...There Exist Intelligent Life Forms on Other Planets Name Institutional Affiliation There Exist Intelligent Life Forms on Other Planets When it comes to reflecting on the state of the universe, the most prevalent question on people’s minds is, “Is there anyone else like us out there?” Even though scientists have been scrutinizing electromagnetic waves emanating from outer space for decades, and are still to find conclusive evidence of life on other planets, this does not resolve the issue. This universe is so vast; discovering other forms of life is akin to searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack. Nevertheless, there are persuasive reasons to believe that ultimately scientists will discover some, possibly even in this solar system. The intent of this paper, therefore, is to list reasons why some people believe that there exist other intelligent life forms in the Universe. Ever since scientists grasped the enormity of the universe, they have intuited that other intelligent life form must exist someplace, either in this galaxy or some other galaxy very far away (Peterson, 2000, p.92). If the universe is composed of billions of galaxies and if every galaxy holds billions of stars, and if just a tiny proportion of those stars contains Earth-like planets, then thousands- maybe even millions- of alien civilization must be present across the cosmos. Recently, telescope projects and deep-space satellites have identified...
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...Stephen Toulmin was an educator, philosopher, and author of high acclaim. He was interested in the analysis of moral reasoning. Considered his most significant work, the Toulmin Model of Argumentation, is a method of analysis used to break down the components of an argument, in order to study them individually and determine if they work together and form a cohesive case. The Toulmin model divides the argument into six parts; the claim, evidence, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualification. These six parts are meant to be used as a tool to assist in the formation of an outline for your argument, rather than method to develop an entire argument. The first three parts of the model stand together as the “meat” of your argument, and they...
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...The Toulmin Model was founded by Stephen Toulmin and is still widely used today. This model is used to help one understand the arguments they are trying to make and add validity to that argument. The model breaks the argument down into six parts as follows: claim, evidence, warrants, backing, counter arguments/rebuttal, and qualifiers. Each of these elements play a vital role when revealing the strengths and weaknesses of one's argument. Researchers have found that this method is used to come as close to the truth as possible. This model is not only used for analytical purposes, it is used for basic functional and organizational purposes as well. The benefits of applying this model when constructing arguments or analyzing arguments are...
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...Toulmin model assignment Now that you have a firm understanding of the Toulmin model and its various parts, you will now apply that information to the real world. You are to find an argument made in a newspaper or magazine editorial, and then analyze the argument via the Toulmin model. The article can be from an online newspaper or magazine, but blogs or normal webpages are not acceptable. Additionally, the article MUST be an editorial or op-ed piece – these are to be personal views that are making a specific argument about an issue. Beyond including a hard copy of your article, you will want to include the following: * Identify the parts present – analyzing the artifact, you will identify any and all parts of the Toulmin model that are present within the artifact. For each part, you will need to present three aspects: * Define the Toulmin part – define (briefly) what this part is (to demonstrate that you know what you’re supposed to be looking for). This should be in your own words – don’t just quote the readings. * Express the example – express what specifically, within the artifact, is representing this particular part of the Toulmin model. This should be a direct quotation from the article. Do NOT paraphrase this part. * Explain the selection – explain why this particular selection you have chosen is a representation of this particular part of the Toulmin model. How does it fit into this type? Why would this be an example of the part...
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...Fbooks.infotoday.com%2Fbooks%2FEngard%2FEngard-Sample-Chapter.pdf&ei=0g8IVKSLHY-RuASG5IHADA&usg=AFQjCNFcfwK9JDQArqrZNouz_IObhFe4-g&bvm=bv.74649129,d.c2E Jessica C. Northey 2014, The New TV Article-How Technology is Redefining Television,Mythemeshop,retrived 28 august 2014,< http://jessicanorthey.com/portfolio/the-new-television/> Nathan Chandler, top 5 web mashups, HowStuffWorks, a division of InfoSpace LLC,retrived 28 august 2014,< http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/repurposed-inventions/5-web-mashups.htm John Musser 2007, Best of 78 Real Estate Mashups, ProgrammableWeb, retrieved 28 August 2014, <http://www.programmableweb.com/news/best-78-real-estate-mashups/2007/02/18> Stephen Toulmin 1969, Toulmin's Argument Model, Changing minds org, retrieved 15...
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...An Analysis on the Speech Contestants’ Arguments in English Celebration Week Octaviyani Raharja 1213009001 Abstract Nowadays, many universities hold speech contest to facilitate their students in improving their communicative skills. Widya Mandala Catholic University, through English Department, holds a speech contest during the English Celebration Week event. As speech contest in common, students are required to conduct a good speech that deals with the topic given. Unfortunately, there are still some mistakes found that deal with the argument components and verbal fallacies. In figuring out a good speech, the contestants’ speeches are recorded and transcribed to be analyzed whether they have met the quality of a good speech which are: (1) includes all of the main components of argument and (2) fallacies free. Since the speech contestants are still in the first semester, they have limited knowledge on argument components and verbal fallacies. Therefore, the contestants sometimes miss the argument components and make no verbal fallacies in their speech. |Keywords: Argument, Fallacy, Verbal Fallacy, Speech, ECW Speech Contest | Introduction There are four language skills and two language components that are needed in learning foreign language, especially English. Among the four language skills, speaking has big roles in both language teaching and learning activity since it requires both communicative...
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...research question. Attract reader’s attention ■ present “problem formulation” ■ Present problem and see to it that it really is a problem (ie the distance between the present situation and a future intended situation) ■ define parameters of analysis “roadmap”: summarise the line of argument Exposition and conclusion ■ an exposition/body should • present all data and analysis • put paragraphs in logical progression – one item per paragraph (use sub headlines to assist reader) • arrange information into paragraphs with ■ Discussion ■ Elaboration ■ Examples ■ Exceptions ■ a conclusion should • pull the bits together • answer your own question clearly ■ Perspectives: • Allowing you to introduce hypotheses that are unsubstantiated so far Structure From general to specific and back to general again Language and style Descriptive vs argumentative language: Examples: ■ Description of eg affirmative action in the US – must be used to argue for/against eg constitutionality ■ Argumentation: claim – support – warrant (Toulmin) • eg: affirmative action is unconstitutional (claim) • students have been turned down with better grades than those accepted for university studies (support) • discrimination is unacceptable in the US society (warrant) Conciseness ■ Be to the point, avoid vagueness ...
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...operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you does not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion. Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner: 1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness, significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon. 2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon. 3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid) methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained. Finally revise and edit, and be sure to apply the critical process to your argument to be certain you have not committed any errors in reasoning or integrated any fallacies for which you would criticize some other writer. Additionally, you will want to find out how your readers will object to your argument. Will they say that you have used imprecise concepts? Have you erred in collecting data? Your argument is only as strong as the objections to it. If you cannot...
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...others Kipnis & Schmidt 1983 #1 Strategy was Reason Strategies of organizational influence Behaviour Strategy Reason P O P U L A R I T Y Use of facts and data to support development of logical argument Coalition Mobilization of other people in the organization Ingratiation Use of impression management, flattery, and creation of goodwill Bargaining Use of negotiation through the exchange of benefits or favours Use of a direct and forceful approach Gaining support of higher levels in Higher authority the organization to backup request Assertiveness Sanctions Use of organizationally derived rewards and punishments GOOD ARGUMENT “ arguments are at the heart of the power model and their quality is critical to their acceptance ” Parkin, page 205 REASONED ARGUMENT MUST BE LOGICAL FA LL AC IES FALLACIE S FALLACIES ES FALLACI Common errors in logic Over Generalisation Begging the Question Getting Personal Undefined Terms False Non-sequitur Appeal to Emotive Cause- Effect (It does not Follow) the Crowd Language False Reasoning False Dilemma Appeal to Composition/ Authority Division from Analogy Complex Questions Arguments from Ignorance Appeal to Sympathy Common Errors in Logic Over Generalisation False Cause- Effect False Reasoning from Analogy As a member of this masters program you must have a degree ...
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...the funding of museums and art galleries. While there is an argument that they should be free to the general public and funded by governments, I also believe that there is also a case for saying that they should charge an entrance fee like other attractions. Those who argue that museums should be free typically make one of two arguments. The first argument is that institutions like museums are a public service and therefore there should be free access to the man in the street. If for example there was a charge only the wealthy could afford to enjoy works of art. The second, and related, argument is that if they did levy a charge fewer people would go to museums. This would be serious as they are educational institutions and standards would fall. In contrast, there is only one major argument on the other side of the debate. This is that both museums and art galleries need to charge an entrance fee if they are to survive in the modern world. Governments do not have sufficient funds to subsidize all such institutions and there are other priorities for public money. Therefore these galleries and museums need to charge their customers not only to survive but to update their exhibitions and make new purchases. By way of illustration, the Tate Modern in London could not have been founded without revenue from admissions. My personal position is that there is no clear answer to this question as there are such strong arguments on both sides. Perhaps it is possible for some museums and...
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...of approximately 1,000 women and was, at the time the letter was written, the beneficial owner of a number of Cypress shares. The letter was a form letter, and it carried the stamped signature of Doris Gormley, OSF. In the letter, Sister Doris, speaking for the Sisters of St. Francis of Philadelphia as a Cypress shareholder, expressed the view that a company "is best represented by a Board of qualified Directors reflecting the equality of the sexes, races, and ethnic groups." The letter went on to say that it is the congregation's policy "to withhold authority to vote for nominees of a Board of Directors that does not include women and minorities." In response to the letter, an individual wrote an argument in defense of our current selection process. On top of this defensive argument, the writer outlined the pitfalls associated with investors questioning our practices on the grounds of creating “responsible corporations”. This response letter is detailed and outlines facts and figures to support its claims concerning these pitfalls. Yet, this letter espouses its point using a confrontational tone and terminology designed to insult the intended audience. The individual has also proposed sending this letter to all Cypress shareholders and a select group of sympathetic veterans of the affirmative-action debate. Discussion The response letter can be broken down into three parts. The first part is outlines the current selection process for the board of directors as well...
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...Glossary for Philosophy 101 Logic – the study of argument, the study of inference. Statement/proposition – something that is true or false. Argument – a set of statements, some of which are premises and one of which is the conclusion. The conclusion is said to follow from the premises. Premise – a proposition in an argument from which the conclusion follows. Conclusion – a proposition in an argument which follows from the premise(s). Valid argument – an argument whose structure is such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. (Alternative “negative” definition: an argument whose structure is such that it is impossible for its conclusion to be false when its premises are true.) Invalid argument – an argument whose structure is such that it is possible for its conclusion to be false when its premises are true. Sound argument – a valid argument with true premises. Tautology – a proposition which is always true, due to its logical structure. (Self-)Contradiction – a proposition which is always false, due to its logical structure. Contingent proposition – a proposition which can be either true or false, due to its logical structure. reductio ad absurdum – (“reduction to the absurd”), proof by contradiction – a form of argument in which we attempt to reach a contradiction, which is then used to deny the supposition that led to the contradiction. Necessary and sufficient conditions A condition is said to be necessary for something when that condition...
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...well as three examples to support each definition. All answers must be typed – print out a final copy for teacher and self E.C. = +5pts on Quiz and notes if completed by the end of the hour today 1. |wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn | | | | |Definition |Example #1 | |Example: |Claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant |Why should your views on welfare reform matter when we all know | |Ad Hominem |fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or |that your parents make a lot of money. | | |argument | | |Tu Quoque | An attempt to discredit the opponent's position by exposing |Bill: “It is wrong to use animals as clothing. | | |his failure to act consistently in accordance with that |Ted: “But you are wearing a leather jacket.” | | |position. | ...
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...goes on by breaking several of these words down to their base meaning and then places them into context, for example “virtually spotless” a claim made on nearly every dish and laundry cleaning product on the market. The word virtually is used by advertisers as a almost guarantee but actually by definition means not in fact. Several of these weasel words are brought to trial and put to the sword in the same fashion. William Lutz's logos is very powerful in the argument using the words own definition and the advertisements writers lack of context to let it defeat itself. His use of pathos is strong points to warn his readers to look deeper at words such as “like magic” and “helps...”. His ethos in the argument do relay a sense of reliability in the piece, but could be called into question by a more conservative reader for his use of a comical but slightly out of place rewriting psalms 23rd. One problem With These Word I Can Sell You Anything, is a lack of counter argument, or even having room where a counter argument can come into play. An advertiser could argue two strong points ageinst Lutz. One that advertisements aren't written to solely to mislead consumers, and that words like...
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...describe the continuing issue that the United States faces in regards to repeat offenders. In the article "Stopping The Madness: A New Reentry System For Juvenile Corrections." Author's Scott Sells, Irene Sullivan and Donald DeVore focus on some of the reasons that contribute to youth recidivism and programs that can help minimize this issue. Without first determining the causes of the issue we can not begin to address resolutions. This article focuses on an interview as well as studies and evidence based theories tto combat this issue that we are faced with. The artilce discusses issues that contribute to failing reentry programs which ultimately result in high recidivism in young offenders. Although they provide a strong logical argument, and sufficient evidence the authors do not go into detail the effects of implementing such facilities will have on those who do not have family. Also the authors reasoning for implementing the PLL program is justified but can come across as bias. "Look this was my second committment and here's the problem. I went from this totally structured environment for eight long months back to a totally unstructured home with no real plan before i left [residential]. I am going back to the same home [life]...
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