...and tourette syndrome. No matter what research shows us as far as relation of two types of disorders, it is important to remember how serious some of them can be. In order to understand some of the disorders one should know about what they do and what happens to the individual who suffers from them including drugs that can help or negative effects of association by certain drugs used in common psychiatric disorders. The term schizophrenia was coined in the early 20th century, meaning- splitting of psychic functions. Schizophrenia is the disease which most commonly associates with the concept of madness and occurs in all races in the world. Schizophrenia has had a variety of theories but the one that remains is the fact of changing or worsening symptoms during progression of this disorder. Another theory proven true is the life experiences of an individual. In the people who have a biological tendency for this disorder it may not activate if their...
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...Presented here it is a critical evaluation of biological approach for treatment of depression. Antidepressant are the most common biological treatment for this type of disorder, but treatments such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), alteration in sleep patterns following body temperature cycle are also used to relief the symptoms of depression. However antidepressant drugs provide an effective and inexpensive help, studies have found that the behavioural effects of these drugs could take over two weeks before showing any benefit and any perceived effect before this period would be a placebo effect (Kalat, 2001). Some studies proposed the existence of a two models markers for depression: Biological/endogenous & psychological/reactive depression. Based on this assumption an endogenous depression would only respond to a pharmacological treatment while a psychological depression would only respond to psychological treatment (Free & Oei, 1989). Further we will evaluate the effectiveness of a combined (cognitive-behavioural therapy and antidepressant) intervention in order to achieve a better outcome on treatment of depression. Depression is one of the most common illnesses and is characterised by symptoms such as loss of energy, sadness, difficulty in concentration and in the most serious cases the patient can contemplate or commit suicide. Research found that women are more likely to suffer from depression, with depressive episodes more probable to occur between 25 to 44 years...
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...Assignment Week 8 Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs Christina Schwartz Schizophrenia disorder is a serious mental disorder that is easily misdiagnosed with other disorders that have similar symptoms. These symptoms usually occur around early adolescent ages and continue into adulthood. The symptoms of this disorder include hallucinations, delusions, goal directed behavior, and emotional expressions. (Andreasen, 1995) The symptoms can also be categorized into positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are those that represent an excess or distortion of normal function, whereas negative symptoms are those that make reduce the ability to function normally. An example of a positive symptom would be not having the ability to react with the proper emotion to positive or negative events. An example of a negative symptom would be the loss of motivation, or being unable to experience pleasure. (Pinel, 2011) Statistics show that although only 1% of American’s are diagnosed with the disorder it is shown that that chances of inheriting the disorder rise in twins (identical) and even in an adopted child who is brought into a healthy family atmosphere shortly after birth. The belief according to (Pinel, 2011) is that some people inherit the potential for schizophrenia however; experiences may or may not activate it. Chlorpromazine is the first medication that was prescribed to those with schizophrenia disorder. The medication was actually found by complete...
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...Harvey Psy/240 June-8-2014 Autumn Harrell Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs Discuss any associated theories behind the disorders and diseases. * Schizophrenia * Depression * Mania * Anxiety Disorder * Tourette Syndrome The first disorder I am going to discuss is Schizophrenia, this is defined as “the splitting of psychic functions.” There are positive as well as negative symptoms to determining schizophrenia. Some of these symptoms include for the positive, delusions of being controlled, delusions of persecution or delusions of grandeur, hallucinations (voices), inappropriate affect “failure to react with the appropriate emotion to positive of negative events”, incoherent speech or thought, and odd behavior. The negative symptoms are, affective flattering, alogia “reduction or absence of emotional expression” avolition “lack of motivation” anhedonia “inability to experience pleasure.” The recurrence of any two of these symptoms “positive or negative” for one month is sufficient for diagnosis of schizophrenia. (Tamminga & Holcomb, 2005; Walker et al 2004) 1% of the population develops schizophrenia. If a family member has this disorder, then the parents, or siblings have a greater chance (10%) to develop the same disorder (Kendler & Gruenberg, 1984; Rosenthal et al 1980) Dopamine theory of schizophrenia is the theory that schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine and conversely, that anti-schizophrenia drugs exert their effects...
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...indicators in a consistent time frame. People who suffer from this have trouble organizing their thoughts into logical connections (WebMD, 2012). The statistic rate for people who suffers from this disorder is extremely low; and the cause is relatively unknown. The percentage rate for the amount of people at risk is considerably low; on the other hand the probability is higher on the inheritance rate. This disorder is not curable; however two anti-schizophrenic drugs were discovered that reduced the severity of the disorder. Chlorpromazine and reserpine provided a calming effect to its patients, but not without effects. Both drugs produce effects that experts noticed was associated with Parkinson’s disease, and this finding led to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. It is believed that disruptions of the dopaminergic...
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...in either expression or inappropriate regulation of sensory Nav channels, suggesting that Nav channels have an important rcontribution to neuropathic pain Central neuropathic pain Experienced as a symptom of CNS disorders such as stroke and multiple sclerosis. Peripheral neuropathic pain Experienced as a symptom of disorders associated with peripheral nerve damage such as mechanical injury, diabetic neuropathy, (Usual Treatment) Anti-depressants 1) tricyclic anti-depressants 2) Selective Serotnin re-uptake inhibitors Anti-convulsants Ion channel blockers (anti-dysrythmics) (Structure/function of opiod receptors) Discovered in 1973, confined to nervous tissue (Pert and Synder 1973) Areas of neuronal membrane which opiods bind to resulting in inhibition of the cell. Opiods refers to a substance that produces morphine like effects Four distinct types (Why targeting particular gpcr would be affective) Opiods excite neurons in the periagueductal gray-gate control theory...
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...Treatments for Dysthymic Disorder Mercedes Capillo Hartnell College November 18, 2013 Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology-22 (Abnormal Psychology), Section 3485, taught by Dr. Yoshiko Matsushita-Arao. Beating the Blues: New Approaches to Overcoming Dysthymia and Chronic Mild Depression by Michael Thase M.D. and Susan Lang, was a very enjoyable and enlightening book to read. Some of the qualities the book included were a clear, direct tone and style which was positive yet assertive at the same time. I also enjoyed the format the book was arranged in because it helped with further organizing a lot of the detailed information it provided. Overall, I would give this book a grade of an A-. The tones in which the authors composed the book were positive and assertive. Thase and Lang assert that people’s lives are not either full of joy or full of sorrow and even people who are subjected to the most awful traumas do not always become depressed, instead a lot of people are just victimized by their self-incriminating thoughts or the absolute blame they place towards the rest of the world for their suffering (59). Even though this is portrayed as the bitter truth in the book, Thase and Lang reassure the reader that there are solutions and resources that can assist someone who tends to follow this downward spiral of thinking. The first positive solution that they uphold is for the sufferer to refuse to do absolutely nothing because it is the main way of living...
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...Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-ne-uh) is an irresistible urge to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. Hair pulling from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots, which people with trichotillomania may go to great lengths to disguise. They also deny that they have this condition in fear of what others may think or say to them or about them without fully understanding the current condition that person faces on a daily basis. For some people, trichotillomania may be mild and generally manageable. For others, the urge to pull hair is overwhelming and can be accompanied by considerable distress. Some treatment options have helped many people reduce their hair pulling or stop entirely. Repeatedly pulling your hair out, typically from your scalp, eyebrows or eyelashes, but it can be from other body areas as well A strong urge to pull hair, followed by feelings of relief after the hair is pulled Patchy bald areas on the scalp or other areas of your body Sparse or missing eyelashes or eyebrows Chewing or eating pulled-out hair Playing with pulled-out hair Rubbing pulled-out hair across your lips or face Family history. Susceptibility to trichotillomania may be inherited. Age. Trichotillomania usually develops during adolescence — most often between the ages of 11 and 13 — and is often a lifelong problem. Children younger than age 5 also can be prone to hair pulling, but this is usually mild and goes...
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...Antidepressants: I) Tricyclic Antidepressents:TCA: Drugs: - 3ry amines; old generation more selective to 5HT reuptake inhibition are: imipramine, trimipramine, clomipramine, amitriptyline, and doxepin( potent H1 blocking agent). - 2ry amines; new generation more selective to NE reuptake inhibition are: nortriptyline, protriptyline, maprotiline, desipramine, and amoxapine(can block DA receptor causing Park-like effect). MOA: they block NE and 5HT reuptake, thus increase their levels. Plus they inhibit histaminergic, cholinergic, alpha adrenergic receptors. It requires weeks to give antidepressent effect. And alpha blocking effect will subside withing few weeks. It is used in; enursis, tics, neuropathic pain, ADHD, and depression. Avoid adrupt D/C, taper down 25% of dose every week. Side effects: Must monitor since NTR Anticholinergic, CV due to NE reuptake inhibition, sedation due to H1 blocking effect thuse give at bed time, OH and reflex tachycardia due to alpha inhibition, Wt gain, skin rashes and leukopenia. II) SSRI: Drugs; citalopram-escitalopram(least DDI), paroxetine(sedative give at bed time), fluoxetine(wt loss &only approved for pediatrics)-fluvoxamine(most DDI), and sertraline. MOA: it inhibits 5HT reuptake and stimulate 5HT1-2A for antidepressent effect. It needs 80% of receptor to be bound for effect. Used in OCD, panic, and depression. We need a washout period btw SSRI and TCA about 2 weeks, and between SSRI-MAOI about 4-6 weeks to avoid Serotonin...
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...Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are a group of relatively common psychological problems, which used to be known collectively as neuroses. The main psychological feature of anxiety disorders is the unhappiness, the tension, and the excessive anxiety believed by their sufferers. Except for their symptomatic behavior individuals with anxiety disorders usually respond appropriately to their surroundings, both cognitively, and emotionally. They are aware that something is wrong, but they are generally able to cope without hospitalization. Their main characteristic is what mental health professionals may call personal distress. The most common anxiety disorders are phobic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (Phillipchalk & McConnell, 1994). The less common are panic and obsessive-compulsive. These will be discussing ahead next to its causes, symptoms, and treatments according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) recommendations. Each anxiety disorder has different symptoms, but can alter the life of the individual who suffers those. It is possible to have more than one type of anxiety disorder at the same time or simultaneously. Individuals can also have an anxiety disorder with other mental health problems like depression and substance abuse among others. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder is much more...
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...Anti-Depressant Drugs and FDA Approval Anti-Depressant Drugs and FDA Approval Procedure Ashley Jensen A01054823 Pima Community College Psych 101 Abstract Antidepressant drugs fall under three main categories; MOAI’s, Tricyclic Antidepressants, and SSRI’s. Like any drug, Antidepressant drugs must get FDA approval prior to putting in on the market for society, ensuring it has no harmful effects. The Food and Drug Association has a series of trials, tests, and procedures, to ensure these drugs are safe and effective for people with severe depression. Effects of each Type of Antidepressant Drugs Anti-Depression drugs target the amygdala by directly by increasing the activity in the prefrontal cortex, therefore decreasing the reactivity in the amygdala. The amygdala has cortical and subcortical projection to other regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is where we create and maintain memories. With the cortical projections increasing the level of activity for the amygdala, there is a possibility your brain will adapt and sustain a repetitive negative associations when approached with an emotion. Anti-Depression medicines target the amygdala because the amygdala is the integrated center for emotions and an emotional behavior. (DeRubeis, R. J., Siegle, G. J., & Hollon, S. D. 2008). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MAOI’s were the first discovered anti-depressant medicine in the 1950’s, and they were originally used to treat symptoms of tuberculosis. Monoamine...
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...biopsychosocial factors that lead to the onset of depression can also be impacted by such things as age, gender, and ethnicity. While such symptoms and factors of depression can be treated in many different ways, studies have proven that between 60-80% of all cases involving depression can successfully be treated by combining psychotherapy and pharmacological constructs (http://www.healthline.com), the latter which shall be explored in greater detail. History of Medication Although plant extracts such as opium, thorn apple St. Johns wort, Henbane, Indian hemp, deadly nightshade, hypericum oil, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis and other natural remedies have been used for past 3000 years treat depression, it wasn’t until 1957 that the first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) known as imipramine was discovered by Ronald Kuhn and later in the same year the first Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), iproniazide, was introduced by Loomer, Saunders, and Kline (Fitzpatrick, 2010, p. 3), which initially was used to treat tuberculosis, but discovered that it increased mood and physical...
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...Antidepressants and the Body Many people in America take millions of pills, syrups and potions and ingest it in some form or another on a daily basis. It is helpful to know exactly what happens inside our bodies when we take some form of medication. Medicines work in a variety of ways depending on what they are taken for and in what form. Medication has a route and form in which they are taken. Medications can be taken in oral which would be a pill or liquid, sublingual in tablet or drops, topically in cream or ointment, inhalation, drops etc. The type of medication and the route will have an effect on where the drug will enter the body and what areas the drug will focus on. In this paper I will explain how antidepressants work with chemicals in the body and also the good and bad of taking antidepressants. About 20 million people in the United States suffer from some form of depression (Schimelpfening, 2012). Depression occurs in someone when endogenous chemicals in the brain are used by the central nervous system to help communicate signals from one area to another. This imbalance in neurotransmitters, such as Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine plays a role in clinical depression. Decreased production of these neurotransmitters, a lack of receptor sites able to receive these neurotransmitters, and the inability of these neurotransmitters to reach a receptor site plays in an important factor in depression. The most common and effective drug used for people with...
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...Psychological Disorder Analysis Nicole Jones PSY/270 Christopher Van Ness May 18, 2014 Psychological Disorder Analysis Patient: Marla a 42- year old Hispanic female who comes to the mental health clinic complaining of having trouble sleeping, feeling” jumpy all the time,” and experiencing an inability to concentrate. These symptoms are causing problems for her at work, where she is an accountant. Interview with Marla Marla: Good morning! Me: Tell me what bring you in today? Marla: I have been unable to sleep for about 2 months, and I jump all the time, which causes me to not be able to concentrate. Me: I will need to ask you about 10 questions or more so I can get to know you better, and find out a little about your life, is that fine with you? Marla: Yes! Me: Tell me about yourself? Marla: I am a single mother with 2 boys, who are teenagers. I do secretarial work. I enjoy spending time with my family. Me: Tell me about your childhood? Marla: I had a hard childhood my father left when I was 8 years old, and it seem like my life changed because I missed him all the time, and my mother had a nervous breakdown because he left her for another woman. Me: So your mother did experience a psychological disorder? Marla: Yes it started out with her being depressed all the time, and then she started drinking, which seemed to make it worst. I had to take care of myself and my younger siblings. My mother would drink every day, and all night, then she would fall asleep...
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...Antidepressants such as monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and trycyclics (TCAs) are effective in reducing depressive symptoms. Antidepressants have been tested in trials with placebos and have found to be effective in reducing symptoms of severe depression in around 65% to 75% compared with around 33% for placebos – Gitlin 2002. Gitlin carried out a clinical trial testing selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and placebos. He found that SSRIs were effective in reducing symptoms of depression in around 75% of patients compared with 33% for placebos. However the 33% of patients that felt better after taking the placebo drug suggests that the cause of depression is not all down to biological reasons but possibly cognitive too and that it may be about the way we think. There were factors that caused limitations to this study, the study was correlational, and this means that the cause and effect was not established between depression and the supposed cause. Hollon did a follow up study to see whether or not SSRIs are effective in treating the actual cause of depression or not. He found that those who were withdrawn from cognitive therapy had a relapse rate of 31% and those withdrawn from drug therapy had a relapse rate of 76%. This shows that drugs only treat the symptoms of depression rather than the actual underlying cause of depression. Therefore it is palliative. It is clear that drugs do not necessarily offer a long term cure as in many cases; symptoms recur when...
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