...product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Hello world 1 1.2 Program structure 2 1.3 Types and variables 4 1.4 Expressions 6 1.5 Statements 8 1.6 Classes and objects 12 1.6.1 Members 12 1.6.2 Accessibility 13 1.6.3 Type parameters 13 1.6.4 Base classes 14 1.6.5 Fields 14 1.6.6 Methods 15 1.6.6.1 Parameters 15 1.6.6.2 Method body and local variables 16 1.6.6.3 Static and instance methods 17 1.6.6.4 Virtual, override, and abstract methods 18 1.6.6.5 Method overloading 20 1.6.7 Other function members 21 1.6.7.1 Constructors 22 1.6.7.2 Properties 23 1.6.7.3 Indexers 23 1.6.7.4 Events 24 1.6.7.5 Operators 24 1.6.7.6 Destructors 25 1.7 Structs 25 1.8 Arrays 26 1.9 Interfaces 27 1.10 Enums 29 1.11 Delegates 30 1.12 Attributes 31 2. Lexical structure 33 2.1 Programs 33 2.2 Grammars 33 2.2.1 Grammar notation 33 2.2.2 Lexical grammar 34 2.2.3 Syntactic grammar 34 2.3 Lexical analysis 34 2.3.1 Line terminators 35 2.3.2 Comments 35 2.3.3 White space 37 2.4 Tokens 37 2.4.1 Unicode character escape sequences 37 2.4.2 Identifiers 38 2.4.3 Keywords 39 2.4.4 Literals 40 2.4.4.1 Boolean literals 40 2.4.4.2 Integer literals 40 2.4.4.3 Real literals 41 2.4.4.4 Character literals 42 2.4.4.5 String literals 43 2.4.4.6 The null literal 45 2.4.5 Operators and punctuators 45 2.5 Pre-processing directives 45 2.5.1 Conditional compilation symbols 47 2.5...
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...process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. Characterization is revealed through direct characterization and indirect characterization. Direct Characterization tells the audience what the personality of the character is. Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their mother.” Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.” Indirect Characterization shows things that reveal the personality of a character. There are five different methods of indirect characterization: Speech Thoughts Effect on others toward the character. What does the character say? How does the character speak? What is revealed through the character’s private thoughts and feelings? What is revealed through the character’s effect on other people? How do other characters feel or behave in reaction to the character? What does the character do? How does the character behave? What does the character look like? How does the character dress? Actions Looks TIP #1: TIP #2: Use the mnemonic device of STEAL to remember the five types of indirect characterization Use indirect characterization to analyze visual media: Film: Look at how the character dresses and moves. Note the facial expressions when the director moves in for a close-up shot. Drama: Pay attention to the way that the characters reveal their thoughts during a soliloquy. Examples of...
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...C Primer Plus Sixth Edition Developer’s Library ESSENTIAL REFERENCES FOR PROGRAMMING PROFESSIONALS Developer’s Library books are designed to provide practicing programmers with unique, high-quality references and tutorials on the programming languages and technologies they use in their daily work. All books in the Developer’s Library are written by expert technology practitioners who are especially skilled at organizing and presenting information in a way that’s useful for other programmers. Key titles include some of the best, most widely acclaimed books within their topic areas: PHP & MySQL Web Development Luke Welling & Laura Thomson ISBN 978-0-672-32916-6 Python Essential Reference David Beazley ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32978-4 MySQL Paul DuBois ISBN-13: 978-0-321-83387-7 PostgreSQL Korry Douglas ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32756-8 Linux Kernel Development Robert Love ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32946-3 C++ Primer Plus Stephen Prata ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77640-2 Developer’s Library books are available in print and in electronic formats at most retail and online bookstores, as well as by subscription from Safari Books Online at safari. informit.com Developer’s Library informit.com/devlibrary C Primer Plus Sixth Edition Stephen Prata Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Cape Town • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City C Primer Plus Sixth...
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...Introduction to the C Programming Language Science & Technology Support High Performance Computing Ohio Supercomputer Center 1224 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212-1163 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • Introduction C Program Structure Variables, Expressions, & Operators Input and Output Program Looping Decision Making Statements Array Variables Strings Math Library Functions • • • • • • • • • User-defined Functions Formatted Input and Output Pointers Structures Unions File Input and Output Dynamic Memory Allocation Command Line Arguments Operator Precedence Table 2 C Programming Introduction • Why Learn C? 3 C Programming Why Learn C? • • • • • • • • • Compact, fast, and powerful “Mid-level” Language Standard for program development (wide acceptance) It is everywhere! (portable) Supports modular programming style Useful for all applications C is the native language of UNIX Easy to interface with system devices/assembly routines C is terse 4 C Programming C Program Structure • • • • • Canonical First Program Header Files Names in C Comments Symbolic Constants 5 C Programming Canonical First Program • The following program is written in the C programming language: #include main() { /* My first program */ printf("Hello World! \n"); } • • C is case sensitive. All commands in C must be lowercase. C has a free-form line structure. End of each...
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...C PROGRAMMING Section 1. Topics: Functions Statements Input Output Variables Introduction The C programming language has been the most popular high level language used for engineering applications for the last 20 years. It shares many common structures with other procedural languages, such as Pascal, and can be used for general purpose programming of a PC. However, it is also particularly good for development of embedded application programs such as those found in phones, video recorders and so forth. The term procedural language refers to the fact that the language uses procedures to do particular tasks such as printing on the screen. In C these procedures are known as functions and are described below. What is so good about a language like C? The basic reason such languages were developed was to make it easier for humans to program computers. The alternative is the language of the computer, i.e., binary codes. Clearly such ‘low-level’ languages are not very appealing for humans, although sometimes necessary for detailed engineering work. (In fact C is often ‘mixed’ with such languages for engineering applications.) C uses words and symbols that are part of, or similar to, normal language. This makes it easier for programmers to develop code. The C code is converted to the machine code by a special program called a compiler. See note 1. But perhaps the most useful thing about such a language is that it provides the developer with a library of ‘mini-programs’...
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...Difference between C++ and JAVA:- 1. Java has no preprocessor. If you want to use classes in another library, you say Import and the name of the library. There are no preprocessors-like macros. 2. there are no pointers in the sense of C and C++. When you create an object with new, you get back a reference. 3. there are no destructors in Java. There is no “scope” of a variable per seen, to indicate when the object’s lifetime is ended-the lifetime of an object is determined instead by the garbage collection. 4. There is no GOTO statement in JAVA. 5. No INLINE methods. The java compiler might decide it’s own to inline a method, but you don’t have much control over this. You can suggest inlining in java by using FINAL keyword for a method. However , inline functions are only suggestions to the C++ compiler as well. 6. Java has method overloading that works virtually identically to C++ function overloading. 7. Java doesn’t create exe file after the execution of a program. 8. 9. > In Java, the sizes of int, long etc. are rigidly defined in terms of 10. > bits. In C++ they are platform−dependent. 11. > 12. > In Java, the JVM behaves at if it were big endian, even if internally 13. > it is actually little−endian. In C++, the endianness is platform 14. > dependent. 15. > 16. > In Java, garbage collection of unreferenced objects is automatic. In 17. > C++, you manually manage memory. 18. > 19. > In Java, references are constrained to point only to the beginnings of ...
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...C PROGRAMMING Section 1. Topics: Functions Statements Input Output Variables Introduction The C programming language has been the most popular high level language used for engineering applications for the last 20 years. It shares many common structures with other procedural languages, such as Pascal, and can be used for general purpose programming of a PC. However, it is also particularly good for development of embedded application programs such as those found in phones, video recorders and so forth. The term procedural language refers to the fact that the language uses procedures to do particular tasks such as printing on the screen. In C these procedures are known as functions and are described below. What is so good about a language like C? The basic reason such languages were developed was to make it easier for humans to program computers. The alternative is the language of the computer, i.e., binary codes. Clearly such ‘low-level’ languages are not very appealing for humans, although sometimes necessary for detailed engineering work. (In fact C is often ‘mixed’ with such languages for engineering applications.) C uses words and symbols that are part of, or similar to, normal language. This makes it easier for programmers to develop code. The C code is converted to the machine code by a special program called a compiler. See note 1. But perhaps the most useful thing about such a language is that it provides the developer with a library of ‘mini-programs’...
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...and Acting | The text defines five types of actors: Impersonator, Personality, Star, Wild Card, and Character. Come up with examples of each type of actor (in addition to those identified in the text) and explain in detail why you think they fit each particular category. In this chapter, I learned that there are five different types of actors; Impersonator, Personality, Star, Wild Card and Character. A great example of impersonator would be Chris Tucker from the movies “Rush Hour”, “Friday” and “House Party 3.” I think that all the characters that he plays in all these movies depict and behave in really life. In this text the term impersonator is considered demeaning in the acting world suggesting that the actor has simply copied the manner, dialect, and behavior of a character, instead of creating the character. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs, 2011) Personality actors would be Mark Wahlberg from the movies “The Three Kings”, “Shooter” and “The Departed” is great examples of how Mark uses his strong personality and bad attitude to play the character in these movies. The star type actor to me would be Sandra Bullock because of the way the people interested in her and her relationships and the money she gets per movie. I think a great wild card would be Mikey Rourke because he can play any character from good to bad guys; a great example of a movie for him would be “The Wrestler”. A character type actor to me would Jonah Hill because the characters that he plays in the movies fits his...
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...When reading a novel or a short story, the question on why the author creates particular characters will come to mind. There can be significant traits the character possesses that the reader should recognize automatically throughout the story. In other words, characters in a story are one of the main key points that help a reader fully understand the context that the author has written about. Characteristics throughout a story assist with painting the image inside the readers head on the time, surrounding, and appearance of a character. In the Necklace, by Guy De Maupassant character development is illustrated. Character development is an essential element that authors use throughout their stories to make the character become more realistic to their audience. There are several factors that make up the development of a character such as action, setting, and descriptions. Having these factors of character development identified while reading a story can make the text become more realistic to the readers eyes. A characters description is very important when developing a story. For an example, in the short story Sweat by Zora Neal Hurston, the protagonist Delia physical appearance is greatly expresses within the story. Hurston describes Delia as a southern African American washer woman who is so skinny that her legs resemble a chicken’s, and is physically drain from all the hard work she does around her house. Delia physical appearance is not beautiful, because she endures physical...
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...included in the program for detecting possible errors for each of the five data fields: 1) Member #: The facts state that the Member numbers are numbered sequentially and that there are less than 2000 members total. a) Field check - to determine that the proper type of character is entered in the field. In this case, only numeric characters allowed. b) Limit check - to determine that the numeric amount entered does not exceed a predetermined numeric value, e.g. 2000 in this case. c) Range check - to determine that upper and lower limits are valid, otherwise similar to the limit check, e.g. 0001 - 2399 in this case. d) Size check - to ensure that input data will fit into the assigned field, e.g. no more than 4 characters in this case. 2) Flight date: The facts state that the format is DDMMYY a) Field check - to determine that the proper type of character is entered in the field. In this case, only numeric characters allowed. b) Size check - to ensure that input data will fit into the assigned field, e.g. no more than 6 characters in this case. c) Check digit verification - There are only so many valid combinations of days and months in the...
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...Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database SQL Reference Guide Release 7.0 B31682-03 Copyright ©1996, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved. ALL SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION (WHETHER IN HARD COPY OR ELECTRONIC FORM) ENCLOSED AND ON THE COMPACT DISC(S) ARE SUBJECT TO THE LICENSE AGREEMENT. The documentation stored on the compact disc(s) may be printed by licensee for licensee’s internal use only. Except for the foregoing, no part of this documentation (whether in hard copy or electronic form) may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of TimesTen Inc. Oracle, JD Edwards, PeopleSoft, Retek, TimesTen, the TimesTen icon, MicroLogging and Direct Data Access are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs, except to the extent required to obtain interoperability with other independently created software or as specified by law, is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject...
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...straightforward, given a reader has some background knowledge. They are what one might think. When an author utilizes "showing", they are, in effect, showing the reader the character. The reader can infer as to the type of character that is in a story that is shown to us in their actions, the words they say, as well as their movements within a story. "Showing" a reader the type of character brings a direct likeness to an individual in a story, and we as the reader, can form our own conclusions as to the character. An author that utilizes the "telling" concept, says not of what the character is like, but allows us to form our own conclusions as to the character type in literature. The author using the "telling" characteristic is most often indifferent towards the characters in a literary work, thus allowing the reader to form our own conclusions as to a characters likeness. The concepts of "showing" and "telling" are both used in the Herman Melville story "Bartleby the Scrivener". The first example of "showing" the Melville utilizes, can be found in the first three sentences, while the lawyer is describing himself. The line "I am an elderly man." is a prime example of "showing" due to the fact that it leave the reader without cause for guessing his age. Melville also utilizes both showing and telling while describing those characters prior to Bartleby. The line describing Turkey, "Turkey was a short, pursy Englishman, of about my own age", could leave the reader with questions regarding his...
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...15.0 Objective Objective of this lesson is to help the student understand the following: 1. Types of files that can be created using C++. 2. How a program interacts with a stream, I/O console, and files. 3. Classes involved in creation and updataion of files and their individual roles. 4. Opening a file and different modes using which we can open a file. 5. Programs to implement various operations on files. 15.1 Introduction Most programs written in C++ handle large volumes of data that needs to be stored permanently on secondary storage devices such as hard disk. The data resides in these devices in the structure of files. A file is basically a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device, such as disk. Programs are...
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...Computer Peripherals 1. Input Devices Input devices are used to capture the data and transmit it to the computer system for further processing and in computer readable form. Some of the input devices are as under: a) Keyboard Devices: keyboard devices are the most commonly used devices today. They allow data entry into a computer system by pressing a set of keys, which is connected to a computer system. Programs and data are entered into a computer through a keyboard. A keyboard is similar to a typewriter it contains Alphabets,digits,special chars and some control keys. When a key is pressed an electrical signal is produced which is detected by an electronic circuit called keyboard encoder. Its function is to detect which key has been pressed and send binary code for it. b) Point-and-Draw Devices: 1. Mouse: Mouse is the most popular point-and-draw device today. A mouse is called a pointing device. It moves across a flat surface with the help of tracking balls. Its movement and the direction of the movement is detected by two rotating wheels on the underside of the mouse called sensors. 2. Light Pen: A Light pen is a pointing device. It is used to select and write the text on the CRT. It is capable of sensing a position on the CRT screen when its tip touches the screen. 3. Trackball: A Trackball is a pointing device, similar to a mouse. The ball ...
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...literary characters are constructed out of very brief bits of information which readers are expected to use, like detectives, to fill out the missing parts. It's much like meeting a stranger at a party and using the stranger's clothing, vocabulary, taste in music, and a few bits of information to imagine her/his whole personality. We usually do it unconsciously, but close reading asks exactly how the author uses those little scraps of text to "paint" the character. Novelist E.M. Forster suggested that we could distinguish between "round" and "flat" characters. Round characters are more fully represented, and seem as complex as real people. They can grow, learn, and even mature from children into adulthood during the plot, and they also can feel pain or joy which the audience tends to empathize with rather than feeling distanced from their emotions. Flat characters are usually suggested to us with less information, often drawing upon common prejudices which many readers can be depended on to hold. Flat characters don't grow or learn more than simple bits of information, and they never mature. Some kinds of famous, usually ancient "flat" characters are called "type" characters, in that they serve as enduring models for character construction. ‘Adam and Eve’, ‘the trickster and the fool’,’ the braggart soldier’ and ‘Robin Hood’, all have a long history and represent ‘types’ most readers would know. What is a character and a characterisation? * A character is a “person”...
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