...3. Historians have argued that Progressive reforms lost momentum in the 1920s. Evaluate this statement with respect to the following: regulation of business, labor, and immigrants. The Progressive Era was a time of major reconstruction and rehabilitation for the United States. Beginning in the 1890s and lasting steadily into the 1920s, a series of movements, act, policies, and improvements allowed for the reformation of a great nation that would later flourish as a result of this era of growth and betterment. Some historians argue that the start of World War I may have been the end of the era because the war was not very rooted in Progressive policy. Progressives such as Jane Addams, perhaps the era’s most prominent reformer, implemented and strongly advocated antiwar movements and sentiment. However, after Wilson’s reelection in 1916, such reformers were censored. The politics of the 1920s was inhospitable toward the labor unions and radicals against business so it is understandable that one may think that the Progressivism ended there. However, during this time, the progressives did not simply allow themselves to be trod upon. Progressivism remained popular in many western states and was prominent in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. There was a continuing importance in the Progressive movement involving increased democracy, efficiency in the government, regulation, social justice, and and public service...
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...Common Law and U.S. History of Law The law of the United States originated with the very first colonies established in America. It was typically based on the common law of Britain. Colonies brought with them their values and morals, and based their individuals laws off of these ideas combined with Britain’s common law. Our laws developed at a slow pace until after the American Revolution. The Confederation of States held a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 (This Nation, 2008). This convention purpose was to establish a federal government, define its structure, and the rule of law for the land. The Constitution that was developed eliminated several common laws from Britain. The Constitution set up a three tier government: Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. This document gave the Legislature the ability to write laws; the Executive Branch the task of enforcing the laws. The Judiciary branch or Supreme Court oversaw the legality of the laws and how they were to be administered. Even though with a Federal government making laws for the country, the states had the power to form their own governments, Constitutions, and laws. Many of the states developed or kept laws that were more along the lines of Common law. All the states except for Louisiana use common law. Louisiana uses French codes for their law (Lectric Law Library, 2012). Common law or that which derives its force and authority from the universal consent and immemorial...
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...Notes * U.S. Diplomacy and Russia In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge addressed the issue of Russian war debts. The President noted that the United States was resuming diplomatic relations with nations that had been cut off during World War I. The Russians, however, presented a problem for Coolidge because their communist form of government opposed democracy. * Italy Italy was a democracy when World War I began in 1914. The country's army fought alongside Allied forces. Unfortunately, the war left the government and economy of Italy unstable and a fertile ground for revolutionaries. Decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference denied the large territorial gains the Italian government expected after the war. In 1921, Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party and rose up as a revolutionary leader. * Fascism was based on a foundation of authoritarianism and nationalism. For Mussolini, the most important aspect of a nation or state was the unity and survival of that state. Mussolini rejected democracy because he thought different political views and political parties weakened the unity of the state. * Taking Fascism on the Road Fascists disagreed with the communist belief that private property and businesses should belong to the state. The Fascists also believed that the nationalism of a state must be aggressively exported to other countries. In other words, the Fascists maintained that a nation had a right to invade and conquer a weaker nation...
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...• 1952- NAACP supported group of legal challenges to seg. In public schools. Brown v. Board of Edu.- Linda Brown, Af.Am. student from Topeka. Schools prevented her from attending all white elementary school. NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall argued on Brown's behalf. • Written by Justice Earl Warren, the opinion declared racial seg. Illegal in public schools. • By 1956-57 vast majority of S. schools sys. Remained seg. In Arkansas, school deseg. Was progressing w/ little opposition. Little Rock school was 1st in S. to announce that it would comply w/ Brown decision. • Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus spoke against deseg. Plan, ordered Nat. Guard to surround Central High. Of the nine black students, Elizabeth Eckford did not receive message that instructed her not to go to school alone • Under court order, Faubus removed Nat. Guard, white mob rioted. Eisenhower ordered 1000 fed. Troops to Little Rock. Sept 25, 1957- Little Rock Nine entered • Rosa Parks- refused to give up seat to white passenger and was arrested. In protest, many Mont.'s 50,000 Af.Am. org. boycott against bus sys., Mont. Improvement Assoc.- group of local civil rights leaders, persuaded comm. To continue to boycott while naacp and parks appealed her conviction. • MIA chose MLK as spokesperson. 1956- Supreme Court declared both Mont/ Alabama seg. Laws unconstit. Mont had a deseg. Bus sys. • Civil Rights act 1957- fed. Crime to prevent qualified persons from voting. Also set up Civil Rights Commission to...
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...program of what women need to achieve in order to have the same freedoms and equality as men. 1. Economic independence for women, including the freedom to choose an occupation and receive pay equal to a man. 2. Gender equality at home, men in the home sharing the responsibilities of family life. 3. Reproductive freedom, the ability to choose when, if and how many children they would have. 4. Financial support for homemaking and child raising (Ellen Carol DuBois; Lynn Dumenil, 2012). Since 1920 women have won many rights and opportunities in areas like education, professional sports and in some states same sex marriages. However, if we look at the “priorities” that Eastman identified how far have we actually come when the U.S. Constitution does not even guarantee women the same rights as men? With ground already broken in the workplace due to women’s participation in various professions, trades and unions, women believed that equality in the workplace would be the easiest part to achieve. One of the foremost obstacles was inequality in pay, a problem that has shown to be amazingly enduring. The Equal Pay Act is the landmark law that was passed 50 years ago which require employers to pay men and women equally for substantially equal work. Yet here we are 50 years later, with equal pay still being unfinished business. When the Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963,...
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...The Civil War marked a major turning point in economic, political, and social status’ of Northern and Southern populations during the 1860’s due to differing levels of resources and support for the opposing sides. It was a central event in history that truly sparked consciousness in America. While the Revolution of 1776 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable union of independent states or an indivisible nation with a dominant national government; and whether this nation, born on a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world. During the war, the Southern and Northern economic statuses were exponentially different. The North was experiencing a time of great economic growth as industries began to grow and newer, more modern technology became available. By 1860, about 90 percent of the nation’s manufacturing came from the northern states which proved to have an immense impact on its war-winning ability. For every 100 firearms produced by the South, the North had made 3,200. The South on the other hand remained predominantly based in agriculture and the dwindling slave market. Even in the agricultural sector, Northern farmers were out-producing their southern counterparts in several important areas,...
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...Brooke Baker A.P US History Court Cases I. Marbury v. Madison a) Issue: i) Judicial v. Executive and Congressional Power ii) Judicial review/separation of powers b) Background: i) 1803 ii) In his last few hours in office, President John Adams made a series of “midnight appointments” to fill as many government posts as possible with Federalists. One of these appointments was William Marbury as a federal justice of the peace. However, Thomas Jefferson took over as President before the appointment was officially given to Marbury. Jefferson, a Republican, instructed Secretary of State James Madison to not deliver the appointment. Marbury sued Madison to get the appointment he felt he deserved. He asked the Court to issue a writ of mandamus, requiring Madison to deliver the appointment. The Judiciary Act, passed by Congress in 1789, permitted the Supreme Court of the United States to issue such a writ iii) Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act c) Decision: i) John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional ii) The Supreme Court has the right of judiciary review d) Significance: i) Impact of Marshall Court ii) Strengthened the judiciary in relation to other branches of government iii) Allows Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional II. McCulloch v. Maryland a) Issue: i) Supremacy v. State Rights ...
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...History of U.S. Taxation A. An income tax on individuals was used to provide financing for the Civil War. ألغى then the war ended, the tax was repealed . In 1894, a new individual income tax was enacted سنت but the Supreme Court held the tax to be unconstitutional. After a constitutional challenge to the taxation of income, the Sixteenth Amendment, this sanctioned both the federal individual and corporate income taxes, عقوبات was ratified in 1913. The present income tax on individuals was enacted in 1913. The corporate income tax, which was originally adopted in 1909, withstood صمدت constitutional challenge because it was viewed as an excise tax, not a direct tax. ضريبة المكوس B. Numerous revenue acts, which rewrote completely the federal tax provisions, were enacted between 1913 and 1939. These provisions were reorganized and included, in a more permanent form, in the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Thereafter, tax laws were changed when Congress adopted amendments to the 1939 Code; a complete rewriting of the laws was unnecessary. A revised Internal Revenue Code was adopted in 1954. The 1954 Code was the controlling body of tax law until 1986. In 1986, Congress enacted the most comprehensive overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in over thirty years. As a result of the massive changes contained in the new law, the federal tax code was renamed the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Nevertheless, many of the provisions of the 1954 Code were carried over to the...
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...An outsider’s understanding of Mao requires a feat of imagination, first to recognize the nature of his supremacy. Mao had two careers, one as rebel leader, one as an updated emperor. He had gained the power of the latter but evidently retained the self-image of the former. Because authority in China came form the top down, as was recognized even in the mass line, once the CCP had taken power its leader became sacrosanct, above all the rest of mankind, not only the object of a cult of veneration but also the acknowledge superior of everyone in the organization. Such of the CCP had been put together by Mao that it could be regarded as his creation, and if he wanted to reform it, that was his privilege. Only if we regard him as a monarch in succession to scores of emperors can we imagine why the leadership of the CPP, trained to be loyal, went along with his piecemeal assault on and destruction of them. Mao also seems to have had in mind the idea that student youth could be mobilized to attack the evils in the establishment and purge China revisionism. It would be a form to manipulate mass movement, which his experience told him, was the engine of social change. (387) The Cultural Revolution, like the Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Great Leap Forward, turned out to be something he had not envisioned. Allowing for many variations, the purge rate among party officials was somewhere around 60 percent. It has been estimated that 400,000 people died as a result of maltreatment...
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...A Great President in the U.S History * Andrew Jackson “All the rights secured to the citizens under the Constitution are worth nothing, and a mere bubble, except guaranteed to them by an independent and virtuous Judiciary.” (Andrew Jackson) Andrew Jackson was the seventh president in the American history. Moreover he lead the American army defeated the British army on January 8, 1815, which was the greatest victory of the American army. Beside that he was also considered as the first democratic president in the U.S. There was no president dropped and raised his reputation in a year, but President Jackson was a special case here. For the decades, the public and historians have been talking about whether or not Andrew Jackson was a Great president in the American history. In my opinion, I do believe that he was one of the greatest presidents in American history. He made great contributions to citizens voting rights and his war with National Bank. First, he changed the way of the American president election. Before his election, the congress members in the Washington D.C elected the former presidents of America. However, Andrew Jackson let the public realize that they were the people who chose the president instead of the congress members. He changed the way which People have rights to vote for the president during the election. I believe this is not only a historical change in the American election system, but also a revolutionary change in American politics. I agree...
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...Themes in U.S. and World History Task 1 Desiree Dyches Western Governors University Themes in U.S. and World History A. Mesopotamia had a remarkable water origin that was of assistance to the wealth and spread of the territory. The Tigris and Euphrates are two rivers that “runs almost parallel” (2011, p. 15) of each other. Together they form a rich “alluvial plain – that is a plain of silt, sand, clay and gravel that is deposited by the two rivers” (2011, p. 15). People were able to create bricks with those raw materials and construct houses and alternative buildings on the land, forming a city-state. The people from Mesopotamian were able to use the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to get in touch with the north and south communicates. The people used the rivers to import and export uniting the city-states. Since Mesopotamia had a “hot, dry climate” (2011, p. 15). “The river would receive most of its water from winter rains and snowfall” (2011, p. 15). The people were able to use the gravel to construct irrigation systems (2011, p. 11). The two rivers also helped their farming and livestock. “The rich soil produced abundant crops of barley, emmer (a kind of wheat), beans, olives, and flax.” (2011, p. 20). The Mesopotamia people counted on the two rivers to be able to live and grow as a city-state. B. One example of diffusion that helped the human societies was the potatoes. There was “two hundred and thirty-five different species of potatoes” (Smith, 2011) potatoes...
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...Chapter 16 THE SOUTH AND SLAVERY, 1793–1860 1. Part Three Introduction This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to certain key questions about the causes and consequences of the nation’s “awesome trial by fire,” the Civil War. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next seven chapters. (1) (2) (3) 2. Southern Economy and Social Structure a. Explain the connection between the invention of the cotton gin by Eli _________ in 17___ and the rapid expansion of short-staple cotton production based on slave labor in the South. If the cotton gin actually made picking seeds from cotton much easier, why did planters perceive a vastly increased need for slave labor? b. Cotton was king in both the South and in Britain. By 1840, cotton amounted to _____percent of U. S. exports and accounted for more than _____percent of the world’s supply. Britain’s economy was based on cotton textiles, and Britain got _____percent of its fiber supply from the South. (No wonder Southerners thought England would “be tied to them by cotton threads” in the event of conflict with the North.) c. List two negatives of this Southern plantation economy mentioned by the authors. (1) (2) d. Although most slaves were owned by the large-scale planters, most slave-owners held only a few slaves each, and often worked together with them in the fields. The chart on p. 353...
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...How History has Impacted United States Law Keely Gibbons-Bassett Walden University How History has Impacted United States Law The United States is not a very old country so we have had the advantage of the history and wisdom from all of the great nations that have been in existence for millennia. When a group first decides to form a society, one of the most importance things to the survival and growth of that group is the set of laws in which they live by. In early times, it was an unwritten set of laws that people lived by, it was understood what was expected and what would happen if a person broke a law. Eventually, the Romans saw need to put the laws down in writing so everyone could understand what was expected and it wasn’t left up to much to word of mouth learning. After some time, Napoleon decided to adapt a set of written laws and it was called the Napoleonic Code and is still used today. In England in roughly 1066 A.D. developed after the Norman Conquest, common law came to be decided by Judge’s decisions in court cases, and eventually came the birth of “stare decisis”, which means to stand by the decisions previously made. This concept has had a huge impact on the legal system in England as well as the United States. In the United States, there are four primary sources of laws: Constitutions (both federal and state), statutes, court decisions, and administrative regulations. Looking over these sources, it’s easy to see how history has had its hand in the development...
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...what extent does the term ‘American exceptionalism’ necessarily imply U.S. superiority? Red Reference Blue Title Purple reword to be better Come back to with evidence or etc ( real example) (also a scholar arguing for and one against with my opining in the end little conculsion) “American Execptionalism” is theoretically classified as America being qualitatively different () from other countries. Therefore in terms of America’s identity historically, politically, economically and socially, these should be understood differently because America was created differently. Hence why the idea of American exceptionalism’ stems from the principle of America being unique. Furthermore, In addition to this the idea that “American exceptionalism” implies superiority is a key concept to embrace and identify through out America history, contemporary politics, foreign policy and social culture. However, due to the essay title I will be analyzing and examining to what extent is “American exceptionalism’ identified as U.S superiority. Although due to the wide context of the theoretical term ‘American exceptionalism’’ and word limit. I will focus on the significant impacts that has led to the idea of ‘American exceptionalism’ to be implied as U.S superiority such as American history, foreign policy, economic and social culture. History Explaination The significant impact of America’s revolutionary history sparked an inspirational movement of independency to pervious colonized...
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...In chapter one of "Lies My Teacher Told Me" Loewen examines how historical figures are represented in modern textbooks. Loewen uses Woodrow Wilson and Hellen Keller to prove his claim that textbooks leave out information about historical figures, making them one dimensional and uninteresting. Loewen's first example is Hellen Keller. Everyone who has ever taken an American history class knows about how a blind and deaf Keller taught herself how to read and write. However Keller's legacy is far greater than what most textbooks will tell you. According to Loewen, "The truth is that Hellen Keller was a radical socialist."(13). Not only that, but Keller supported Unions, donated money to the NAACP, and even hung a red flag from her desk. None of this information is available in most textbooks though. Therefore I agree with Loewen's claim regarding Hellen Keller....
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