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...Britain decided to enter World War I largely to protect its overseas empire from a hegemonic power dominating continental Europe. Since the seventeenth century, Britain looked to overseas commerce and colonies to expand its military and economic power. Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee of 1897 illustraets a highpoint of imperial power. Notably, “Contingents of troops from the Queen’s territories all over the world,” were visible signs of the empire’s unity and far reach. Two years later, the Boer War came to overshadow this moment. An imperial force of 250,000, including soldiers from the dominions, struggled to squash a much smaller Boer army. Boers were descendants of white Europeans, and horrific stories of civilian casualties severely...
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...Mackinder and his legacy Halford Mackinder is credited with laying the theoretical foundation for modern geopolitics. Mackinder’s contemporary, Alfred Mahan, was a naval war theorist who studied the history of maritime warfare and empire to develop a strategic outlook on the imperial control of maritime space. Mackinder admired Mahan, but argued that industrialization and the resulting establishment of railroads were shifting the center of gravity for imperial power from the sea to land by the early twentieth century. Mackinder’s pursuit of his geopolitical project arose in response to a challenge by the British Royal Geographical Society to improve geography instruction in the British education system (Kearns, 2004). Framed explicitly as necessary in the maintenance of British supremacy on the world stage, the call was taken up by Mackinder, who dedicated his career to the service of the British Empire. Mackinder’s most well-known work, The Geographical Pivot of History, argues that the political world has become a “closed system.” The age of conquest, in which European colonial powers expanded beyond their borders in pursuit of “unclaimed territories” had...
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...The Empire of Japan during WW2 The Empire of Japan during World War two seen great victories and expanding territories it also seen dramatic defeat. “At the height of its power in 1942, the Empire of Japan ruled over a land area spanning 2,857,000 square miles, making it one of the largest maritime empires in history (Colin, 1998).” It was the first and only nation to endure the atomic bomb twice. During this paper we will look at the rise and fall of the Japanese Empire. What kind of Government ran this nation? Was their economy a strong or weak economy at the start of the war and how did the war affect it? How did their military operate? The Empire of Japan’s government was a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. To better understand the dynamics of the Government during WW2 you have to travel back to the Meiji Restoration in 1868. “The Meiji Restoration was the political revolution that brought about the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate (a feudal military government which existed between 1603 and 1868) and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009).” Although, at the start of the Second World War the emperor did not have complete control of the government. The Emperor was the supreme ruler and head of state but the prime minister was the actual head of government. The Emperor was worshipped like a god similar to the Pharos of Egypt during ancient times. “Emperor Hirohito was the emperor from...
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...PART A - To what extent did The First World War (1914-1918) affect British power in Africa? PART B - To what extent did international relations explain the rise or fall of the British Empire in Africa from c.1870-1990? Resource Record • Your resource record must be completed before you start writing your coursework. • It will be sent to the examiner along with your coursework. • This is a record of all the reading you have undertaken. You will also be required to briefly assess how useful the reading was. • I will have to confirm to the examiner that you have read the source, and so will ask to see your notebook, which should contain all of your notes. • The resource record has no word limit. • This template below is what it will look like – it will be emailed you. |Source |Summary of what you learnt from the source |Reflections: usefulness / limitations of the source | |Burk, Kathleen (2006) “It took quite a long time for the |Britain was not one the first nations to try colonise |The source is useful as it is showing that Britain was forced into | |British Government to become interested in Africa ” | |colonising their empire in Africa as Africa was the wanted | | |...
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...Brief History of China Prehistory Mythical Era Ancient Era Imperial Era Modern Era Introduction Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River Valley in the Neolithic era A history of 4700 years since Yellow Emperor during the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the written history of China begins with Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago when turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing were carbon dated in 1500BC Prehistory Peking Man Paleolithic – – – – China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than 1 million years ago The archaeological site of Xihoudu site in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded of use of fire by Homo erectus 1.27 million years ago The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation The most specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discovered in 1965 Prehistory (cont.) Neolithic – – – – – – Stone Tools The Neolithic age traced back to 10,000 BC Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is carbon-dated to about 7,000 BC Population was increased due to agriculture, the ability to store and redistribute crops and to support specialist craftsmen and administrators In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a culture center, and the first villages were founded Early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period At Damaidi site in Ningxia, 3172 cliff carvings dating to...
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...Opium Wars were two trading wars in the mid-19th century in which western nations gained commercial privileges in China. Internationally, these wars changed China’s position in the world. Before the failure of these wars, China was at the center of the world economy as Europeans and Americans sought Chinese goods. Under the influence of the Confucianism for thousands of years, China viewed itself as “the Center of Civilization” and carried out the Tribute System towards other countries who wanted to trade with it. The results of these two wars were that China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, which made China cede territory to the UK, pay a great amount of reparations, and opened 16 treaty ports and so on. China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and its international status was severely threatened. These wars also mean the end of the Tribute System. Meiji Restoration was a series of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under the Meiji Emperor. It brought about the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji and the beginning of Meiji Period. This revolution contributed to the build of a successful modern nation-state, the rapid modernization and westernization of Japan and also it meant the origin of Japan’s economic growth. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) was the conflict between Japan and China. It marked the emergence of Japan as a major world...
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...Brief History of China Prehistory Mythical Era Ancient Era Imperial Era Modern Era Introduction Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River Valley in the Neolithic era A history of 4700 years since Yellow Emperor during the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the written history of China begins with Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago when turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing were carbon dated in 1500BC Prehistory Peking Man Paleolithic – – – – China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than 1 million years ago The archaeological site of Xihoudu site in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded of use of fire by Homo erectus 1.27 million years ago The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation The most specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discovered in 1965 Prehistory (cont.) Neolithic – – – – – – Stone Tools The Neolithic age traced back to 10,000 BC Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is carbon-dated to about 7,000 BC Population was increased due to agriculture, the ability to store and redistribute crops and to support specialist craftsmen and administrators In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a culture center, and the first villages were founded Early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period At Damaidi site in Ningxia...
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... The Thirty Years’ War was a religious and political war. The first half of the war could be characterized by the religious color and the last half of the war could be characterized by the political color. First of all, it was a religious war between the Catholic and the Protestant on the stage of Germany. Religious interest of both parties surpassed the gravity of the Great Commandment by their LORD. Second, it was a political war between not a few parties. Especially on the latter stage of the Thirty Years’ War, many countries involved drove it into international war. The primary property of the Thirty Years’ War was the long term itself of the war. At first, nobody might have expected that the war would keep going so long a way. If they had known just half of the result of the long period war, many of the participants would have changed their minds. The long term of the Thirty Years’ War left Germany devastated: both the German territory and the life of the German people. It also made foreign participants tired and hurt. As Fletcher indicated, Germany was a miniature of Europe, and the both Europe and Germany were divided into many at the end of the war. And what was worse, the latter was totally devastated: Germany was a rich country when the war began, but she was a desert when the war ended. Here we need to retrospect and ask a question: What was the reason of the war-participants and what did they accomplish? What is the Thirty Years’ War teaching the modern...
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...The two actors that was responsible for the major achievements of the Meiji Restoration were Hisamitsu of Satsuma domain and Kido Takayoshi of Choshu domain. The two were both daimyos, the great lords ofthe Shogun. In order to overthrow Tokugawa Shogunate, Hisamitsu and Takayoshi joined together to form an alliance because they wanted to Emperor Komei to be in charge. The reason behind all this was because they believed that Komei was able to deal with foreign threats. They did not want to suffer like China did after the Opium Wars, therefore they felt like it was important to have a strong Emperor to defend them from foreign threats, especially the Western imperial power. However, due to the fact that the Emperor died so early, his son took over the throne....
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...ugi teikoku no isan (The Legacy of Militarist Imperial Japan) Prior to the Militarist era Japan had not been an international imperialist nation; in fact, it was more isolationist. Why did it change and why did it change as it did? Japan emerged in 1853 from two and a half centuries of isolationism that was peaceful and imposed by the Japanese themselves. However, within just a few decades, the country’s leaders decided to embark on a policy of aggressive territorial expansion. Around the last half of the 19th century, imperialist countries such as England, France, and Germany developed a plan in order to acquire colonies in Asia. Imperialism is the direct or indirect domination of an established/industrialized country over a colony/colonial...
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...Satsuma Domain had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal. Saigō Takamori, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the Meiji government who had supported the reforms in the beginning, was especially concerned about growing political corruption. Saigo offered to go to korea and spur a war. A war would not only spur the strengthening of Japan's military, but would restore to the samurai their reason to be. When the plan was rejected, Saigō resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saigō established a private academy in Kagoshima. Word of Saigō’s academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. The government had just dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts in Kyūshū, and the prospect of the numerous and fierce Satsuma samurai, being led in rebellion by the famous and popular Saigō was alarming. In December 1876, the Meiji government...
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...US President is becoming increasingly weaker rather than stronger, despite the writings of Arthur Schlesinger in his book ‘The Imperial Presidency. Gerald Ford remarked that the “Presidency was in peril” showing the fall of power for the US President. There are many limits on the powers of the President, however many could argue that these are not enough in preventing the president from being imperial from the other branches of government. One argument that the Presidency is imperilled is that no President has been able to exert the same amount of power that Franklin D Roosevelt did during the 1930s and 40s. Roosevelt remains the President to have increased the role of the executive branch of government with his New Deal policies which created organisations such as EXOP. He also broke the convention that a President only stood for two terms, becoming the only President to be elected for four terms. However, once his presidency was over, the powers of the President were soon limited to prevent the President from becoming too powerful. The 23rd amendment ensured that a President would serve no more than two terms. Thus all the Presidents following FDR have been unable to demonstrate as much power as he did. Even his successor, President Truman, could not do as much in office as FDR, despite having to deal with the fallout from the end of World War Two. In contrast however, some Presidents have been able to show a large amount of power overseas, rather than in domestic affairs...
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...the European rationales mainly focused on establishing control over Asia and Africa. No longer was it about civilizing the countries society, but to possess them. After the Second World War, which included all the great powers, lead to an era of decolonization where the great powers decided to separate into two separate groups called the Allies and the Axis (Pollard et al,...
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...They killed the landlord when he opened the door, and then Mr. Hsia, a tenant who had fallen to his knees to beg them not to kill anyone else… The Japanese then dragged Mrs. Hsia from under a table in the guest hall where she had tried to hide with her one-year-old baby. They stripped her, raped her, and then bayoneted her in the chest when they finished. The soldiers thrust a perfume bottle in her vagina and also killed the baby by bayonet. Then they went to the next room where they found Mrs. Hsia’s parents and two teenage daughters… The soldiers then stripped the girls and took turns raping them: sixteen-year-old by two or three men, the fourteen year-old by three...
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