...RISK MANAGEMENT FOR COLLABORATIVE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MOJGAN MOHTASHAMI is a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Management of Rutgers University and a lecturer at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). She can be reached at mojgan@oak.njit.edu. THOMAS MARLOWE is a professor of mathematics and computer science at Seton Hall University. He received Ph.D.s from Rutgers in 1975 and 1989. VASSILKA KIROVA received a Ph.D. in computer science from NJIT. Her areas of interest include specification and software productivity and quality. She can be reached at kirova@bell-labs.com. FADI P. DEEK is professor and dean of the College of Science and Liberal Arts at NJIT. His research interests include software engineering and learning systems. Mojgan Mohtashami, Thomas Marlowe, Vassilka Kirova, and Fadi P. Deek Collaborative software development involving multiple organizational units, often spanning national, language, and cultural boundaries, raises new challenges and risks that can derail software development projects even when traditional risk factors are being controlled. This article presents a framework that can be used to manage collaborative software development projects, based on an extended set of risk management principles. Three risk factors — trust, culture, and collaborative communication — are discussed in depth. OLLABORATIVE SOFTWARE DEVELOPment (CSD) entails multiple teams, working for multiple organizational units within the same or different companies, and no clear...
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...Designing effective collaboration A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit Sponsored by Cisco Systems Designing effective collaboration Preface n early 2008 the Economist Intelligence Unit published a paper titled “The role of trust in business collaboration”, one of a several papers produced since 2006 as a part of ongoing research sponsored by Cisco Systems. The paper focused on the need for different levels of trust in different business environments. Although each of those environments was commonly deemed “collaborative”, there was in fact a distinct difference between the level of trust required and the degree of collaboration. More importantly, trust was shown to be a key success factor in collaboration. These findings may seem unsurprising on the surface, but they became far more notable when combined with other results from that research. Particularly, few “collaborations” were seen as completely successful, few people actually trust very highly many of the people with whom they work and the term “collaboration” is most often used today to describe activities that are, in fact, quite mundane. What happens, then, when companies are pursuing complex and ambitious collaborations with lofty aspirations like innovation, margins and returns to shareholders? Furthermore, how do companies collaborate successfully on such ventures in an increasingly global economy and when knowledge is at a premium? The Economist Intelligence Unit and Cisco decided to join forces...
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...Are You A Collaborative Leader? As a collaborative leader a person must have formidable skills in the areas of attracting different talent, the ability to connect significant ideas, people, and resources, and set the tone by being a great collaborator within the top level of the organization first. Once there is a collaborative mind set at the top most likely it will trickle down within the rest of the organization and allow middle levels to team up better on efforts to improve business for the organization. A collaborative leader must exercise more than just recognizing collaborative opportunities and attracting the best talent to them. As mentioned in the article they must set the tone by being a good collaborator themselves. The article also mentions how the CEO for Naturu Cosmeticos, Alessandro Carlucci instituted a comprehensive “engagement process” that promoted a collaborative mind-set at all levels. Competing agendas among senior management threatened the company’s prospects so he felt the need to reorganize the executive committee to create less of a power struggle and unify its members around common goals. A collaborative leader will likely produce better results with a diverse team. The ability to partner people from different cultures and backgrounds, as well as generations is essential in the collaborative approach. The growing diversity of employees produces benefits to organizations as I have read in my course readings. Some benefits include successful marketing...
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............................... Durhan Wood 3268672 .......................................................... N.B. If you do not agree to the above declaration, please do not sign the declaration form instead submit a written statement expressing your disagreement to the academic coordinator who in turn will make arrangements to investigate your claim. Should the reviewers of your work find out that your declaration is fraudulent and that you plagiarised your work or part of your submission, please note that the University policy (ies) applicable to acts of plagiarism and dishonest will apply. A study analysing the effect that collaboration, information sharing, joint relationship effort, dedicated investments, commitment and trust, satisfaction and performance have on Supply Chain Relationships in the retail food sector in the Western Cape Introduction The purpose of this study is to reflect the impact that various...
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...principles require cooperative supplier relationships while balancing cooperation and competition • Cooperation involves a spectrum of collaborative relationships & coordination mechanisms • Supplier partnerships & strategic alliances represent a key feature of lean supply chain management ESD.61J / 16.852J: Integrating the Lean Enterprise Page 2 © Deborah Nightingale, 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Theory: Lean Represents a “Hybrid” Approach to Organizing Interfirm Relationships • “Markets” (Armʼs Length): Lower production costs, higher coordination costs • • • Firm buys (all) inputs from outside specialized suppliers Inputs are highly standardized; no transaction-specific assets Prices serve as sole coordination mechanism • “Hierarchies” (Vertical Integration): Higher production costs, lower coordination costs • • Firm produces required inputs in-house (in the extreme, all inputs) Inputs are highly customized, involve high transaction costs or dedicated investments, and require close coordination • “Lean” (Hybrid): Lowest production and coordination costs; economically most efficient choice-- new model • • • Firm buys both customized & standardized inputs Customized inputs often involve dedicated investments Partnerships & strategic alliances provide collaborative advantage Dominant conventional approach: Vertical integration, armʼs length relationships with suppliers ESD.61J / 16.852J: Integrating...
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...three work silos of Marketing, Engineering and Sales to segregated and specific customer groups to a centralized firm that focused on collaboration and relevant technologies for given customer groups. This shift in organizational restructuring significantly reduced product and resource redundancies – a major contributing success factor for Cisco’s market position today. The Problem The implementation of the cross-functional business councils greatly strengthened both Cisco’s competitive position as well as their organizational culture. However, Cisco now faces the problem of how to sustain and implement the new internal governance system across new and expanding business lines within the company in addition to maintaining the new collaborative culture while retaining its customer-centricity focus. Adjustments will need to be made to ensure that systems can be scaled to address new market transitions. The three councils that were originally created to foster open and transparent communication have developed but a plan for their future evolution relative to the company’s planned expansion needs to be outlined to ensure that the enterprise teams remain unified and functional. Purpose of Change “While emerging markets and acquisitions were key in helping Cisco survive the [economic] downturn, the company’s 2001 organizational...
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...Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaboration in the Workplace Teams and groups exist in all levels of industries and organizations. Groups can be small or large, local or remote, coached or self-directed. Teams are found at all levels of business, from a multi-billion dollar corporation that builds jets to a small waterpark employing lifeguards and clerks. Successful teams need some form of leadership, good communication, problem-solving skills, and a purpose. Successful groups can achieve tremendous results,. When teams work together, everyone is working toward one common goal and completing the project with successful results. Average groups do just enough to achieve a goal, and then there are groups that are extraordinary. They achieve superior results and team members come away from the group experience with a newfound respect of what he or she helped accomplish. A study revealed eight performance indicators linking extraordinary groups and group members agreed. Each team member agreed teams must: have a compelling purpose, a shared leadership role, team structure, full engagement among members, embrace member differences, learn the unexpected, build trusting relationships, and achieve outstanding results. Whether the team is for-profit or not, volunteers or employees, face-to-face or virtual, these eight indicators emerged (Bellman & Ryan, 2010). Athletics and businesses share many of the same qualities. The head coach sets goals for his team as does the business...
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...1. Discuss the concepts of centralized vs. decentralized purchasing authority, identify their relative advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples of when each may be appropriate. | | Centralized authority occurs when the supply management decision-making authority is the responsibility of a single person who is held accountable by top management for the proper performance of all purchasing activities. In a single-site operation, centralization of the purchasing function is necessary in order to attain both operating efficiency and to maximize profit. Some advantages of centralized purchasing include: ***Reduction of potential duplication of effort. ***Leveraging of volume purchases: The potential for volume discounts exists when all of the firm's orders for the same and similar materials are consolidated. ***Consolidation: With consolidation, the opportunity to standard and simplify parts is gained. ***Decrease in transportation costs: With the consolidation of orders and delivery schedules, money can be saved. ***Specialization: Purchasing specialists buy more efficiently than less trained individuals. ***Reduction of suppliers' costs: With consolidation, suppliers have fewer expenses (less shipments, less calls, less orders) and can offer better prices and better service due to the reduction. ***Improved inventory control: Because of company-wide knowledge of stock levels, material usage, lead times and prices, it is possible to have more effective inventory control...
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...Airbnb For all the lone wanderers or people just searching for a “home away from home,” Airbnb has created the perfect solution for renters and providers worldwide. Since its inception in 2008, Airbnb started an innovative community marketplace for people to list, discover, and book a wide variety of accommodations around the world. Airbnb has pioneered a new industry of “collaborative consumption” and peer-to-peer accommodation rentals, which leaves room for the company’s potential growth and worldwide adoption. Airbnb has experienced immense success with over 1 million hosts and travelers, over 10 million nights booked, and over 26,000 cities within 192 countries.1 Despite the substantial growth and potential within this new industry, Airbnb faces several strategic issues moving forward. Airbnb lacks a sustainable competitive advantage, faces a heavy influx of new competitors, and also faces multiple legal and trust issues in the market. Airbnb must determine its direction moving forward or risk losing its competitive position in this emerging industry. Collaborative Consumption Movement Collaborative consumption is a term used to describe the “rapid explosion in traditional methods of sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, and swapping.”2 Also known as a “peerto-peer online marketplace,” this trend has seen immense growth in recent years. This exponential growth is largely due to the increases in internet-accessibility, online social networking, mobile technology...
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...Organizations face an increasingly complex and unpredictable competitive landscape, and one that is filled with new, aggressive competitors. A few years ago, for example, who would have predicted that electronics manufacturer Samsung would offer stiff competition to GE in the appliance and lighting marketplaces? In the years ahead volatility and uncertainty will tyrannize markets, and companies will need leaders who are highly adaptive, continuous learners, able to lead diverse groups across functional disciplines, regions and cultures. They will also need to accomplish the difficult feat of driving results even where they do not have formal direct control or authority over resources. Achieving more growth through greater innovation, searching for new business opportunities across customer segments and leveraging best business practices to improve operational efficiency demand that leaders know how to work across organizational boundaries. Whether it’s across national boundaries or across teams, leaders will need to collaborate. This article will focus on the skills that leaders will need to develop if they are to collaborate successfully in the years ahead. GETTING TO THE ROOT OF COLLABORATION CHALLENGES The vast majority of participants in Hay Group’s recent global Best Companies for Leadership survey indicated that their organizations have become flatter and more matrixed. Individuals may be assigned to work on different project teams and report to multiple managers...
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...2003) that it consists of series of activities and companies that move materials through on their journey from initial suppliers to final customers. On that journey each company somehow is adding value to the product. However, due to an increasing competition on the market and due to more demanding and more sophisticated customers, the picture of supply chain is getting more complicated. If we take into consideration that many companies have crossed their borders and have included some geographically separate operations into their supply chain, it is very difficult to successfully integrate and to manage all related activities. In the praxis, it is normally that every company is working for its own benefit resulting in duplicating effort and reducing productivity, lowering efficiency, higher costs and decreasing the level of customer services. However, environmental uncertainty expressed through shortening product life cycle, expanding product proliferation, and more demanding customers requires from companies to coordinate production processes across company borders, to tackle problems from the viewpoint of the whole organization, and to look for the greatest benefit of all chain members. Namely, organizations’ opportunities for value enhancement and cost reduction are clearer when they look beyond their own operations. Supply Chain Management is built on the principles of...
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...activist says, "We want to include communities of color, but we just don't know where to begin. We hold open meetings, but no people of color even show up." A neighborhood organization member in South Los Angeles, says, "Last year, we decided to move toward organizing in the Latino community for the simple reason that we have a lot of new immigrants from Central America in the neighborhoods. We wanted to make an authentic multicultural organization, but we learned an important lesson -- it doesn't just happen." Many organizers have begun to come to grips with diversity issues, even though they may not have all the answers. These organizers realize they have to develop new strategies and tactics to attract multicultural interest in their collaborative initiatives. They also know there will be problems to solve if their collaborations are to be effective. This section will discuss how to help organizations collaborate effectively with people of different cultures. What is multicultural...
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...partnerships further as programmes that have “a high level of commitment, mutual trust, equal ownership and the achievement of a common goal, as distinct from networks which involve sharing information or other resources but not for the explicit purpose of joint working”. Definitions are particularly significant to the topic of this essay, as the component characteristics of partnerships as set out above are often overlooked by organisations and individuals when approaching the delivery of activities ‘in partnership’. In theory, partnership involves collaborative working where people pool ideas and expertise, so the leadership, energy and services produced are greater than the sum of their individual capabilities. It also requires re-thinking the remit or boundaries of organisations within which leadership is to be distributed and respected. This is particularly relevant when considering partnerships to deliver single outcome agreements that have previously been the responsibility of one body, or several bodies in isolation. These are challenges to which public sector organisations (and those with a statutory remit to deliver) must now respond. This recognises that “expertise is owned by the many rather than the few” (Gronn, 2002), and requires trust and a multi-agency approach for successful delivery. Working in partnership is a crucial task for councils, police forces, health authorities and NHS trusts. The number of partnerships is set to increase,...
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...to technological approaches while actually this type of learning is to fulfill the needs of being a 21st century learner. Hence in order to meet the needs of the 21st century learner and achieve the student outcomes, schools are asked to adopt a 21st century curriculum that blends thinking and innovation skills; information, media, and ICT literacy; and life and career skills in context of core academic subjects and at the same time required to employ methods of 21st century instruction that integrate innovative and research-proven teaching strategies, modern learning technologies, and real world resources and contexts. 1.1 Background Students’ learning goals may be structured to promote cooperative, competitive, or individualistic efforts. In every classroom, instructional activities are aimed at accomplishing goals and are conducted under a goal structure. A learning goal is a desired future state of demonstrating competence or mastery in the subject area being studied. The goal structure specifies the ways in which students will interact with each other and the teacher during the instructional session. Each goal structure has its place (Johnson & Johnson, 1989). In the ideal classroom, all students would learn how to...
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...writing. Each officer is sworn to serve and protect a national average of 1,000 citizens per officer (Barnard, 2008). In big cities or in high crime areas, the job is more daunting. With a large ratio of police to citizen, crime prevention can be a challenge. Police departments looked to the community for help in reporting and preventing crime. Programs like the Neighborhood Watch, D.A.R.E., and Police Explorers was created to keep the community involved. The idea was to engage the citizens and build a trust. The programs were educational and required active participation. The community needs to feel safe and trust that police officers are there for them and working with them directly. Police must build a positive rapport to overcome the negative stigma placed on officers. Once the trust is built, citizens are more likely to report crimes in their neighborhood. Community-policing advocates assert that the most effective way of reducing community decay and disorder is through collaborative relationship between police and the community (Katz, Walker). The Chicago Police Department implemented an alternative policing program that would involve the entire police department and the community members. The program is intended to create a partnership that would help police identify unyielding criminal trends and apply solutions. The program is best known as the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS). CAPS required police to hold routine meetings with the public to discuss neighborhood...
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