...from the engine specification chart. The dynamic analysis was done analytically and was verified by simulation in ADAMS which resulted in the load spectrum applied to crank pin bearing. This load was applied to the FE model in ABAQUS, and boundary conditions were applied according to the engine mounting conditions. The analysis was done for different engine speeds and as a result critical engine speed and critical region on the crankshaft were obtained. Stress variation over the engine cycle and the effect of torsional load in the analysis were investigated. Results from FE analysis were verified by strain gages attached to several locations on the crankshaft. Results achieved from aforementioned analysis can be used in fatigue life calculation and optimization of this component. INTRODUCTION Crankshaft is a large component with a complex geometry in the engine, which converts the reciprocating displacement of the piston to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. This study was conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle engine.ƒnRotation output of an...
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...Introduction All system which possessing mass and elasticity are capable of undergoing free vibration. The main interest of such system is the natural frequency of the vibration. Natural frequencies are a function of system stiffness and mass. Generally, all real systems have infinite number of natural frequencies. Resonance, large vibration, will occur in a system when the forcing frequency of the system is equal to one of the natural frequencies. Generally, vibration is a form of wasted energy and normally is undesirable is most cases. It generates noise, instability and will consequently lead to system break down which is a disastrous effect. This project studies a model vibration of a four-cylinder engine which is mounted on a cantilever. This system can be modeled as a mass spring system so that the vibration of the system can be studied. These vibrations are mainly due to the unbalance of primary or secondary forces and couples. 1. Background The model engine consists of four cylinders mounted of a crank shaft with different crank phase angles. A DC motor with a variable speed control drives the shaft and makes the four-cylinder to rotate. The shaft is rotating at a constant angular speed, however, producing an acceleration on the pistons. Hence there are some inertia forces acting on the crank shaft due to these accelerations. The relative crank phase angles of the four cylinders can be adjusted by loosen three Allan screws...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Definition The rated power generated from the engine of a heavy duty vehicle can only become useful when effectively transmitted from the engine via the fly wheel to the transmission system of the truck and finally to the final drive. The propeller shaft or the drive shaft which is the mechanical component used for transmitting torque and rotation is used in transmitting these generated power to the final drive. However, when the Ghana Armed Forces introduced the Chinese made Dong Feng trucks which are five ton troop carrying vehicles (TCVs) for its operations, their propeller shafts recorded a high rate of failure. This inevitably affected the morale of troops and the operations of the Ghana Armed Forces. Some drivers of the truck fearing the propeller shaft failure could result in accident, hanged nylon rope or chain under the trucks to prevent a failed shaft from striking the ground. Below are pictures to that effect. This project therefore aims at identifying the causes of the failures of propeller shafts and recommend mitigating measures to them. Fig. 1.1 Nylon Rope Beneath the Propeller Shaft 1.2 Objectives The objectives of this project work are: * To identify the causes of propeller shaft failure of heavy duty trucks at the Base Workshop. * To recommend mitigating and preventive measures to the problems. 1.3 Justification It is anticipated that the findings of this project will...
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...Background Machining processes introduces vibrations due to various reasons. To achieve higher accuracy and productivity, vibrations in machine tool has to be controlled. For analyzing the dynamic behaviour of a machine tool, rigidity and stability are two important factors. The vibration in machining maybe due to chip thickness variation, penetration rate variation or cutting speed variation. The machine, the cutting tool ant the work piece constitutes a structural system. Vibrations occurring in a structural system can be divided into 3 basic types: free, forced and self excited vibrations. Free or transient vibrations are vibrations occurring in a system as a result of rapid reversals of reciprocating masses or from the initial positioning of cutting tools. Forced vibrations are resulted from periodic forces from within the system. They include unbalanced rotating masses as well as vibrations transferred from nearby machinery. If the forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency of any of the systems, resonance occurs. Self excited vibrations are usually resulted from a dynamic instability of cutting processes. This phenomenon is known as chatter.The control of free and forced vibrations is generally simple. It involves removal of sources of vibration. But chatter control is difficult as the operator has to stop the machine in order to improve machining conditions which usually involves reducing feed or depth of cut. Vibration causes poor surface finish...
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...without Body and it includes all the systems like power plant, transmission, steering, suspension, wheels tyres, auto electric system etc. A vehicle without body is called as a chassis. If Body is also attached to it them it is known as the particular vehicle as per the shape and design of the body. 1.1 BASIC LAYOUT OF CHASSIS FRAME Figure 1 Chassis layout Figure 1 shows the layout of chassis. It shows that the engine is located at the front end of the vehicle. It is connected to the gear box through clutch. The drive of the engine can be connected or disconnected from the gearbox with the help of the clutch pedal. From the gearbox, the power is transmitted to the differential through propeller shaft and finally to the wheels via rear axles. 2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CHASSIS 2.1 FRAME The frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis are mounted. The frame should be extremely rigid and strong so that it can withstand shocks, twists, stresses and vibrations to which it is subjected while vehicle is moving on road. It is also called under body. The frame is supported on the wheels and tyre assemblies. The frame is narrow in the front for providing short turning radius to front wheels. It widens out at the rear side to provide larger space in the body. 2.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF FRAME 1. To carryall the stationary loads attached to it and loads of passenger and cargo carried in it . 2. To withstand torsional vibration caused by the movement...
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...forms. But in this fast moving world, population is increasing day by day and the conventional energy sources are lessening. The extensive usage of energy has resulted in an energy crisis over the few years. Therefore to overcome this problem we need to implement the techniques of optimal utilization of conventional sources for conservation of energy. My paper includes how to utilize the energy which is wasted when the vehicles passes over a speed breaker. Lots of energy is generated when vehicle passes over it. We can tap the energy generated and produce power by using the speed breaker as power generating unit. The kinetic energy of the moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. Then, this mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy using generator which will be saved with the use of a battery. The energy we save during the day light can be used in the night time for lighting street lights. Therefore, by using this arrangement we can save lot of energy which can be used for the fulfillment of future demands Keywords - Electromotive force, Generator, Non-conventional energy, Speed breaker....
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...Differential Calculus; Infinite Series; Matrices,Ordinary differential equations of first and second order; Laplace Transforms; Vector Calculus • Elements of Mechanical Engineering & Elements of Civil Engineering Principle of virtual work,Rectilinear & curvilinear translation; Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis; Plane motion of a rigid body,Classification of force systems; Principle of physical independence of forces, Principle of superposition of forces, Principle of transmissibility of forces; Equivalent force – couple system; Resolution of forces, composition of forces; Types of supports, statically determinate beams, Numerical problems on support reactions for statically determinate beams and analysis of simple trusses ,Friction. • Engineering Physics Interference, diffraction and polarization of light; Nuclear fission, fusion, particle accelerators; Wave Particle Duality • Engineering Chemistry Physical Chemistry: Atoms, molecules and solids; phase equilibria; Galvanic & Fuel cells • Organic Chemistry: Types of reactions and reaction mechanisms; Concept of armaticity Computer Concepts & C Programming Introduction to digital computers; problem solving using computers; Programming in Fortran 77: Constants, variables,expressions, statements, control statements, arrays, functions, concept of files and file operations. • Computer Aided Engineering Drawing Conic sections; Development of surfaces of solids...
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...A كتف abutment تسارع acceleration شدة طيف التسارع acceleration spectrum intensity تحكم تسارعي acceleration-controlled سجل التسارع accelerogram جهاز قياس التسارع accelerograph مقياس التسارع accelerometer ضغط ترابي فعال active earth pressure فالق نشيط active fault مشغل actuator توابع الهزة الأرضية aftershocks تضخيم amplification يضخم amplify سعة amplitude سعة الحركة amplitude of motion دالة تحليلية analytical function كتلة الربط anchor block حائط مربطي anchored bulkhead ستارة صماء مربوطة anchored bulkhead زاوية السقوط angle of incident زاوية الانعكاس angle of reflection زاوية الانكسار angle of refraction مصدر مساحي areal source مصفوفة array تشوه غير زلزالي aseismic deformation نسبة باعية aspect ratio غلاف جوي atmosphere وهن attenuation ثقب augering تباين ذاتي autocovariance طيف ذاتي autospectra جهد محوري axial stress حقيقة axiom B عمود فقري backbone ردم خلفي backfill ضجيج خلفي background noise عرض النطاق bandwidth عائق barrier اهتزاز القاعدة base shaking قاع basin خليج bay حامل، سعة bearing صخر تحتي أو صخر أساس bed rock انحناء bend انفصام تباعدي bilateral rupture مناطق محجوبة blind zone موجة باطنية body wave ثاقب boring حد ، طرف boundary سطح الارتباط bounding surface جدار مدعم braced wall فترة محصورة bracketed duration هش brittle مبنى building كود البناء building code معامل بلك Bulk’s modulus C جدار كابولي cantilever wall شد شعري capillary tension تردد مركزي central frequency ميل مركزي central tendency ...
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...ASSAM EARTHQUAKE AND OUR BUILDINGS Md Ali Akbar MOLLICK* Introduction An earthquake of magnitude 8.7 on the Richter Scale (8.1 on the Moment Magnitude Scale) occurred on 12th June 1897 at 5.11pm in the Assam Basin, some 250 kilometers (km) north from Dhaka, 130 km north-west from Sylhet and 70 km north from today's Bangladesh and Indian border. The epicenter was 26o (N) and 91o (E) and focal depth was 32 km. The shaking was felt over an area of 650,000 square-kilometer (sq-km) and destruction was taking place over an area of 390,000 sq-km. Many masonry buildings including temples, over the destructive area such as Dhubri, Goalpara, Guwahati, Kuch Bihar, Agortola, Kolkata and other cities inside India, either totally or partially damaged due to this earthquake. The earthquake created general panic in Dhaka and other areas of today's Bangladesh including Rangpur, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Natore, Mymensing, Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Noakhali, Jamalpur etc. A total number of 1542 persons were killed due to this earthquake out of which five were from Dhaka including two foreigners. Three buildings such as Shaheen Medical Hall, Temple Nazi's Shabagh Math and house occupied by Mrs Stansbury were totally damaged and the government houses for commissioner, collector, judge and civil surgeon were partially damaged in Dhaka, which were rebuilt. The total cost for the rehabilitation was 150,000 taka. The intensity of shaking in Dhaka was VIII+ on the Modified Mercili Intensity (MMI)...
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...OPERATION OF MASS BALANCE Typically checks involve verifying that the static weight condition of component balances within a specified range. If the control surface has either too much weight ahead of or behind the hinge line, the control surface may flutter during flight. In extreme cases, flutter causes oscillations that progressively increase in amplitude, which ultimately can cause the pilot to lose control of the aircraft or could cause a catastrophic structural failure. The balance check is done with the control surface remove from the aircraft and assembled as specified in the manufacturer’s instructions. Generally all the mounting hardware and components contained within the control surface should be installed in their relative positions. Once assembled, the control surface is placed on balancing madrels within a draft-free room. The mandrels are positioned under the hinge points in a way that allows the control surface to pivot freely without dragging or binding. A balance beam or jig is then installed to determine the moment arm required to balance the control surface. The beam consists a graduated measuring scale in which weight can be moved to bring the control surface to horizontally level position or other position specified by the manufacturer. Once in the proper position, the distance that the weight is located ahead of or behind the hinge line is recorded and checked against the manufacturer’s specification. If the moment arm exceeds the manufacturer’s specification...
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...PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY KAPURTHALA Scheme& Syllabus of B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering [M.E.] 3rd & 4th Semester effective for Batch 2011 By Board of Studies Mechanical Engineering/ Production Engineering / Industrial Engineering Punjab Technical University B.Tech Mechanical Engineering (ME) Batch 2011 Approved on June 27, 2012 Third Semester Course Code BTME301 BTME302 BTME303 BTME304 BTME305 BTME306 BTME307 Course Name Load Allocation L 3 3 1 4 4 3 18 T 1 1 1 3 P 6 2 2 2 1 13 Contact Hours: 34 Hrs. Marks Distribution Internal 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 60 390 External 60 60 60 60 60 60 20 20 20 40 460 Total Marks 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 100 850 Credits Strength of Materials- I Theory of Machines-I Machine Drawing Applied Thermodynamics -I 4 4 4 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 29 Manufacturing Processes – I Engineering Materials & Metallurgy Engineering Materials & Metallurgy Lab BTME308 Strength of Materials Lab. BTME309 Applied Thermodynamics Lab Advisory Meeting BTME 310 Workshop Training* Total * Workshop Training will be imparted in the Institution at the end of 2 nd semester for Four (04) weeks duration (Minimum 36 hours per week). Industrial tour will also form part of this training. Fourth Semester Course Code BTME401 BTME402 BTME403 BTME404 BTME405 BTME406 BTME407 Course Name Strength of Materials – II Theory of Machines – II Fluid Mechanics Applied Thermodynamics - II Manufacturing Processes-II Fluid Mechanics Lab Manufacturing Processes...
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...FUNdaMENTALS of Design Alexander H. Slocum Pappalardo Professor of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA slocum@mit.edu ™ FUNdaMENTALS of Design Pappalardo Series in Mechanical Engineering This book was made possible by a generous gift from Neil and Jane Pappalardo Support for this book was also provided by the Cambridge-MIT Institute, and iCampus the Microsoft-MIT Alliance ©2007 Alexander H. Slocum ABOUT This Book A college student challenged a senior citizen, saying it was impossible for their generation to understand his. "You grew up in a different world," the student said. "Today we have television, jet planes, space travel, nuclear energy, computers..." Taking advantage of a pause in the student's litany, the geezer said, "You're right. We didn't have those things when we were young; so we invented them! What are you doing for the next generation?"1 This book is about helping people to learn how to create their own future! It does this by taking advantage of the fact that the reader’s LEFT brain sees the LEFT side (FUN) of the book. The RIGHT brain sees the (MENTAL) side of the book. Its simply FUNdaMENTAL! This in itself is a key feature of this book: It seeks to train the brain to think by many a link. Creating things is NOT done by following a monotonous recipe... The ability to create can be learned by anyone who has a yearn to learn! But the eye must be quick to sort and pick! Embedded inside, many...
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...of Australia Engineers Australia La Trobe University Master Builders Australia National Precast Concrete Association Australia Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia University of Adelaide University of Melbourne University of New South Wales University of Western Sydney This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05252. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period. Keeping Standards up-to-date Accessed by NEWCREST MINING LIMITED on 14 Jul 2010 Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting...
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...CHAPTER 9: NUCLEIC ACIDS 9.1 Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids Primary (1o) Structure – order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence Secondary (2o) Structure – 3D conformation of backbone Tertiary (3o) Structure – supercoiling of the molecule Quaternary (4o) Structure – interaction between DNA & proteins Two principle types of nucleic acids - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - RNA (ribonucleic acid) How do DNA and RNA differ? Ribosomes: polypeptide-generating machinery of the cell Tobacco mosaic virus: nucleic acid strand winds through a cylinder of coat-protein subunits 9.2 The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Sugar 3. Phosphoric acid residue Order of nucleic acids of DNA contains the information necessary to produce the correct amino acid sequence in the cell’s proteins What are the structures and components of the nucleotides? Nucleic acid bases (nucleobases): one or two-ring nitrogenous aromatic compound - Pyrimidines – single-ring aromatic compounds Cytosine – DNA & RNA Thymine – substitute for Uracil in DNA (sometimes in RNA) Uracil – RNA only - Purines – double-ring aromatic compounds Adenine – DNA & RNA Guanine – DNA & RNA Methylation can modify bases Nucleoside - base + sugar covalently bonded - lacks phosphate group - base forms a glycosidic linkage with sugar Ribonucleoside: β-D-ribose Deoxyribonucleoside: β-D-deoxyribose The glycosidic...
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...ABSTRACT Electric Overhead Travelling (EOT) Crane is one of the essential industrial equipment for material handling job. Indecent years little attention has been paid to the optimal design heavy electric overhead travelling bridges. The motive might be, but not limited to the availability of prevailing FEM, DIN, ISO, CMAA, BS, Chinese and now CEN standards for the design of cranes. Most of the crane manufacture has standardized the single dimensioned box section for multiple spans and duties of crane bridges for manufacturing simplicity. LIST OF TABLES Table No. | Table Description | Page No. | 1 Different cross section formula 2 Dimension for ramshorn hooks LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Figure Description Page No. 1.1.1 Overhead crane 1.3.1 Standard crane 1.4.1 Free standing crane 1.5.1 Gear box 1.5.2 Electric brake motor 1.5.3 Rope guide 1.5.4 Load limiter 1.5.5 Low headroom trolley 1.6.1(A) Top Running Bridge Cranes 1.6.1(B) Under Running Bridge Crane 1.7.1 Top running vs. under running 1.9 Double girder crane hoist 1.9.1 Chain hoist 1.9.2 Wire rope hoist 3.1.1 Drawing of 160 ton hook, nut & Lock plate 3.2.1 CAD model of 160 ton hook 3.3.1 Different views of crane hook 3.3.2 Bending of a beam with larger Initial curvature 3.4.1 Modified cross section 3.5.1 Circular cross section 3.5.2 Rectangular cross section ...
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