...unauthorized access and misuse. Networks are vulnerable because of their inherent characteristic of facilitating remote access. For example, if a hacker wanted to access a computer not on a network, physical access would be vital. However, with networks in the picture, it is possible to bypass that particular security aspect. Therefore, it is vital for any network administrator, regardless of the size and type of network, to implement stringent security policies to prevent potential losses. There are a number of potential pitfalls that may arise if network security is not implemented properly. Each business will identify with the need to keep certain critical information private from competitor eyes. The hospitality industry can just as easily be at risk for any of these type situations and should be aware and as up to date as they possibly can be when it comes to network security. Data is a very valuable commodity for individuals and enterprises alike. It is a...
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...FARSIGHTED PROJECT CONTRACT MANAGEMENT: INCOMPLETE IN ITS ENTIRETY PROFESSOR J RODNEY TURNER, (Department of Marketing and Organization, Rotterdam School of Economics Erasmus University Rotterdam) 1. PROJECT ORGANIZATION: COOPERATION VERSUS CONFLICT There are two ways of viewing a project organization, what I would consider to the correct way, and the normal way, respectively: • • a temporary organization, (Turner and Müller 2003), through which the owner assembles resources and motivates them, in a climate of cooperation, to achieve their objectives; a market place, in which the owner buys the project’s outputs at the cheapest possible price, in a climate of conflict with their contractors, where one will win the other lose. In the more common approach, the client adopts the mindset they are going to buy the project’s outputs in the local bazaar, and negotiates hard to achieve the lowest possible price from the vendor (contractor). The negotiation is viewed as a win-lose game. A climate of conflict and mistrust develops, and this spills over into project delivery, usually leading to a lose-lose outcome. Scott (2001) says this approach results in misalignment between the client's and contractor's objectives, between the objectives of multiple contractors, and between the client's objectives and the contractor's remuneration. Turner and Müller (2003) view the project as a temporary organization, through which the client assembles resources to achieve their objectives. As...
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...Lessons from Alibaba.com: government’s role in electronic contracting Qin Hu Xun Wu and Clement K. Wang The authors Qin Hu is a Lawyer, Legal Counsel of China Merchants Sekou Industrial Zone Company Limited, Shenzhen, China. Xun Wu is based at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Clement K. Wang is Associate Director (Research), NUS Enterprise Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Introduction Story of Alibaba.com The development of e-commerce has been nothing short of explosive in recent years. Many believe that its growth and impact will only become more prevailing in the future. The sale of goods by US firms over the Internet, for example, is predicted to reach $1.3 trillion by 2003. By 2004, European enterprises are expected to have online sales of $1.6 trillion[1]. Companies in China, with the largest population in the world, are also probing this new source of revenue. The China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) issued an Annual Report in Internet Development in January 2000 that estimates that there were 22.5 million Internet users in China at the end of 2000[2]. A recent nationwide survey showed that China had more than 1,100 consumer related e-commerce Web sites by the end of the first quarter in 2000 (People’s Daily, 2000). Four Web companies, Sina.com, Sohu.com, China.com, and Netease.com have already been listed on the NASDAQ. However, the country’s e-commerce market is still in its infancy....
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...Norges Handelshøyskole Bergen, Spring 2011 Master Thesis within the main profile of International Business Thesis Advisor: Professor Svein Ulset Title: International Modes of Entry Subtitle: The Case of Disney By, Carlos Gonzalez Hernandez This thesis was written as a part of the master program at NHH. Neither the institution, the supervisor, nor the censors are -through the approval of this thesis- responsible for neither the theories and methods used, nor results and conclusions drawn in this work. International Modes of Entry: The Case of Disney 1 Abstract The case of Disney’s theme parks represents an opportunity to test major internationalisation theories in a setting of large investments with little chance for reversal of commitments. The purpose of the research is to study the benefit of different entry modes dependent on Disney’s Theme Parks value-generating resources and capabilities while conditioned to certain local industrial and institutional conditions in foreign markets. Five major theories and frameworks were used to analyze all four Disney’s ventures abroad. This resulted in 20 individual hypotheses analyzed. Results indicate that Disney followed a predictable internationalisation process in the cases of Tokyo, Hong Kong and Shanghai, but that it went off-path in the Paris one. In successful cases Disney followed a cautious approach, involving local partners to transfer and adapt the “Disney Experience”. In the case of Paris the company decided to enter...
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...four-step procedure for the initial screening process: 1. Select indicators and collect data 2. Determine importance of country indicators 3. Rate the countries in the pool on each indicator 4. Compute overall score for each country 2. Choosing the Mode of Entry Decision Criteria for Mode of Entry: * Market Size and Growth * Risk * Government Regulations * Competitive Environment/Cultural Distance * Local Infrastructure Classification of Markets: * Platform Countries (Singapore & Hong Kong) * Emerging Countries (Vietnam & the Philippines) * Growth Countries (China & India) * Maturing and established countries (examples: South Korea, Taiwan & Japan) Key criteria for choosing entry modes: * Company Objectives * Need for Control * Internal Resources, Assets and Capabilities * Flexibility Mode of Entry Choice: A Transaction Cost Explanation * Regarding entry modes, companies normally face a tradeoff between the benefits of increased control and the costs of resource commitment and risk. * Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) perspective * Transaction-Specific Assets (assets...
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...Critically comment on the transaction cost based theory of Construction procurement and evaluate its potential as a practical tool in the Selection of procurement systems Abstract This term paper will provide comprehensive reviews on the entire literature involving transaction cost economics (TCE) in construction procurement. It will also critically describe the transaction cost based theory of construction procurement and also give an evaluation of its potential as a critical tool in the selection of procurement systems. The paper will also explore how TCE has emerged from most economic roots to examine empirical phenomena in construction procurement. TCE has been increasingly applied not only to business-related fields such as finance, accounting, organizational theory and marketing but also to the construction industry. Most construction industries have recently moved to practice innovative working techniques that will involve great collaboration and interrelationships that has been in the past. While these benefits such as collaborative and improved ways of working are discussed, but so little is evident about their cost. Hence there proves to be a diverse evidence showing the cost of procurement and more competitive and traditional practices. The purpose of this term paper is to try and examine the transaction based theory of procurement that is used in construction industry. Introduction Ever since it emerged in the early 1970s (Williamson 1971) the new...
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...approximately 94% of the funds are allocated to domestic security market, although the equity market in US only added up to less than 48% of global equity market as a whole. Therefore, extensive amount of studies have been conducted in order to identify the driving force behind the home bias. Based on the findings of the empirical studies, it reveals that the determinant of home bias can be conclude as high transaction cost and information asymmetric. One of the factor the cause the arisen of home bias is due to the high transaction cost. Transaction costs have been appeared in a few research papers but most of them have been ended with different conclusion. The research conducted by Domowitz, Glen, and Madhavan (1998) have classified the transaction cost into three components that is commission, fee and “market impact” cost. Market impact cost is defined as the expense incurred to the trader when trading a security. The cost often leads to a fluctuation in the market that will affect the market liquidity when the security is invested. However, some research argues that transaction costs are unlikely to explain the puzzle of home bias. In the research investigate by Tesar and...
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...Tasks improve the quality of datasets According to (Shankaranarayan & Even, 2009) specific tasks that could be performed to improve the quality of datasets using SDLC are: Auditing. Quality defects occur during data processing (e.g., due to miscalculation, or mismatches during integration across multiple sources), or after data is stored (e.g., due to changes in the real-world entity that the data describes). Addressing these defects requires auditing records, monitoring processes, and detecting the existence of defects. Correction. It is often questionable whether the detected defects are worth correcting. Correction might be time consuming and costly (e.g., when a customer has to be contacted, or when missing content has to be purchased). One might hence choose to avoid correction if the added value cannot justify the cost. Prevention. Certain methods can prevent data defects or reduce their occurrences during data acquisition, for example, improving data acquisition user interfaces, disallowing missing values, validating values against a value domain, enforcing integrity constraints, or choosing a different (possibly, more expensive) data source with inherently cleaner data Data Refinement: Datasets are refined at regular intervals and database is checked for the orphan accounts if any in the system. Orphan accounts may result into dangerous issues so it should be handled carefully. Data Governance implementation: Data Governance Maturity model can be implemented....
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...system, has transaction logging for us to review the adequacy of its data safeness. We do have concern of data security as the implementation group mentioned, the system only asks for user name and password for access. We suggest we add a feature that after entering user name and password on the website, each authorized user need to click on a link which generates a random security code which is sent to the phone (SMS) and email registered with theirs accounts. They need to enter this security code before they are allowed access. The code expires in 10 minutes. (Hall, 2011) 5.2 Disaster Recovery Unleash is an online software which brings out our concern about data recovery, data might get corrupt if the client is experiencing internet traffic or reginal blackout. Thus fore, we suggest Unleash backups transfer only new or changed blocks—shrinking the backup windows, minimizing network traffic, and reducing disk capacity requirements. Because it’s not moving or storing redundant data, the client can back up more often on hourly basis, for instance, while reducing their storage footprint. We do recommend the client download Master Data and Transaction Data on a daily basis, store these data in their local server, the users will have read-only access. We also recommend the client download our system user manual in their local server as well. Real time and continuous data protection capabilities are built in to help the client maximize availability and minimize risk for business-critical...
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...Introducing Transaction Log Files Each SQL Server 2000 database has at least one transaction log file and can have multiple transaction log files spread across a number of disks. Each transaction log file is a separate operating system file and is used by only one database. Each transaction log file generally has the .ldf filename extension (this extension is not required). Each transaction log has a logical filename that is used in Transact-SQL statements and a physical filename that is used by the Windows operating system. Additional file properties include the file ID number, initial file size, file growth increment (if any), and maximum file size. Unlike data files that contain pages, transaction log files contain a series of transaction log records. A sequential log sequence number (LSN) identifies each transaction log record. Regardless of the number of physical log files, SQL Server 2000 treats the transaction log as one continuous log. SQL Server 2000 logically divides each physical transaction log file into a number of virtual log files (VLFs). The number and size of virtual log files are determined dynamically based on the size of each transaction log file. Each transaction log file has at least two VLFs. Each growth increment (if any) is treated as a separate physical file with its own VLFs. The number or size of VLFs cannot be configured or set directly by the database administrator. SQL Server 2000 tries to maintain a small number of virtual file logs because it...
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...sellers and buyers together, eBay reduces lots of searching costs as other websites expend. However, there are still two major problems which can lead to transaction costs for an unregulated online auction market: Adverse selection and moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs when information asymmetries appear before both sides signing a contract. In some cases, sellers exaggerate the value of the product or even build some fake bids in order to set a higher price. Under this situation, buyers have no idea of what the item’s condition truly is and may take the risk of buying a disappointing product. On the other hand, moral hazard takes place when a buyer doesn’t want to pay and break the contract after receiving the products or seller refuses to ship items after money has already been paid. Through unregulated online auction market, it’s hard to write a complete contract between sellers and buyers, people on both sides have the opportunity to break the rules. In order to overcome these problems and reduce unpredictable transaction cost, eBay did a lot to enhance auction’s reliability and make the transaction safer. Most importantly, eBay sets up a rating system and keeps track of the reputation of each seller and buyer. They encourage everyone to leave a feedback to describe the experience after completing a transaction. People can easily check a seller or a buyer’s credit record to decide whether to bid or sell. Although sometimes sellers can ask friends...
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...Outsourcing 1/60 ABSTRACT: The main focus of this project is investigating and exploring the impact of outsourcing on one of the most iconic Danish companies (LEGO), which attracted our attention during the preparation of this project. We decided to focus on a single case study, because we felt that dividing our efforts by investigating more than one company, would not allow us to focus in sufficient detail on the domino effects that outsourcing can have on a singular institution. The main question of this project is “How could LEGO improve the Make-or-buy- decision and the relationship management when it comes to outsourcing”? In order to answer the main question, we must consider two sub-questions stemming from the main issue, namely: “How could LEGO improve the decision-making-process to outsource by taking more influencing factors into consideration?” and “What could LEGO have done differently in its relationship to the outsourcing vendor Flextronics”. We used the Case Study Research method to work on these questions. Doing that, we reviewed theories, which explained the phenomenon of outsourcing on a theoretical basis. After creating a theoretical framework and the database, we analyzed the case (LEGO) for parallels between the theories and their practical experience. Finally, we were able to drawn some conclusions to both the central and subsidiary questions initially posed. In summary, it can be said that LEGO did not take all aspects into...
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...culture, and guanxi network is used to elaborate the information obtained from the company. Findings – This paper highlights that the belief of sincerity and trustworthiness has refined to the organization culture that supports the sustainability of Taiwanese guanxi network. Besides, the transaction cost theory, resource-based view, and specific relationship investment has become a hinder strategy for Taiwanese organization to maintain the business relationship. This paper introduces an interesting collaborative strategy between three parties, the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) supplier, the machinery manufacturer, and the end-user (the branding). Although there is no direct business flows between the end-user and the machinery manufacturer, the specific relationship investment between these two parties are tight and cannot be separated. This has ensured the proper business flows between the OEM supplier and the end-user as well as the OEM supplier and the machinery manufacturer. Originality/value – This paper illustrates that a guanxi network is not sufficient to ensure a long-term business relationship to be established. Indeed, the organization culture as well as the consideration on the transaction cost and resources from each party does have a great impact on the collaboration relationship to be...
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...Extreme Business-Models in the Clothing Industry - A Case Study of H&M and ZARA Kristianstad University The Department of Business Studies FE6130 Bachelor Dissertation International Business Program December 2007 Tutors: Håkan Phil Timurs Umans Authours: Susanne Göransson Angelica Jönsson Michaela Persson Abstract In the clothing industry firms compete successfully by applying different businessmodels. H&M and ZARA are two extremes in the clothing industry. H&M’s business-model mainly focuses on outsourcing and ZARA’s business-model mainly focuses on in-house production. The problem is that the existing theories alone cannot explain why two firms competing in the same environment under the same conditions choose different business-models. The purpose of this dissertation is to further expand the idea of why the two clothing firms H&M and ZARA chose different business-models. Our set of Complementarities for H&M and ZARA are based on the information derived from studying theories, the EU clothing industry and the two firms. Finally, Complementarities were analysed by conducting interviews. Our Complementarities partly explain why H&M and ZARA chose different business-models. However, our analysis is applicable for H&M and ZARA since the Complementarities are based on characteristics found in these two firms. The value of Complementarities can be used by other firms if they find their specific characteristics. Keywords: business-models, internalization, governance...
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...decades of the Millennium winning organization are those which are willing to integrate business strategy and computer information technology in plying their respective trades. The use of computer information technology results for them to be able to develop products fast and make decisions fast, ability to have fluid organization structures, able to cope with the demanding work force and external environment by the rapid development of innovative approaches and lastly using information system confirms the company‟s mission vision. Schools use information systems in the way of implementing an enrolment system. This results for them to attract enrolees and earn an income. Enrollees are attracted because the use of the said system makes the transactions faster and easier. * 2. 13 “Lack of enrolment system in schools can lead to chaos and troubles”, as stated by Ace Adrian (2011). Students will be confused on what they should do to be able to enroll that is why such systems is extremely useful in the way that it gives an ease on working on enrolment processes. Enrollment is very useful in retrieving vital information of the students. Without it can lead difficulty both for the administration of school and student in enrollment processes Many countries nowadays, especially the developing nations are challenged by the rapid technological changes. This has radically changed the living and working styles of the entire society. This transformation has been...
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