...Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Type II diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. It characteristically results from a surplus caloric intake, as compared to energy consumption, combined with inadequate insulin secretion, due to dysfunction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (Pfeiffer & Klein, 2014). Type II diabetes has reached pandemic levels, despite efforts to slow its progression. In a society where healthcare is ever-changing, primary care physicians, along with advanced practitioners are now treating this disease more readily, as compared to specialist and endocrinologist in the past. As with many disease processes, there are several options when choosing a treatment plan for type II diabetes. Combining knowledge and evidence-based research, the practitioner will be able to establish an individualized treatment plan for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology Type II diabetes is a very complex, non-communicable disease that effects more than 370 million people throughout the world. The symptoms of this disease can vary from patient to patient. Without intense and concentrated efforts to address the pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome, the destructive macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of type II diabetes will remain a major problem for years to come (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014). In T2D plasma insulin levels may be low,...
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...Gastric Bypass Surgery and Type II Diabetes I chose this topic because of the amount of diabetes in my family. All of my maternal side of the family, except my mother, are diabetic. My father was recently diagnosed. It is of great concern to me as my risk is greater. The article is based on a study recently published in Science Translational Medicine. The study is small, but states that gastric bypass patients have lower insulin needs then patients who lost the same amount of weight without surgery. In the study, 80 percent of the patients were cured of their type II diabetes. The researchers found that branch-chained amino acids circulating in the bloodstream are greatly reduced in post gastric bypass patients. Apparently the branch-chained amino acids have a greater effect on insulin sensitivity than straight chained amino acids. The gastric bypass surgery drops the level of branch-chained amino acids even before weight is lost. After surgery and weight loss the amount circulating is even lower then in patients who just lost the same amount of weight. The scientists can’t explain why the surgery itself makes the change in amino acids. One theory is that there is a change in the hormones in the stomach that affect branch-chained amino acids. Another theory is that perhaps a change in bacteria in the stomach could account for the decrease in amino acids. This is interesting because, if the scientists can figure out why the branch-chained amino acids drop even before...
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...A. What is DM type II? B. Complications. C. Who is normally affects and at what age. II. Modifiable Risk Factors A. Obesity, HTN, sedentary life style, high blood glucose, smoking, and abnormal lipid levels. B. Prevention or delay DM type II C. Improves complications associated with and reduce cost. III. Interventions A. Diet: low fat, low caloric, balance diet. B. Exercise: light and vigorous activity C. Diet and exercise together. IV. Conclusion A. Diet-plus-exercise most effective tool to decrease incidence of type II DM. B. Nurses are the most valuable asset for education. C. Internet and workplace place for education. D. Prevention is key E. Place where prevention programs could be the center of education and intervention. Introduction Diabetes mellitus type II is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and is thought to be caused by abnormal insulin production or by hereditary insulin resistance. According to Madden et al (2008) type II diabetes mellitus amounts for 90-95% of all diabetes diagnoses and by the year 2025 approximately 300 million people will have the disease. Diabetes can cause destructive complications leading to many medical problems such as an increase risk in cardiovascular disease, damage to the retina of the eyes, kidney disorders, peripheral vascular disease, and possible stroke. These complications that can arise from diabetes impact the quality...
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...Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that is characterized by high blood glucose levels that comes from defects in the secretion of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas and responsible for lowering the blood glucose levels in the event glucose levels become high. Diabetes type II is more common in adults aged 40 years or older and the prevalence of the disease increases with age. According to Centers of Disease Control (2015), states that nearly 26 million Americans have diabetes. 8.3% of Americans of all ages are affected by diabetes and about 7 million Americans are living with diabetes and have no knowledge of it (USDHH & CDC, 2011). Some of the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus type II include increased frequency with urination, always have a feeling of being thirsty, increased feeling of being hungry even after eating, fatigue, blurred vision, cuts and/or bruises that heal slowly, and tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands and feet. Treatment for type II diabetes mellitus usually includes several options. First an oral antidiabetic medication such as Metformin or Avandia. Even insulin may be part of the medication regimen. Diet modification and lifestyle changes will be both part of the preventive and treatment plan. Maintaining a normal blood pressure is also part of the treatment plan with someone with type II diabetes. Some preventive measures to take is to maintain a healthy weight with exercise and monitoring...
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...PERSPECTIVE SERIES On diabetes: insulin resistance Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance Gerald I. Shulman Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Address correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 254C Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. Phone: (203) 785-5447; Fax: (203) 737-4059; E-mail: gerald.shulman@yale.edu. It is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be approximately 250 million people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide (1). Although the primary factors causing this disease are unknown, it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in its development. Evidence for this comes from (a) the presence of insulin resistance 10–20 years before the onset of the disease (2, 3); (b) cross-sectional studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is a consistent finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (3–6); and (c) prospective studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is the best predictor of whether or not an individual will later become diabetic (2, 3). Here, I focus on some recent advances in our understanding of human insulin resistance that have been made using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This technique takes advantage of the spin properties of the nuclei of certain isotopes...
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...Introduction Chronic diseases are common, costly and share mutual risk factors. Diabetes is a chronic disease that effects more than 347 million people worldwide, with approximately 90% of all the cases being type II diabetes (WHO, 1999). Diabetes is a condition where the body does not produce adequate amounts of insulin or does not use the insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood, causing cells to use it for energy or store it as fat for future use. Type 2 diabetics have poor insulin sensitivity, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood rather than being used as energy (https://www.diabetes.ca/). A physically inactive lifestyle is one of the major risk factors for diabetes. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours such as proper nutrition, physical activity, quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption can help in reducing the amount of Canadians being diagnosed with diabetes and other chronic diseases. Prevention programs for diabetes implement low – to moderate intensity exercise. Although an ideal intensity has not been established, more research is showing that high intensity training may be more effective in improving glycemic control in Type II diabetes. Purpose/Question Physical activity in combination with diet and medication are the foundations of prevention, management and treatment for type II diabetes. According to research, exercise is the only treatment to show improvement in whole body skeletal...
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...Diabetes Education Community Teaching Due: April 13, 2014 Diabetes Power Point at QCP This diabetes power point was presented at an adult community center in Queens, New York called QCP. This power point highlights the importance of educating yourself on disease and more specifically diabetes. Unlike other diseases that can be managed using only medication, diabetes requires day to day knowledge of the disease including nutrition, exercise and different levels of medication. Type II diabetes can also come on later in life based on diet and exercise or lack thereof. Therefore this power point presentation was important to help people understand how to deal with diabetes and how to prevent diabetes. This teaching plan includes education for both prevention and management of the disease. The power point presentation first describes what type of disease that diabetes is and what exactly the symptoms are. The teaching plan goes on to discuss the three different types of diabetes including Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes. Following along the teaching plan teaches how diabetes is diagnosed and what type of symptoms people have when they have diabetes. This helps people better understand the disease and what their symptoms mean and what causes it. The teaching plan is careful to differentiate between pre-diabetes and diabetes to make sure that people understand the difference before they experience the full blown disease. My teaching plan includes simple learning devices...
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...Running head: DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes Mellitus ADN DMRN 122 L Medical Surgical II September 6th, 2011 DIABETES MELLITUS Abstract Diabetes is a disease that affects 18.2 million people in the United States alone. This disease results when there is a high level of sugar in the blood for an extended period of time. Diet, exercise, pills and insulin injections can control it. There are three main types of diabetes--Type I, which affects primarily the younger population; Type II, which primarily affects the population above 40; and gestational diabetes, which affects women during the third trimester of their pregnancy. While scientists do not know what causes diabetes, they do know that it is caused from a variety of factors that can vary from person to person. Examples of these factors are heredity, being overweight, and problems with beta cells, which are located in the pancreas. Diabetes can result in blurred vision, retinopathy, nerve problems, dry skin, and kidney issues. Diet plays a major role in the prevention of these problems. Sugar concentration in the blood is a major factor for diabetics, so understanding the sugar content of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is essential. The goal from a diet perspective is to control your sugar in your bloodstream in such a way that the insulin in your...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Sheri Shillingford February 18th 2018 Problem Statement: Overweight and Obesity are a distinctive risk factors for type II diabetes in America. Background Information The pancreas is long organ, weighing approximately 70-100 grams. It is sandwiched between the lower spinal area and the stomach. The pancreas is made up of three parts, the head, body and tail and is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Endocrine glands release chemical substances straight into the bloodstream called hormones; whereas exocrine glands release chemicals through ducts. Chemicals released through exocrine ducts are called enzymes. Insulin and glucagon are the two hormones secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. Homeostasis of glucose in the blood is important so that cells could function efficiently. After consuming a caloric meal, the glucose in the blood increases, causing the beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin, which leads to the stimulation of glucose absorption via muscle, adipose tissue and liver. When blood glucose levels drop below homeostasis, the alpha cells in the pancreas produces glucagon which raises the glucose levels by stimulating the liver to metabolize triglycerides into glucose and releasing it in the blood....
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...Diabetes is a national health problem in the African American population. The incidence of type II diabetes have greatly increased in the United States Individuals with diabetes have high rates of other comorbidities including cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. People with substance abuse and diabetes have a particular higher risk for developing medical comorbidities and hospital readmissions. Diabetic patients with substance abuse have been found to have more adverse outcome and poor adherence to diabetes care than those without substance use disorder. The relationships between substance use and diabetes have a major impact on health, people often use drugs without much thought despite the risk; for those with diabetes the use of substances have a greater health risk Several studies that mentioned illicit drug use have suggested the use of substance abuse could bring forward the onset of type II diabetes. The key messages about substance use and diabetes are the risk of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which are medical emergencies (Stryker, Duncan & Pickering, 2003). As DNPs it’s important that we become knowledgeable about unhealthy drinking done by adult with diabetes and familiarized with the interaction between anti-diabetic agents and illicit or recreation drugs. Engaging poorly controlled diabetes patients in management of their diabetes remain a challenge, not only do these individuals are less likely to adhere to their diabetic care; they...
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...August 6, 2012 Rebecca Johnson RN, MSN, FNP, BC Culture and Disease I chose diabetes mellitus for my culture and disease paper because it is a disease that runs in my family, and there are so many people in this society living with diabetes and does not know they have it or just do not want to take this disease very seriously. Diabetes mellitus is a disease, which affects the glucose level in the blood, whether it is too high or too low, can cause harm to the body. There are three types of diabetes: type I, which is also know as juvenile diabetes that affects most children and young adults have to take an insulin injection everyday to regulate the glucose level. Type II or adult onset diabetes, which is more serious and develops when the body cannot function to make the required amount of insulin, which is diagnosed mostly in would find affecting more adults. In this case the patient has to take both insulin injections and medication by mouth to help regulate the amount of glucose or sugar the body produces, there is gestational diabetes, which affects only pregnant women, no matter the culture of the mother and if the diabetes is not monitored closely in a pregnant woman or taken under control it can be transferred onto the mother’s unborn child. If a mother develops gestational diabetes during pregnancy, it is said that the mother can develop type II diabetes later in life. Diabetes is a very serious disease, if not taken care of can cause severe side effects, kidney...
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...Diabetes a silent killer; Diabetes affects 20.8 million people in the United States alone and unfortunately, 6.2 million people in the United State are unaware that they have this disease. (CDC, 2007) Until they do, they have already developed life-threatening complications. According to the CDC the rates of Diabetes Type II are rising so quickly that they have declared the disease an epidemic. Complications may include blindness, kidney disease, nerve disease, heart and vascular disease and strokes."Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure, and leg amputations. In fact, it is the third leading cause of death in the United States." (Magee, 1999 p. 2) There are three main types of diabetes--Type I, which affects primarily the younger population; Type II, which primarily affects the population above 40; and gestational diabetes, which affects women during the third trimester of their pregnancy. Some causes of diabetes are heredity, being overweight, and problems with beta cells, which are located in the pancreas. Type II diabetes is most commonly seen in adults (another name for the disease is Adult Onset Diabetes). However, with poor diet, nutrition and lack of exercise there are and increasing number of children and adolescents developing type II diabetes. Diabetes mellitus type II is a metabolic disorder in which the cells in the body do not recognize and ignore the insulin produced. Insulin is a type of hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other types...
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...Diabetes is a growing epidemic that is occurring worldwide. Diabetes is considered a chronic disease, and there are two main types. Both types have issues with the hormone insulin. Type I diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin at all. The other type is when the body cannot successfully use the insulin that has already been produced by the pancreas. This is known as type II diabetes. According to the World Health Organization, more than 347 million people have diabetes around the world, with Type II diabetes affecting 90% of that number. In recent years, the number of cases of diabetes has increased greatly in both developed and developing countries. Once a disease that only affected adults, type II diabetes is now also being...
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...Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes.(Lamb) As many as one-half are unaware they have it. This chronic disease causes serious health complications including renal failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced. Then glucose in the blood is not able to be absorbed into the cells of the body.(Kishore) The cells in the human body need energy in order to function. Glucose is the body's primary energy source. It is a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates. It circulates in the blood from the foods that are digested as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, it is located behind the stomach. It bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and goes into the cell through which glucose can enter. Glucose can be saved for later use by converting to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids. When there is not enough insulin produced , glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells. The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, which called hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia acts by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream, to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. People with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate...
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...REFLECTION INTRODUCTION The essence of this essay is to reflect on my 'lived' personal experience as a newly diagnosed patient with type II Diabetes. The author's assignment was to pretend to have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. As part of this exercise, the author was to maintain a record of exercise, food, and a regular blood sugar monitoring regime on daily basis. This reflection seeks to highlight the impact, experience and changes that occurred in the author's 'lived lifestyle of a patient with type II diabetes' and will include reference to current literature, research, theories and best practice. The author would explain the changes that occurred in her life and how experiencing type two diabetes has helped her to understand the challenges patients undergo in relation to their daily routine of monitoring their blood sugar levels. The author will explain how her 'lived experience' would help her understand and provide the necessary support for people with diabetes in the future. BACKGROUND INFORMATION I am a female non-smoker of African descent. I am married with two children aged 13 and 21. My thirteen-year old daughter currently lives with me in New Zealand. I am of an average height of about 163cm and weigh 80kg which signifies an unhealthy BMI of 30.1 (Health Information for New Zealanders, (n.d.) BMI Calculator section) I am currently out of job and often depressed as a result of my inactivity. I have a normal blood pressure of 136/78 and my pulse rate...
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