...Asthma also has not specific age group, ethnicity, or social level that it targets. However asthma is known to be more common in Poor neighborhoods with cold climate. From 1982 to 1994 asthma increased about 60 percent affecting more children than adults. Even the deaths related to asthma increased about 50 % from 1979-1992. There are some scientists who believe that this increase is due increase second hand smoking exposure, polluted intercity, and housing developed with poor ventilation. For the human body to function properly it requires oxygen. Oxygen comes through the lungs where in the lungs it is exchanged into the blood stream to keep the body alive. When you take a break of air, the air travels through the larynx to trachea, where the trachea is divides into two branches called the right and left...
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...diseases are illnesses are highly transmissible and are caused by pathogens. The pathogens live and multiply in the body of the host and they cause damage to the cells and lead to various complications depending on their target organs. The most common types of pathogens include bacteria, protozoa, fungi and Viruses. The modes of action when the pathogens get into the host organism are similar. They first multiply then start destroying different tissues and cells in the host organism. They may release toxins that make the host environment conducive for their survival. The toxins harm the cells of the host organism, thus leading to different illnesses. The illnesses caused are normally very infectious, and they may lead to epidemics. This paper will compare and contrast the pathogens causing whooping cough and zygomycosis. Causal pathogens Whooping cough and Zygomycosis are some of the infectious diseases caused by different pathogens. In whooping cough, the pathogen infects the respiratory system, causing severe coughing in the victims. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Zygomycosis is a broad range of fungal infectious diseases that affect the face; particularly the nasal cavity, and the eyes as well as the skin. It is caused by fungi in the Mucorales and Entomophthorales (Vazquez Para 1). The pathogens causing whooping cough and Zygomycosis have several similarities and differences. Classification Bordetella Pertussis belongs to the Kingdom Bacteria,...
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...some with disgust. Animals give live birth and are considered different from humans by some people because of their behavior. Some animals are consumed as food by humans and other animals or trapped for their furs. Many times people get animals as pets and neglect them. Some animals are pulled out of their habitat and are used as research yet; some humans think they don't deserve any rights because they are animals. A. Thesis Statement Throughout this paper I will examples of possibilities that can be used to change the life of an animal in the food industry, as a pet and as research, we need to help them have a better life even if we are going to use them as food and pets. II. Body paragraph #1 - Topic Sentence #1 On today's factory farms, animals are crammed by the thousands into filthy, windowless sheds and confined to wire cages, gestation crates, barren dirt lots, and other cruel confinement systems. A. Supporting Evidence PETA made a investigation at Agriprocessors in 2004 revealed almost 300 instances of inhumane slaughter, in which cows' sensitive faces were shocked with electric prods, fully conscious cattle had their tracheas and esophagi ripped from their throats with meat hooks or knives, and they writhed in pools of their own blood, trying desperately to stand up for up to three minutes as blood poured from their throats (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 1980). B. Explanation The factory farming industry strives to maximize output...
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...lung associationhttp://www.breathing.orgAmerican association for cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitationhttp://www.aacvpr.orgThe national Jewish medical and research Centrehttp:www.national jewish.org | The purpose of above resources is to provide information to health care professional information on chronic pulmonary diseases, some treatment options and available links.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:Anatomy of the respiratory system consists of two parts: includes upper respiratory tract consists of nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and trachea.The lower respiratory tract consists of bronchi. Bronchioles and alveoli(neighbors, m, &tanehill,.,j 2006)Causes of chronic pulmonary disease:Long term exposure to lung irritants for example smoking, air pollution, chemical fumes, dust (U.S. Department of national lung and blood institute).Statics on COPD diseaseChronic pulmonary disease claims approximately 118, 171 people annually this number increased to 127,000 in 2005, recent studies indicate COPD could be the leading cause of death by the year 2020 in the Unites States of America( American lung association 2004). Men and women are 12-13 times likely to die from chronic pulmonary disease respectively (American lung association.)Diagnostic testingchest examinations using a stethoscope, listen to lungs sounds like a paper being rumbled. Bronchoscopy is a procedure to look into lung passages, placing a probe on middle finger or ear...
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...FLEXIBLY DIVIDED DOUBLE LUMEN ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE Viren Sunil Kalsekar, Joy Lee, Jenny Qiu, Nicholas Ragosta, Javier Ramos, David Taylor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA ABSTRACT Endotracheal tubes (ETT), are used to maintain patient airway access during surgical procedures. The design presented here addresses a current need of the gold standard ETT by allowing for the passage of a larger bronchoscope through the inner lumen of the ETT while keeping outer dimensions constant. This design incorporates a flexible membrane with a wavy geometry to ensure a return to the neutral axis, thus allowing for even ventilation of both lungs. Flow tests simulating surgical ventilation conditions were conducted. These results confirmed that adequate air flow could be obtained independent of any pressure differences across the membrane. Tests of the prototype also confirmed that maximum instrumentation diameter was increased through this design when compared to a commercially available ETT with identical outer dimensions (35 Fr). Finite element analysis was conducted to determine the necessary thickness of the membrane for a safe design. One key design feature of the membrane is that its state of maximum deflection (2.1mm) does not significantly hinder airflow through the smaller lumen. Tests to further evaluate the functional requirements of safety and ease of use are currently under way. Methods of manufacturing this design are also under investigation. Keywords:...
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...i DECOCTION OF GUAVA LEAVES AS SUBSTITUTE FOR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN REMOVAL OF CALCULUS IN ORAL PROPHYLAXIS A Research Paper made for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Research II presented to Mrs. Ferrera E. Oira Arbas, Maureen B. Caballero, Amadeo John N. Morales, Ian Paul P. Ramon Teves Pastor Memorial Dumaguete Science High School SY 2013-2014 ii ABSTRACT Calculus is such a burden to many people, it can cause severe oral diseases and most of all, it makes you. Most of the people suffering from calculus go to the dentist for oral prophylaxis. Dentists use hydrogen peroxide to make the calculus soft so it would be easy to get. The researchers made a substitute for hydrogen peroxide and this substitute will make use of one of the gift of nature for us, the healing wonders of herbs. The researchers use boiled guava leaves as substitute for hydrogen peroxide. The researchers chose guava leaves because it contains many antibacterial cell like what is in Hydrogen Peroxide. The researchers have four samples of calculus from different persons, each of the samples were measured and was grouped into two treatments. Each of the treatment has 2 replicates. Every replicate were placed on the treatments together at the same time. The calculus was taken out of the treatment at exactly 4 hours after it was placed on the treatment. The researchers measured their weights, and then data were collected and analyzed thoroughly. The researchers used T-test as their...
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...Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, Texas. But something doesn’t look right. If the shots came from the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository, then why did everyone, including policemen and secret servicemen, run towards the grassy knoll in hopes of catching a glimpse of the President’s killer? From evidence from the Zapruder film the first shot hits the President somewhere in the neck or upper chest region at about frame 226. In order for Oswald to be the lone gunman all of the shots would have had to come from the Texas School Book Depository. As shown the autopsy photos (e.g. see figures 2 and 3) there is clearly an entrance and exit wound, this would denounce the speculation of the bullet still being lodged in the President’s trachea. With this information the bullet either had to have gone into Governor John Connally’s back, which would support the single bullet theory, or landed somewhere on the road behind them, which would be the effects of a second shooter. But as seen in Zapruder, Connally was still facing forward from frames 226 to 237 (e.g. figures 4 and 5) during the period of the first shot and showed no signs of any reaction from the strike of a bullet. This would conclude that the first shot came from the front, not Oswald who was stationed in the Texas School Book Depository at the time. This also debunks the single bullet theory, which...
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...via this Th2 pathway. However, in an atopic asthmatic patient, the homeostatic equilibrium between this inflammatory Th2 mediated response and the T regulatory (Treg) cell response that dampen and suppress both effector cell activity and the priming of new immature cells is skewed (Robinson 2010; Baru et al. 2012). Thus chronic airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and remodeling of the epithelium follow in response to an overactive Th2 inflammatory response. A reduction in number of Treg cells was seen in asthma patients and up-regulation of this cell type to restore homeostatic balance between the inflammatory and dampening response should be furthered in treatment research. Recent research has shown that Th17 is also involved in contributing to the pro-inflammatory response, but for the purpose of this paper, these will not be discussed as Th2 is still considered the driving mechanism (Kudo et al. 2012; Robinson 2010). Respiratory epithelium comprises the first line of defence against aeroallergens, microorganisms, and harmful gasses. When an individual is born no dendrite cells inhabit the airway and only when this epithelial barrier is damaged or is activated do these dendrite cells migrate and maturate from the bone marrow (Kudo, Ishigatsubo & Aoki 2013; Rodriguez et al. 2011). The immune system is initiated by the binding of a pathogen on epithelial pattern associated recognition receptors. This then activates a release of pro inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial...
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...When the oxygen enters the body, it travels down the trachea, more commonly known as the wind pipe, and then into the right and left bronchi. Then from the bronchi, the oxygen travels into the lungs and is distributed into the many tree branch like pipes called bronchiole. The oxygen is then taken into the alveoli where the oxygen is distributed into the red blood cells. These red blood cells take the oxygen to the muscles for cellular respiration. This entire process is done almost instantaneously. (Sharecare Inc....
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...to contain. Smoking normal cigarettes can be a foundation for more dangerous substances that include smoking weed and inhaling cocaine. Health institutions have come up with the possible effects of smoking both to passive and active smokers. Breathing problems, socioeconomic effects as well as chronic diseases like cancers are some of the dangerous outcomes of smoking. Several alternatives have been established to deal with the problem (Hyde & Setaro, 2006). Designation of smoking zones is one of the options that most nations globally have embraced with the aim of bringing down the negative effects associated with smoking. This paper seeks to establish the need for banning smoking in closed areas. This is in accordance with the fact that smoking has been a menace in the recent past especially to passive smokers (Owing, 2005). The paper also aims at identifying the possible impact of smoking and how restricting it will assist the government and the entire world deal with the...
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...want to be cool? There are many reasons why you should not-start smoking and why you should stop smoking now. II. Backgroud of the study Smoking is an adaptive behaviour which in most cases acquired when an individual is aware of the effects the associated with the habit. A large number of smokers know both the long and short term, smoking is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, emphysema, and also premature aging. ‘‘Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health?” This is the packaging warning message. Cigarette, from the french word “cigarette”, meaning “small cigar”. Is a small cylinder effects of this habit which include respiratory diseases and cancer. Shockingly of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The term cigarette is commonly used, refers to a tobacco but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as ascloves or cannabis. The smoking habit is easily acquired by an individual. This is because there are various reasons attract an individual into attempting to smoke. Some individuals take the habit as a show off thus they start smoking since they believe in an ideology which says that it looks cool to smoke in public. Others start through copying members of their families or friends who are smokers. The other reason is age pride. This is whereby an individual starts smoking after attaining the age of eighteen years which is taken as maturity age by many teenagers. More also, peer...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...developed live sheep export trade over the years, but it had been under struggle for many years because of ethical issues related to the trade. Some important customers were found live sheep in the Middle East who preferred to process the meat themselves. When pressure groups attacked the trade as unethical Problems arose. It made worse when the Egyptian government did not accept a shipment of live sheep because it claimed the sheep were in poor condition. Among the customers Governments in the Middle East that require highly efficient, time critical deliveries for their armed forces. Another important point of difference at Samex, it is well-known global retail sector. Company’s founders were master butchers and have invested extensive market research in producing meat products valued by the consumer. It also provides in-house shipping and export documentation department’s who work closely with the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the equivalent authorities in countries to meet all export requirements. 1. Discuss the cultural imperatives of the Saudi Arabian market. Culture is a highly important aspect of a market, whatever that market is.Thus the following cultural imperatives should be taken into account in termsof the entry to the Saudi...
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...Abstract This study aims to determine if Haram foods actually affect the health of Muslims WHETHER GOOD OR BAD. THE RESEARCH PAPER examined DIFFERENT KINDS OF HARAM AND HALAL FOODS AND THE DISADVANTAGES OF NOT ACQUIRING HARAM FOOD like not getting a certain nutrient from a Haram food. The researcher's hypothesis is that there are positive and negative effects of haram foods to the Muslims, IT MIGHT BE REGARDING HEALTH OR THE DIET OF THE MUSLIMS. The research paper will also show what the Muslims do to compensate for not eating Haram foods and the reasons why they are not allowed to eat Haram foods. The researchers first think of the topic that is inclined to their line of specialty then the researchers’ created an outline that will guide the research along the right path and to search for books, journals, & websites that would help them produce this research paper. Effect of Haram food to the health of Muslims There are many types of food but to the Muslims, there are 2 more kinds that depict whether the food is permitted to be eaten or not. These categories are called Halal and Haram. They have no certain advantages and disadvantages but the question is, does Haram food limit or affect the actual health of the Muslims? An important issue that has been with humanity even after generations have passed is the issue of what is right and what is wrong. It is part of our nature to be selfish sometimes if not, most of the time. Laws and some certain substances...
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...Chapter I I. INTRODUCTION Many people nowadays smoke cigarette even teenagers smoke. Some people have no idea about the chemical of a tobacco and what it can cause to a human body. This paper is intended to give the readers an idea of the factors that trigger cigarette smoking amongst young generation of today, effects of cigarette, like cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. By reading this paper, a person can gain knowledge about the effects of smoking cigarette. So when a person reads this especially those who smoke, he or she may quit or lessen smoking because he or she will know the bad effects of cigarette smoking. It is considered that cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, leading to an annual five million deaths around the globe. It is estimated that if current smoking patterns carry on, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for many cancers and respiratory diseases. The heavier the usage of an individual and the longer he smokes, the higher the risks for smoking-related illnesses. Cigarette smoking involves inhaling smoke into the lungs. A cigarette contains more than 4000 poisonous chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, methane, ammonia, cadmium, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, butane, and hydrogen cyanide. Inhaled cigarette smoke can damage the lungs' cilia, tiny hair-like structures that sweep away debris from the lungs. With the cilia paralyzed...
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