...Proceedings of the International Conference on Theory and Applications of Mathematics and Informatics - ICTAMI 2004, Thessaloniki, Greece AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC SIGN RECOGNITION IN DIGITAL IMAGES by John Hatzidimos Abstract. The objective of this project is the development of an algorithm for the automatic recognition of traffic signs in digital images. The program An.Si. was created (from the Greek words Anagnorisi Simaton which means Sign Recognition). Up to now, many algorithms for the traffic sign detection and classification have been introduced. Extensive research is being made by major car manufacturing companies in collaboration with Universities and other institutes on real-time and automatic recognition of traffic signs, so that it can be a part of the so called “Driver Support Systems” ([7]). Two major problems exist in the whole detection process. Road signs are frequently occluded partially by other vehicles. Many objects are present in traffic scenes which make the sign detection hard (pedestrians, other vehicles, buildings and billboards may confuse the detection system by patterns similar to that of road signs). Colour information from traffic scene images is affected by varying illumination caused by weather conditions, time (daynight) and shadowing (buildings) ([7]). The proposed method detects the location of the sign in the image, based on its geometrical characteristics and recognises it using colour information. Partial occlusion is dealt by the use of the Hough...
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...ACADEMIC WRITING Centre for Teaching and Learning Signpost words and phrases Having researched your topic in preparation for writing an essay, you will probably have accumulated a wide range of facts, published research, and other information relevant to the topic. Many people simply throw these facts together in body paragraphs, without properly applying them to the topic or signalling to the reader the connections between them. Simply adding a few connecting words – known as “signposts” – make it much more readable: Incorporation offers several advantages to businesses and their owners. For one thing, ownership is easy to transfer. The business is able to maintain a continuous existence even when the original owners are no longer involved (Brown, 1999). In addition, the stockholders of a corporation are not held responsible for the business's debts (Henry, 2009). If the XYZ Corporation defaults on a $1 million loan, for instance, its investors will not be held responsible for paying that liability. Incorporation also enables a business to obtain professional managers with centralised authority and responsibility; therefore, the business can be run more efficiently (Schwartz, 2010). Finally, incorporation gives a business certain legal rights . For example, it can enter into contracts, own property, and borrow money (Brown, 1999). Transitions show the reader the “movement” between ideas/points. They show that the ideas follow a logical order and build on each other, creating...
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...The movement of people, goods, and vehicles on the transportation system is now critically dependent on how effectively that system is operated and managed. While roadway system expansion is necessary in some key locations and corridors to facilitate this movement and in some case economic development, the construction of new lanes will never alleviate the need for effective transportation operations and management of the system on both existing and new segments. Well-planned, cost effective transportation operations and management strategies can improve mobility, safety, and productivity of the system for transportation users in urban and rural areas. The FHWA (Federal Highway Administration), an agency of the U.S Department of Transportation, has 3600 employees, a field office in every state and an annual budget of more than $21 billion. The FHWA works with the states and with communities across the nation to build and maintain America’s roads and bridges and ensure a strong intermodal transportation system. The agency also develops and helps regulate safety requirements for commercial vehicle operators and through the Federal Lands Highway Program, works to provide access to national forests, national parks, Indian reservations and other public lands. Lanes for the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles, rush-hour use of shoulders, ramp metering, intersection improvements, and other innovative techniques will make ever greater contributions as communities struggle to...
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...understanding of road signs in Ghana: A case study along Ho – Afloa Togo route Maxwell Selase Akple*, Robert Biscoff Ho Polytechnic, Mechanical Engineering Dept, P.O.Box Box HP 217, Ho. Volta Region, GHANA Corresponding author’s e-mail : oomaxi@yahoo.com, Tel. +233 244979950 Abstract This paper examines driver’s knowledge concerning road sign usage along an international route in Ghana. There were two stages for the data collection. First, an observational study was conducted to determine the specific road signs along the route. Second, questionnaires were administered to 50 drivers who regularly drove on this route to assess their understanding of those road signs. The study shows that various road signs and markings are along the route. Hump ridge ramps are the dominant road signs observed coupled with pedestrian crossing warning sign posts. Most drivers do not recognize common road signs and markings hence their memorability, remembrance and application during driving is difficult. Main contributing factors are driver’s not professional trained and symbolic nature of the road signs. Challenges encountered during road sign usage include size of road sign indicating situations, visibility, reflectivity and placement. The result of the study recommended alphanumeric road sign and identified that most drivers do not comprehend road signs easily. Government should allocate more resources for training drivers on driving theories and road safety. Keywords: Road Signs, Drivers Knowledge...
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...Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Traffic signals, signs and pavement markings are used for traffic control to provide a smooth, orderly flow of traffic. It is important to understand and obey them. It is illegal to avoid these traffic controls by cutting through a parking lot or field. In this section you’ll learn about: Traffic signals Obey all signs and signals unless directed by a police officer; always follow the officer’s direction. Traffic signs Traffic Signals Pavement markings Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists, moped-riders and pedestrians. Painted curbs Red light: At a red light, come to a complete stop at the stop line or, if there is no stop line, before entering the intersection or before reaching the crosswalk. Remain stopped as long as the signal is red, unless turns are allowed. Right turn on red: You may turn right while the traffic signal displays a red light. Before turning, you must come to a complete stop. Look both ways and yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check for less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds. You may not turn right on red if signs are posted at the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow pointing to the right is displayed. Left turn on red: You may turn left at a red light if you are on a one-way street and turning left onto another one-way street while the traffic signal displays a red light. Before turning, you...
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...Driver Responsibilities— Knowing Texas Traffic Laws Review Review topics covered in Unit One: Student Guide 1.1 Who May Operate a Motor Vehicle in Texas 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 Types of Texas Drivers Licenses Texas Licensing Requirements Suspensions and Revocations Vehicle Inspection and Registration Safety Responsibility Class C Licenses permit driving non-commercial vehicles such as cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans. The minimum age to qualify for a Class C License is 18 years of age. A driver who is 16-years-old and has completed an approved driver education course also qualifies for a Class C License. An instruction permit allows unlicensed drivers to legally practice driving with a licensed driver in the front seat. The licensed driver must be at least 21 years of age and been driving for at least one year. To apply for an instruction permit you must be at least 18 years of age or be a 15-year-old who has passed an approved driver license education course. A Provisional License is issued to someone under the age of 18 who does not have an instruction permit. It is a probationary license and must be renewed and must be renewed when the person turns 18 years of age. When applying for a license, you will need to provide or do the following: • • • • • • • • • Bring personal information. Bring your identification documents. Bring other information the DPS requires. Pass an exam that tests your knowledge of road signs, traffic signals, and the rules of the road....
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...unlearn much of what he has learned in his own State and to learn a lot that is strange to him. This produces irritation – or worse - in the motor owner and motor driver, and tends to unnecessary costs of traffic administration (which the motorist usually has to pay for). It also adds to traffic dangers through ignorance or unfamiliarity with local conditions or practices on the part of drivers. Therefore, anything that can be done to lay down a national basis for motor traffic control must be of much practical value. Commonsense suggests that there should be uniformity instead of variety, and that the growing volume of interstate traffic requires a national instead of a local viewpoint in things common to traffic in all of the States. Were all motor vehicles kept within their own State boundaries, little disadvantage would arise from the present welter of confusing motor legislation, but when a system becomes national, a system (or lack of system) of arbitrarily fixed laws that differ substantially in matters in which there should be common agreement appears absurd, if not intolerable. I do not consider that it would be very difficult, once the groundwork had been prepared, to induce the various State Governments to agree to a national conference of traffic authorities and representatives of the recognised motoring organisations in the...
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...now back to reality. Seriously. A lot of drivers barely pay attention to their own habits (wander in other lanes? text? make sudden stops? you know who you are). One of the best skills you could acquire is to drive defensively. Some insurance will even give you a discount for taking a course in it. What does it mean to drive defensively? Think of it like this. When you get behind the wheel of a vehicle. Don't. Trust. Anyone. It's that simple. Don't assume the other driver will obey all traffic laws. Humans make mistakes. People get too comfortable and distracted while driving. They tend to forget they are in control...
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...Another reason for this issue is traffic congestion. It is obviously apparent that drivers stuck in crowded roads and annoying noises for hours will be easily crazy. Those causes will definitely result in negative effects to both individual and society. One of them is road accidents. There are numerous serious accidents caused by drivers or motorists when they are in pressure and tiredness. The second impact should be mentioned is the increasing of violence. When drivers make collision, they would handle problem by a hit instead of solving it by talking peacefully with each other. There are several actions that government should do to prevent road rage from becoming popular . Firsly, there is a really effective solution to handle this issue – enhancing road infrastructure which is one of the most important factor affect mainly congestion. For instance, if the road is too narrow, then street would be definitly stuck because of being oveload in the number of people and vehicles shifting in prime time…. Another effective solution make drivers stop being angry on the road that government should do is enacting new appropriate law to require citizen to obey. 1-Traffic congestion- Stop and go traffic is maddening and can cause a loss of patience. We can’t control the traffic, but we can control our reactions to it. 2- Aggressive driving- Cutting off other drivers, tail gating, unsafe lane changes and swerving in and out of traffic are signs of an...
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...THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA NAME: MOSES GITOBU KINYUA REG NO.: 111/00104 COURSE: Bachelor of Engineering Geospatial Engineering DEPARTMENT: SURVEYING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIT: HIGHWAY & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT: How to reduce the number of road accidents in Kenya. LECTURER: Mr. Ogutu Submission date April 14, 2014. Introduction A road accident, also known as a traffic accident, motor vehicle collision, motor vehicle accident, car accident, automobile accident, road traffic collision, car crash, or car smash occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole for instance electricity poles or fence poles. Traffic collisions may result in injury, death, vehicle damage and property damage. They have led to loss of thousands of life and others being paralyzed for the rest of their lives while others are left with permanent scars which remind them of the occurrence. It is regarded as one of the main cause of death after diseases. Here I am going to concentrate on how to reduce road accidents in Kenya through the various engineering disciplines in the country. These disciplines include geospatial engineering, civil and building engineering, mechanical engineering (automotive engineering) and electrical engineering. A. Improvement of road design to reduce accidents on black spots This area has the geospatial and civil engineers who mainly deal...
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...Visual Communication There are many elements of visual communication around each and every person. This kind of communication is an art that is inseparable from human beings and will remain applicable in their lives as long as they continue carrying out their activities. Different situations or scenarios demand application of different approaches of visual communication. It is therefore important for any visual communicator to employ these approaches accurately to enhance successful communication. In this work communication intended at giving a warning/caution message by the use of symbols and signs, shapes and colors, and images is discussed. The message will be to caution people on the hazards involved when one handles electricity or electrical products carelessly (Baldwin & Roberts, 2006). Signs and Symbols In order to deliver a caution or warning, one can practically use symbols or signs that deliver a message of danger. Such a symbol would be the use of a skull to warn of a possible electrocution. Shapes and Colors Warning can also be affected by the use of certain colors. A red color, for example, is known to be associated with danger. The connection is usually drawn from the fact that it represents the color of blood. Use of Images The use of images is also effective in delivering a caution message to the possible audience. It involves the use of real images or those that have been made to look real and which portray the results of the danger. For example an image with...
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...Harlem motorcycle accident lawyer If a car or other vehicle causes an accident while you are riding your motorcycle, there are a few important things you need to know. Motorcycle accidents differ in many significant ways than accidents when only cars are involved. The following are just a few things you should know about them. Minor accidents for a car can be major accidents for a motorcycle What can be a fender bender for a car, can mean serious injury to a bike rider. A simple side swipe can cause a rider to fall off his bike. A driver braking late and rear ending a motorcyclist can cause serious injury, even at slow speeds. Misjudging the speed of a biker making a left turn into oncoming traffic is also a common reason for accidents. On top of that, though it is common for a car driver to be at fault, the motorcycle rider is often blamed. A Harlem attorney with experience in motorcycle accidents will likely understand how the accident occurred and can protect your interests. Your injuries can be more severe than a car driver's injuries Obviously, this is not always going to be true, but the potential is always there. When riding your motorcycle, you are exposed to everything. Hitting the cement can create broken bones not seen by those in a car. You can be injured by the car when it...
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...Cycling – Creating the New Norm Martina Kahn Western Governors University WGU Student ID # 000390369 Cycling – Creating the New Norm Sitting down, whether in a vehicle, office or home, has become the principal offender in a worldwide obesity and diabetes pandemic that is damaging healthcare systems to the breaking point and increasing health risks to millions of overweight people. Administrations everywhere consider solutions that are economically feasible, easy to implement and improves patient health all at the same time. Together, they may have discovered their answer in a simple piece of engineering able to resolve all of these issues; the bicycle. However, research suggests that American society is not cyclist friendly due to drivers and/or cyclists not always being properly trained. Also, there is a need for bike lanes and laws that require road sharing. For the last five decades, only motorized vehicles have been considered in street designs throughout our country. Driver focused polices, education, and behaviors are an important part of the cycling safety encounter. Revolution in road and cycling infrastructure design is also needed as our population keeps growing. Care needs to be taken and investments made to ensure that everyone has a safe place to travel. In many ways, there has never been a better time to be a bicyclist. If you thought there were more bicyclists on the roads lately, you’d be right. Biking is thriving. The number of cyclists are growing...
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...Safety features that influence walking to specific places Features measured under the safety category that significantly influenced walking to specific places included speed limits and drivers exceeding them, streets parking, availability of crosswalks and pedestrian signs, TABLE 7- 13. Of frequent walkers, fewer observed than expected perceived posted speed limits being high. Conversely, of respondents who didn't walk to specific places, more observed than expected reported dissatisfaction with posted speed limits, which could explain why they didn't walk to specific places. The negative, almost moderately strong association implies high posted speed limits have a negative impact on likelihood of walking to specific places TABLE 7- 13....
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...laws governing transport and traffic policing. Our insatiable appetite for vehicles in this country, has led to an exponential increase in the number of road traffic accidents and incidents on our roads and streets. It is the increase of fatal accidents that is of great concern to us as citizens. Statistics have shown that, more than 95% of these accidents happened as a direct result of a road traffic offence. In order to curb this carnage on our roads, we need to effectively combat the occurrence of traffic offences. Statistics from the World Health Organization 2007 Report have shown the following:- ➢ Worldwide, about 1.2 million persons are killed in road traffic accidents every year ➢ 20 million to 50 million people are injured or disabled in these crashes ➢ Road traffic injuries account for 2.1% of global mortality and 23% of all deaths worldwide ➢ Road traffic injuries are predicted to rise from tenth place in 2002 to eight place in 2030 as a cause of death. Here in Trinidad and Tobago, over the last few years, with the ever increasing traffic volumes becoming a reality of life, traffic policing has become the scapegoat for the ill of every-day traffic congestion and mayhem on our roads. While traffic policing is a priority of traffic management, it is the severe breakdown of discipline on the roads which leads to unsafe conditions for motorists and pedestrians a like. Under the Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act, chapter 48:50, there are...
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