...activity is a risk factor that is linked to a variety of non-communicable diseases (1). Consequently, increased physical activity is associated with reducing the overall disease burden. Numerous approaches to increasing physical activity are available and generally accepted including both specialized interventions targeted at specific high-risk groups, and population approaches that aim to increase the physical activity level for the whole population. There is contention in the field concerning which approach is most appropriate for future public health initiatives. The following is a brief discussion of the two theories of public...
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...thus resulting in pushing the storm up to 10km above sea level. At the top of the hurricane, the cooling air spreads outwards, creating a thick canopy of clouds. Furthermore, due to the low pressure at sea level created by the position of the sun, it draws in denser colder air from above the storm and surrounding areas. Finally, high pressure sinking air in the middle creates an eye and the Coriolis Effect creates a spinning effect and the winds travelling towards the void get deflected off course either to left or right, depending on the hemisphere, thus resulting in the spinning of the winds. Tropical storms pose as dangerous threats in different area of the world. For example, many LEDC’s such as Guatemala and barbarous are prone to hurricanes. Furthermore, these damaging storms can cause devastating impacts of MEDC’s such as the USA. However in some areas of the world, they are more prone to tropical storms. Some examples are the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These areas are surrounded by the Atlantic, and generally have warmer waters compared to the Atlantic, therefore making hurricane formation a lot easier, thereby increasing the risk...
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...patterns of ill health. Monitoring the health status of the population Monitoring the health status if the population implies that the government track the health of the population within the UK and then if there is a potential risks then they would announce this to the public. Monitoring the health status is when they record if there have been any changes of health within the population and with the result they alert people to the potential risks for example smoking within teenagers has increased. The study of rates of diseases within the human population is called epidemiology. This study is mostly important because it helps understand how the do the infectious diseases spread and how they lead to outbreak within the public. This study alerts people of the potential risks and tracks the changes in the health of the population. For example, within the UK the obesity rates are high. The epidemiological data it shows that the life expectancy has raised since the...
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...Population Study “A population, or aggregate, is a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common” (Stanhope, Marcia, & Lancaster, 2012, p. 2). Public health and community health nurses identifies problems within a population and they work towards preventing or controlling the communicable disease or illness. This idea supports the concept of building health promotion in the population and encourages the individual to take preventative measures that will adopt healthier lifestyle. The population I would like to study during this course is the Appalachian culture because I find it interesting to see how their culture influence creates a risk factor for their health. The Appalachian culture...
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...Evaluation Criteria 3. Country Analysis – Demand Factor: Population 4. Country Analysis – Demand Factor: Number of Subscriptions and Percentage 5. Country Analysis – Demand Factor: GDP per Capita and Growth Prospective. 6. Country Analysis – Cost Factors 7. Country Analysis – Sociopolitical Factors 8. Conclusion - Best Country for Potential Entry 9. References ------------------------------------------------- 1. Foreword Hydis Electronics currently has the highest market share of mobile phones in South Korea. We have been focusing heavily to reach the status of market leader in our domestic market, but the Korean market for mobile phones has reached a plateau and our growth has been slow during the past few quarters. As such, we should now focus our strategies on expanding to foreign markets as a new engine for our company's growth. Possible candidate countries for entry were Brazil, China, Russia, South Africa, and United Arab Emirates (UAE). The goal was to figure out which country would have the highest potential profit as well as future growth for our company while having low risk involved. Upon careful analysis of the economic conditions and the business environment of the candidate countries, Russia turned out to be the best candidate for our possible entry 2. Evaluation Criteria In preparation to expand to foreign markets, the opportunities and risks involved with expansion must be carefully analyzed in order...
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...expenses are not evenly allocated across the population. About 20% of the U.S population dealing with serious or chronic diseases spends about 80% of the health care dollar. The low incomes, the elderly and the disabled are the high percentage of people using the most health care resources and cannot afford to pay for their health care services. There are serious public health risks with a large uninsured population and not compensating care leads to higher costs when patients avoid care until they are seriously ill. Though “community rating” has become one controversial feature of the health reform bill winding its way through Congress as well as through the economist it should be maintained. Another controversy...
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...Community Health Assessment. Preventing the occurrence of genital herpes in the community can be accomplished by educating and targeting changes in sexual behaviors in high-risk populations; young adults aged 20-29 years old. Educating individuals on signs and symptoms, morbidity and mortality data, associated with the disease have increased effectiveness when individuals of high risk groups are targeted. Primary prevention strategies of genital herpes in at-risk populations of young adults can be accomplished using a family-focused practice. Sexual health is a sensitive subject best communicated by family or someone close to the individual. Family-focused practice supplies needed information to young members of the community before...
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...syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND) . The three main types of research methods used in these studies are passive surveillance, clinic-based studies, and active case ascertainment. This article describes each of these methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and summarizes the estimated prevalence of FAS produced by each of these approaches. The maternal risk factors associated with FAS and other alcohol-related anomalies include advanced maternal age, low socioeconomic status, frequent binge drinking, family and friends with drinking problems, and poor social and psychological indicators. Overall, the available literature points to a prevalence rate of FAS of 0.5 to 2 cases per 1,000 births in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. KEY WORDS: fetal alcohol syndrome; prevalence; epidemiological indicators; alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; birth defects; statistical estimation; data collection; clinical aspects; population dynamics; risk factors; research in practice; research quality Establishing the prevalence 1 (1 See the sidebar on page 160 for the definition of prevalence as it is used in this article.) and other epidemiological characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS) , alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD) , and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder ( ARND) 2 (2 FAS is a set of birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It...
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...perspectives (McLachlan et al, 297). Advocates of aggressive assisted migration believe that human assistance is necessary and the projections of climate-driven habitat shifts are accurate (McLachlan et al, 298). Policy consistent with this position is likely to endorse broad applications of predictive habitat models to many species, extensive species translocation, and restoration-style establishment. Aggressive assisted migration may be best for minimizing species loss under rapid climate change, but it also implies higher risk of disruption on existing communities (McLachlan et al, 298). Thus, proponents of this policy are associated with a high-perceived risk of inaction and high ecological confidence (McLachlan et al, 299). In contrast, opponents of assisted migration have a high-perceived risk of action and low ecological confidence. They tend to focus on the unintended consequences of species translocation, the complexity of what controls population dynamics of species, the uncertainty in climatic predictions, lack of data for modeling species’ climatic envelopes, the problem of the assumption of species’ uniform climatic tolerances, and the problem of incorporating biotic interactions in determining species’ susceptibility to climate change (McLachlan et al, 299). Since avoidance of assisted migration implies...
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...operations and design and its effectiveness on shipping and billing low level of risk. The auditor has established a number of tests and procedures to this purpose. Risk detection is important for materiality misstatements. Exhaustive tests and analysis aids in reducing misstatements that may have gone undetected on the financial statements. Baker is planning to use a 20% tolerance level for testing low risk level, the discovery method, and a small population sample of shipping invoices. Issues There are several issues in Baker's assessment intentions that do not quite match the concepts from our textbook readings, which are as follows: 1. Baker wants to assess the control's low control risk, and considers to use a 20% tolerance level, in our textbook, a 20% tolerance level is considered slightly below the maximum, 20% tolerance level seems high, a 2% to 7% should be applied for a the intended low level (Whittington & Pany, 2014)....
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...Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study 1 Managerial Epidemiology – HAS 535 – Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study: Diabetes Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study 2 Diabetes, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States is a disease in which the body has a shortage of insulin, a decreased ability to use insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose (sugar) to enter cells and be converted to energy. When diabetes is not controlled, glucose and fats remain in the blood, and, overtime, damage vital organs. In a healthy person, blood sugar levels, which fluctuates based on food intake, exercise and other factors are kept within an acceptable by insulin. Insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas, helps the body absorb excess sugar from the bloodstream; therefore, in people with diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin thus increasing the blood sugar levels making it difficult to be controlled by insulin. Type 1 diabetes, diagnosed in children and young adults (although it can occur at any age) is an autoimmune disease that may be caused by genetic, environmental or other factors. It accounts for about 5 percent of diabetes cases. Although there are no known ways to prevent it, administration of insulin is an effective treatment. Type 2...
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...educate their Native American patient about proper nutrition and regular exercise. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) found that by making a couple of lifestyle changes, one could greatly decrease the their risk of developing diabetes’s: “The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) demonstrated that people at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes could decrease their risk by 58% through a lifestyle intervention of proper diet and exercise” (Berry et al., 2009). Interventions for proper diet include preparing home cooked meals, and excluding fast food or processed foods from the diet. Also, advise the patient to avoid eating to many toxic snacks high in sodium and sugars such as chips and sodas. When assessing a patient’s physical activity, determine whether or not they need to increase their exercise habits. Advise clients that 30 minutes of walking a day a few times a week should be enough to reach the minimal recommended guidelines of healthy physical activity. In addition, teach the patient about the risk of developing type II diabetes because of their culture. While genetics may or may not play a role, it’s important that the patient understands the high prevalence of type II diabetes among their culture. When implementing a care plan for a Native American patient at risk for diabetes, there are several factors the nurse must be aware of. These factors include: “Time restraints and demands of daily living… added expense of eating nutritionally balanced healthy meals; general...
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...Emergency Management, 2010). Pierce County became well known in the late nineteen hundreds when the city of Tacoma became the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad – the first transcontinental railroad in the north. The introduction of this railroad led to an increase in shipping and manufacturing in the area. At the time, lumber, shipping, farming, and coal mining powered Pierce’s economy. With the exception of mining, all these industries are still present today, though industrialization has made them less prominent than in the past (Pierce County Department Of Emergency Management, 2010). Population/Economic Assessment Pierce County’s estimated population of 2012 was 811,681. The area is predominately white Judeo-Christian with the presence of multiple minorities in varying percentages. A large percentage of the population has an education level of high school or higher (90.1%); over fifteen percent of the overall adult community has a...
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...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...
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...Epidemiology: Hepatitis C in the Veteran Population NUR / 408 July 7, 2014 Deborah Nallo Introduction Hepatitis C (HCV) is highly prevalent within the Veteran population. HCV is a major public health concern because of the debilitating effects associated with the virus. HCV results in increased mortality and morbidity rates resulting from the acute and chronic effects of the virus. The most common transmission of HCV occurs through injection drug use, injuries resulting from needle sticks and the lack of infection control in healthcare facilities. The transmission of HCV can also occur through sexual contact between individuals who have the human immunodeficiency virus, and HCV virus, tattoos that were not professionally done and HCV infected mothers who have transmitted the virus to their newborn babies. The hepatitis C virus is the most common blood-borne virus in the United States. An estimated 3.2 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis C. Most are unaware of their infection. Each year, about 17,000 Americans become infected with hepatitis C ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", n.d.). The veteran population has a higher rate of HCV exposure and infection when compared to the general population. Many of the individuals who are infected with the HCV virus are unaware of their infection and therefore they do not receive the necessary treatment. Individuals with HCV are at increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinomas and other...
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