, leaving out women, just as the Constitution originally denied women the right to vote. Over the past two and a half centuries, however, women have striven to obtain equal rights. In 1848, for instance, leaders of the women's suffrage movement, such as Susan B. Anthony, adopted a Declaration of Sentiments calling for an equal rights amendment including women ("Women's Rights" par. 1). In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution finally adhered to their wishes, giving women the right to vote. Despite these important steps, women in the United States, a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality, continue to battle for equal rights. A key moment in this fight for equality occurred in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX Amendment to the Equal Opportunity in the Education Act. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Sadker par. 2). This piece of legislation has had a profound impact upon college athletics. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has interpreted Title IX as requiring an equal opportunity for male and female athletes at our...
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...women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs: (1)...
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...Title IX is a civil rights law that prevents any federally-funded program from allowing sex discrimination. In 1972 Title IX was passed, and it is part of the educational amendments of the United States. Title IX is one of the most well-known and significant of them all. Its protections include, but are not limited to: men, women, and transgender people. Title IX is currently being enforced in about 16,500 local school districts and 7,000 colleges/postsecondary establishments throughout all 50 states, as well as territories of the United States, and the District of Columbia. The law Title IX has changed sports in America forever because of the justice it provides to students, how it affects the process of high school and collegiate sports,...
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...Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states equality in education must be enforced regardless of one’s sex or gender orientation. If Title IX claims that equality has to be enforced in school, why are the female student athletes still not being treated as equals to male student athletes? In an article, the schools and adminstrators in charged of regulating the funds for sports argues, “the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and high school administrators complained that boys' sports would suffer if girls' sports had to be funded equally.” Their claim of boys’ sports suffering of loss of athletic opportunities in fact is false, “Overall, men’s athletic opportunities since Title IX’s passage have increased. Title IX has...
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...Although Title IX is widely known for initiating equality in women’s sports, its original purpose was to end gender discrimination in education. In fact, the words “athletics” and “sports” are not even stated in the aforementioned amendment. One positive consequence of Title IX regarding education is the elimination of admission quotas based on gender. Now all universities reviewed male and female applications equally. Lynne Ford argues that now “more women than ever before are enrolled in colleges and universities,” because statistics from 1979 indicate that “the number of women surpassed the number of men enrolled in college for the first time, and the upward trend has continued ever since.” However, one of the most detrimental inequalities between men and women was the wage or earning gap. Even though women have become a vital part of the American workforce due to the high demand for workers during World War II, females do not always earn as much as their male coworkers. This earning gap can be viewed as a lack in education equality. Thus, many feminist organizations and advocacy groups for...
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...As Title IX approaches its 40th anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along...
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...Women in Sports Women in Sport: How Title IX Changed the Sport World Author Author Affiliation Abstract It has been said over from the beginning of time until today; behind every strong man is an even stronger woman. Throughout history, women have continuously made their imprint on the world. Women fought tirelessly to prove they could be just as good as their male counterparts. To assist in that effort, Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972 was created and implemented. How did Title IX really change the world? More importantly, how did Title IX impact females in the sports world. With that theory mind, the real question should be are women truly equal in the sport world? Is it a possibility to ever be truly equal with all of the obstacles in today’s society? Women in Sports “A strong woman believes that she’s strong enough to face her journey…but a woman of strength has faith that it is in this journey she will become strong!” Maya Angelo. 776 B.C. - The first Olympics are held in ancient Greece. Women are excluded, so they compete every four years in their own Games of Hera, to honor the Greek goddess who ruled over women and the earth. This is the first account of women competing in some type of sports. After many years of discrimination and not being offered the same opportunities, President Nixon signed the Title IX of Education Amendment on June 23th, 1972. Title IX must be explained and explored to how it affected not only women in general but more...
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...Running Head: Title IX Court Case Research on Title IX Court Case FIRST M. SURNAME INSTITUTIONAL AFFLIATION TITLE IX Court Case Introduction Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The amendment protects the citizens from discrimination from academic programs on the basis of their gender(Carpenter & Acosta, 2005). It provides that persons of either gender can be granted an opportunity in any education program within taking into consideration their gender. Title IX protects all the students enrolled in government sponsored institutions from discrimination. As much as the code of Civil Rights caters for the protection against such there are still areas where discrimination can arise (Boland, 2002).. For instance, enrollment in some degree programs or some sporting activities might be based on discriminating nature. The Amendments also guard the student against sexual harassment. This paper will look at the process of filing a Title IX lawsuit. It will analyze based on a sample case study on how to overcome the case based on the current provision of the Education Amendments as well as other relevant laws that pertain to that case. It will observe the consequences of the outcome of the case to the participants of the case. The evaluation will consider all the other external factors that are involved in the process of the filing process and representation in the court of law. Statement of the Court Case The case to be analyzed for the purposes of...
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...Title IX is a law that states, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance..." —United States Code Section 20. There are most definitely people that would oppose this law, but most can agree. There should not be discrimination to women, and there shouldn’t have been from the start. Title IX provides women freedom to be able to do whatever men can do. Discrimination among women is huge and men feel that some sports should be kept for just men only. “The 1960’s were an especially important decade for transformations in American society, which supported the institution and protected of broad civil rights.” (Title IX: An Overview, Aliprandini, Michael) In 1972, less than 30,000 women nationwide participated in college athletics, while 170,000 men participated, according to the Washington Post. Now that Title IX is active, today more than 180,000 women play sports sponsored by their colleges. ”Women are 45 percent of the athletes at NCAA Division 1 institutions…” (Title IX: An Overview, Aliprandini, Michael) This shows that women have wanted to be involved in sports for a while. The number of women playing in college sports has increased 150,000 since Title IX started. This shows that women really have fought and are completely against the discrimination. “The law is applicable to all schools...
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...Kaitlyn Daignault Professor Waters Philosophy Women in Western Ideas May 2nd, 2013 Assignment: Women in Sports Final Paper Notwithstanding WE CAN DO IT Women have always been, and continue to be, discriminated against. This is especially true in the realm of sports. Although this is fact, it does remain to be a particularly controversial topic. Activists have worked hard to supply rights to women, and other divisions of society, in demand to make just as many opportunities obtainable to this faction, as there are available to the ‘common white man.’ Perpetuated thoughts against this argument have branched from days as early as Aristotle and other celebrated philosophers. Times are progressing toward more equality in this area, however; in order to present these basic human rights to women, a specific law had to be put in affect. The passing of this edict also came along with many misinterpretations, which still inhabit stubborn minds today. Apart from this ordinance, many women partook an enormous influence on proving woman can actually compete and challenge men on the playing field, court, etc. From the beginning of time, women have existed right alongside with men. Many questions were conjured up as to why the physical existence is so distinct from each body. Many different philosophers constructed their own unique views on this matter. Aristotle believed that women are absolute subsidiary to men, thus establishing, anything women can do, men can do better...
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...The Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX for short) broadly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Most of the time, people speak about Title IX when referring to gender equality in college sports, but it actually covers a wider range of sexual discrimination. In the NCAA, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) would analyze a university’s decision to eliminate one of their team sports. They would determine if that school was compliant with Title IX. Some schools cite financial reasons for taking sports out, but that alone is not enough for the OCR. “Title IX requires that the percentage of male/female student-athletes should closely represent the student body population at the university and that the proportion of student aid should closely resemble the participating male/female ratio” (Cranney, 2013). Therefore, the athletic department’s male to female ratio has to be similar to the student body’s ratio as well. One of the reasons that Temple University took away seven of their sports was to balance their athletic department’s male/female ratio, and it would also save the school between $3 to $3.5 million yearly (Cranney, 2013). If the ratio at the athletic department of a school is acceptable, they would have to really show that keeping up certain sports is hurting the school significantly. For the OCR, they will find every reason for a school not to drop any of their sports,...
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...Social Inequalities of Sports The world of sports has so many different levels to it. In each separate sport, there are different levels that range from recreational and neighborhood teams all the way up to professional leagues. Getting all the way up to this professional or even the collegiate level is a very impressive feat that not many people can say they have accomplished. However, athleticism and talent are not the only thing that gets you to these levels. There are many other factors that have to do with how far you can take your sport and how far your sport will allow you to go. There are many different inequalities such as race, ethnicity, class, and gender that shape each athlete’s experience in their respective sports. The first is race and ethnicity. The conversation about racial inequality is currently a hot topic in the United States. However, over the last fifty years, the world of sports has made some of the best progress of any institutions. In the National Football League, two thirds of the league players are racial minorities, most of them being African American. Close to 25% of the league management positions are occupied by people of color. There were six African American general managers in 2012, and eight of the last 12 Super Bowl participants have either had a black coach or General Manager. The National Basketball Association also has a very good diverse athlete population. More than three quarters of all NBA players are African-American and people...
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...It was passed on June 23, 1972. “Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. The principal objective of Title IX is to avoid the use of federal money to support sex discrimination in education programs and to provide individual citizens effective protection against those practices” (OVERVIEW). This was a huge leap for women. It worked very well and allowed women to participate in the sports they loved and had always wanted to play. It also helped non-gender conforming students play the sports they wanted (Bolger). Title IX was passed as an act of equality. It was meant to be used to even the playing field, and it helped sports become a safe place for everyone. It allowed people to feel secure and like they belonged. It also prevented the schools from allowing mediation on sexual assaults (Bolger) and causes a hearing to occur. While it helped bring some it equality, it also faced many overlooked situations like sexual assaults on sports teams. However, there were still men that had their...
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