...PURIFICATION OF WATER P.R.O Edogbanya1, O.J Ocholi2 and Y. Apeji3 Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.2Department of tate, Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bell University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.3 Department of Bello Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University, harmaceutical Microbiology,Faculty Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. tate, 1 ABSTRACT The use of local technologies for water treatment dates far back in History. One of these involves the use of indigenous seeds as biocoagulants. This review highlights the potential of some plants’ seeds to serve as biocoagulants, with respect to the removal of turbidity, disinfectant properties and their abilities to remove heavy metals from water. Their mechanism of action, advantages and limitations over chemical coag coagulants were also considered. From this review it can be concluded that seeds have the potential to serve as an alternative source of biocoagulants in water treatment. There is a need to further research in this area with the aim of harnessing them to address the present problem of water pollution especially in the rural areas. address KEYWORDS: Alternative, Biocoagulants, Potential , Rural , Seeds, Treatment, Water Received for Publication: 26/05/13 /13 Corresponding Author: Pro_ebnoc@yahoo.com Accepted for Publication: 12/07/13 INTRODUCTION Every day, 2 million tons...
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...GEOGRAPHY S.B.A [pic] Name: Keeshan Ramkissoon Candidate Number: School: St. Mary’s College School Code: Teacher: Ms. Gangaram Year: 2008-2009 Topic: Pollution – Environmental Degradation Title: What are the causes of pollution in the Couva River located in Trinidad W.I.? GEOGRAPHY S.B.A [pic] Name: Keeshan Ramkissoon Candidate Number: School: St. Mary’s College School Code: Teacher: Ms. Gangaram Year: 2008-2009 Topic: Pollution – Environmental Degradation Title: What are the causes of pollution in the Couva River located in Trinidad W.I.? TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. 1. Aim of Study 3 2. Location Maps 4 3. Methodology 7 4. Presentation of Data 8 5. Analysis and Discussion 14 6. Conclusion 16 7. Bibliography 17 AIM OF STUDY What are the types and causes of pollution in the Couva River, Trinidad, W.I.? What are some possible solutions to the causes of pollution? ...
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...Main purpose of Lab: This lab is mainly emphasizes on how we collect water sample from three different locations such as paddle boat, fish dock and finally from Gees area. The sample analyzed in the lab measure the turbidity and also measures the bacterial colonies (Escherichia Coli and Coliform bacteria). Introduction: E. coli (Escherichia coli) are an adherent of the coliform group of bacteria and are present simply in the warm-blooded animal’s intestines, counting humans. When present in drinking water, E. coli specifies the water has been polluted with animal or human wastes (feces). Conceivable sources of pollution comprise leaking septic systems, pipes to the household, surface water leaking into structural faults (claps) in the well’s exterior and overflow from agricultural tons. Meanwhile it is too expensive to test water trials for each probable organism measure appropriateness for drinking water objectives. Coliforms are a cluster of bacteria present in the humans and other animal’s intestines. Coliforms also happen certainly in the environment, containing in mud, on vegetation and in ground waters such as streams, lakes and rivers. Maximum members of the coliform cluster do not produce ailment. When present in drinking water, coliform bacteria specify that pollution of the drinking water resource has happened, and that other ailment causing bacteria could likewise get into the water resource. Material Used: * Gloves * Three water samples bottles * Disk...
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...Chesapeake Bay Water Pollution and Restoration Mitigation Plan Emmett J. Nixon Axia College 2009 Chesapeake Bay Water Pollution and Restoration Mitigation Plan Detailed description of the problem: For over 300 years, the Chesapeake Bay water system has sustained the area’s economy and defined its traditions and culture (Chesapeake Bay Program Preamble, 2000). As the most biologically diverse estuary in the U.S., over 3600 species of fish, plants and animals make the Bay their home. Land uses in 1990 in the 166,000 square kilometer watershed are estimated to be 57% forest, 16% cropland, 8% pasture, 18% urban or developed land, and 1% of land in rivers and lakes (Chesapeake Bay Program, Linker, L.C., Shenk, G.W., Dennis, R.L., and Sweeney, J.S. (1999). Water pollution makes most people think of factories and industries dumping toxic chemicals and other contaminants into the Chesapeake Bay. In reality, the main pollutants are excess amounts of nitrogen, and phosphorous. These nutrients enter the Bay from a variety of sources and cause an explosion of algae growth and sediment. Airborne nitrogen reaches the land through air deposition and chemical contaminants. An overabundance of suspended sediment from erosion is the main factor for water stress and poor aquatic life in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Protection of its natural and man-made infrastructures is essential over the long-term as indicated in the illustration below...
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...As turbidity increases, the distance at which a fish can effectively detect prey decreases, lowering foraging effectiveness (Vinyard and O’Brien 1976; Gardener 1981a; Shoup and Wahl 2009). Turbidity is an increasing problem due to the changes that we make to watersheds. Understanding why turbidity changes affect fish will help biologists know what changes to make to an aquatic ecosystem when natural changes have taken places that are negatively affecting the fish populations. Fisheries biologists will know what to expect when aquatic systems face an increase in turbidity and how to best manage their fish populations in order to maximize production, even under turbidity pressure. The impact of this research will influence the thought processes of using turbidity to predict ecological changes within aquatic environments that can affect the production of harvestable fish...
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...being treated. Non-Settleable solids include colloidal material that exhibits slightly negative charges repelling one another and staying in suspension. These contain microbes including pathogens Pretreatment Considerations in the Coagulation/Flocculation Process Factors that May Dictate Pretreatment – Leaves, plant material and silt – Seasonal raw water quality changes caused by drought, high water or temperature changes – Potential upstream pollution – Wind conditions – Algae blooms – Bacterial problems Removal of Turbidity by Coagulation & Production of Floc Particle Removal by Coagulation: Neutralization of repulsive charges Precipitation with sticky flocs Bridging of suspended matter Providing “agglomeration sites” for larger floc Weighting down of floc particles Factors Affecting the Coagulation Process pH (pH Range: Al, 5 – 7.5 ; Fe, 5 – 8.5); Alkalinity of water (> 30 PPM residual) Concentration of Salts (affect efficiency) Turbidity (constituents and concentration) Type of Coagulant used (Al and Fe salts) Temperature (colder requires more mixing) Adequacy of mixing (dispersion of chemical) Primary Coagulants Primary coagulants are lime, aluminum sulfate (alum), ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate and ferric chloride. These inorganic salts will react with the alkalinity in the water to form insoluble flocs which...
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...Abstract In recent years fuzzy set theory has emerged as a transcendental tool to deal with environmental engineering application having uncertainty, ambiguity and subjectivity. Analysis of surface water quality plays significant role in environmental impact assessment studies. For qualitative description of surface water quality, number of physical, chemical and biological parameters are taken into consideration, allotted a weightage factor and calculated into an index called water quality index (WQI). Water quality index uses crisp set to analyse water contaminants and hence deals with standing boundary conditions. This paper illustrates use of fuzzy inference system for analysing physical and chemical parameters to assess surface water quality. A water quality index calculated with fuzzy inference system has been developed and discussed. Introduction Determination of status of water quality of a river or any other water sources is highly indeterminate. The current method of determining water quality index which is in practice utilizes statistical approach and is not precise in most of the time. Nowadays environmental protection and water quality management has become an important issue in public policies throughout the world. Moreover, government is concerned about the quality of their environmental resources because of the complexity in water quality data sets. Many countries have introduced a scheme for river water quality monitoring and assessment, examining...
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...Temperature: 8°c Flow Rate: 36 ft3/sec Turbidity: 99.4% Coliform: Positive SITE #2: Yokohl Dissolved Oxygen: 7.2ppm Total Nitrates: 1.6ppm Total Phosphates: 0.8ppm Hardness: 3.2ppm (Calcium and Magnesium) BOD: 5.1ppm pH: 7.5 Temperature: 11°c Flow Rate: 14 ft3/sec The creek with the most nutrients, turbidity, flow rate, and lower temperature seemed to have a greater variation and number of different species. Organism Identity (Morpho-Species) SITE 1 | # Of Individuals | May Fly 1 | 18 | Mayfly 2 | 26 | May Fly 3 | 41 | Stonefly 1 (larvae) | 16 | Stonefly 2 | 31 | Dragonfly 1 (larvae) | 8 | Dragonfly 2 (larvae) | 6 | Crane fly | 4 | Ketisfly | 14 | Blackfly | 18 | Diving Beetle 1 | 6 | Diving Beetle 2 (Boatmen) | 7 | Water Striders | 14 | Worm 1 | 12 | Worm 2 | 16 | Tadpoles | 8 | | | Total: | 245H’= -2.626564532 | Organism Identity (Morpho-Species) SITE 2 | | Mayfly 1 | 16 | Mayfly 3 | 14 | Stone Fly 1 | 3 | Stone Fly 2 | 10 | Crane Fly | 9 | Black Fly | 38 | Water Striders | 17 | Beetle 1 | 3 | Worm 1 | 19 | Worm 2 | 27 | Worm 3 | 7 | | | Total: | 163 | | H’= -1.925108694 | Analysis and Discussion: Abiotic factors such as rain and oxygen levels in water may affect the life/quality of an aquatic system, in this case a stream, by raising pH levels or limiting the amount of life that can be sustained. Other abiotic factors include turbidity and nutrient concentrations. Acid rain falling...
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...PH: PH is the level of acidity or basicity in a body of water. Anything less than 7 is considered acidic anything above 7 is basic. Around neutral or 7 is a healthy reading for PH but slightly higher or lower than that is fine too. To test for turbidity you put some water in a PH meter or in a solution to find out for the reading. In Milton we had a reading of 7.6 for the meter and a 7.1 for the solution. In mcnulty we had 6.7 with the meter and 7.1 with the solution these are all good readings for both creeks. It’s important for the readings to be healthy because if they are too high or too low the organisms can die. Salmon fry would be able to survive in both creeks pretty successfully. Dissolved Oxygen: The dissolved oxygen test is the test to see how much oxygen is in a body of water. About 8.0 is a healthy reading for this test and about 6.0 supports salmon spawning. In the Milton we got 6.3 and in the Mcnulty we got a 2.3 reading. This test is important because it tells how much oxygen is in the water. Salmon fry would be able to survive in the Milton but not the Mcnulty as the oxygen levels are way too low in the Mcnulty. Velocity: Velocity is the test of the speed at which a body of water is moving. Ideal speeds are 5-15 mph. To test the velocity you measure out 10 meters across the stream then drop an apple in and use a stopwatch to see how long it takes to travel the 10 meters. My group did not have a complete reading for the stream because they said...
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...When there is too much turbidity in a certain body of water, it can make it difficult for sunlight to reach the bottom of the water, which—in turn—makes it difficult for life to flourish and survive in the body of water. When looking at graphs 2 and 3, one can see there is no direct or steady pattern that the calculated turbidity is going. However, since turbidity is indeed suspended solids caused by erosion and runoff, the water samples that were tested and calculated with the highest amount of turbidity were the ones surrounded by earth and farm...
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...are able to increase in size and multiply in number of cells. The growth of micro-organisms is measured based on increase in population size rather than increase in cell size. Under favourable conditions (food, adequate temperature and humidity) micro-organisms reproduce asexually by binary fission. Generation time varies from species to species e.g. rapidly growing specie like Escherichia coli can divide every 30minutes. Two methods are used to measure the growth of micro-organisms; (i) First Method: This involves inoculating a bacterial sample into a nutrient broth. As the bacterial population increases, the clear liquid medium becomes cloudy / turbid. Increase in turbidity indicates an increase in number of bacterial cells. Turbidity can be measured using a spectrophotometer. Thus by measuring the turbidity of a bacterial culture in nutrient broth at regular intervals, the growth of a bacterial population can be measured. (ii) Second Method: This involves taking small samples of bacteria from a nutrient broth at regular intervals of time and diluting the samples several times. Each diluted sample is then inoculated onto a nutrient agar medium in a petri dish and incubated. The number of colonies formed in each petri dish is counted and this indicates the number of living bacterial cells in the diluted sample. From this, the actual number of bacteria in the original sample can be...
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...Primer concentrations for 2X reaction mix containing individual buffer components were optimized using 2.0 μM of FIP and BIP primers each, 0.4 μM, 0.48 μM ,0.6 μM and 0.8 μM of LF and LB primers each, 0.2 μM or 0.28 μM of F3 and B3 each. Analysis of LAMP products: The amplified products of LAMP assay were detected using Eiken Loopamp Real-time Turbidimeter LA-500 which detects the turbidity of amplified product with respect to time (Mori et al., 2004). Turbidimeter records the time (Tt) required to attained the turbidity level above 0.1 OD (optical density). Readings were recorded in form of turbidity curves with time at 650 nm in every 6 seconds. The turbidity of amplified product was dependent on the amount of amplified product. The visual end point detection of amplified products was observed by using 1 μl of 1000X SYBR green I dye...
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...average about 9ppm (Lenntech, 2010). Other testing conducted was on the turbidity and amount of fecal coliform bacteria contained in the waters. Fecal coliform bacteria were measured using the membrane filtration method filtering different sized portions of the sample into a petri dish which was then incubated and checked for colony growth. Turbidity is the measure of water clarity meaning how much light can pass through the water due to materials being suspended. High turbidity allows less light to pass resulting in reduced photosynthesis leaving less DO for aquatic life. Turbidity was measured using a Secchi disk to determine the transparency of the water. Results: Water Quality: In looking at the macroinvertebrate results site 1 primarily contains creatures that are pollution sensitive such as Mayfly nymphs, where site 2 contains pollutant tolerant beings such as Midge larva and Damselfly nymphs. This result would determine that site 2 is more polluted than site 1. The pH levels are within sustainable borders for aquatic life however the dissolved oxygen level, especially at site 1 are on the lower side of being sustainable for health. The results for the turbidity of the water are in the low range determining that there are large amounts of particulate matter suspended in the creek. The particles could be anything from clay and silt to plankton or microscopic organisms. The low turbidity can have a negative effect on aquatic life reducing the amount of DO available...
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...Upgrading Water Treatment Plants E. G. Wagner and R. G. Pinheiro ISBN 0-419-26050-1 (pbk) 0-419-26040-4 Published on behalf of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION London and New York First published 2001 by Spon Press 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Spon Press 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2001 World Health Organization The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Publisher's Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the authors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record has been requested Foreword The availability of safe water, and in particular...
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...objectives and identified the constraints outlined in the brief. This followed Dym’s model as shown in the prescribed ‘Engineering Design: 4th Ed’ textbook. My original statement devised was as followed: “To conceptually design and construct a suitable water filtration system which has an attached, functional turbidity meter for household use by locals in the remote Nepalese community of Sandikhola.” My aim in devising this problem statement was to make it as short and direct as possible in a way which provided necessary coverage of the objectives and constraints. However, upon close inspection, I realised that my problem statement contained unnecessary wording such as “conceptually”, “attached” and “functional” which made my problem statement less direct and longer. Furthermore, I used ambiguous wording such as “household use” which implied that the product was confined to local families only and not for communal use. This was not completely addressed in the brief so the term used here is meant to be broad in order to not constrain potential solutions to the client problem. Moreover, incorporating “turbidity meter” may complicate the problem statement as turbidity is not a well-known method of measurement. Consequently, a simpler restatement was required. As a result, with self-evaluation, I proceeded to generate another problem statement: “To design and construct a prototype water filtering and quality testing system for appropriate use by locals in the remote Nepalese...
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