[pic]
|题目 |从1852年到2009年对汤姆叔叔的小屋所作 |
| |评论的研究 |
|英语系 |院（系） |英语 |专业 |
|学号 |B06011131 |
|学生姓名 |吴何芳 |
|指导教师 |Bracher Andy |
|起讫日期 |2009年12月~2010年5月 |
|设计地点 |第二教学楼 |

Acknowledgements

Many people gave me support and help in the process of writing the paper. I’d like first to give my grate to my dear teacher, Andy, who generously gave me his kindly help and instructions during the whole process of my paper-writing. Then I’d like to give my many thanks to my classmates who helped me a lot with my information collecting and paper-polishing. Most important of all, I want to give my thanks to my mother university and all the teachers in the English Department, who educated and cultivated me to be a qualified graduate in the future.

Abstract

When Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, the novel was a huge success. It talked about the slavery which was a controversial issue at that time. Many critics made comments on this novel. With the passage of time, attitudes to the book changed considerably. The history of African American in US has always been considered as a bitter story. In recent years, their status has been improved greatly. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President, the first African American President in history. Have political and historical events exerted a subtle influence on people’s perceptions of novel? The thesis will mainly focus on various comments by writers and famous people in different times. The perspective object is to see the changing attitude towards the novel. In order to achieve this, there will be an examination of main points in the history of African Americans, from slavery to President Obama. Then the perception of the novel will be assessed from the date of its publication until the present day. Finally, there will be an attempt to like the two previous sections by examining any connection found between the history of African Americans and the perception of the novel.

Keywords: slavery; African American; comparison; perception

摘 要

史陀夫人的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》刚在1852年出版时， 就产生了巨大的成功。该小说主要写了奴隶制，这在当时还是一个颇有争议的话题。许多评论家也对该小说做了很多评论。随着时间的发展，人们对该书的态度产生了巨大的变化。非裔美国人在美国有着一段充满痛楚的历史。最近一些年来，他们的地位大大提高了。2008年奥巴马当选为第一位非裔美国总统。政治和历史的事件会不会在人们评论该书时产生一定的影响呢？本论文主要以各个时期评论家对该书做出的评论为重点，旨在探讨人们对该书的态度的变化。本文将会对非裔人美国的历史的各个重要的事件进行回顾，从奴隶制到奥巴马。接着对有关该书的评论的选取范围将从该书一出版到现在这个阶段。最后，该文将会对之前两部分做出对比，探讨非裔美国人的历史是否与该书的评论的变化有任何可能的联系。

关键词：奴隶制；非裔美国人；对比；评论

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1 2 Literature Review 1 3 History of African American 1 3.1 Slavery 1 3.2 13th Amendment to WWII 2 3.3 WWII to 1960 2 3.4 1960 to 2009 2 4 An analysis of the book towards African American people 3 5 Perceptions of the book 4 6 Conclusion 5
References 7
Appendix II 11

A Study on the Changing Perceptions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin from 1852 to 2009

1 Introduction

Seldom does a one work of literature change a society or start it down the road to cataclysmic conflict. One such catalytic work is Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). It enjoyed enormous popularity upon its publication since then. Legend holds that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe in 1862 he said, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this Great War". Great responses have made to this book and thus the book set preparation for the abolition of slavery in US and the whole world as a whole. The critics considered this book a focus of culture at that time of the society, hitting and altering the relationship between the white people and black people then. The novel, therefore, has exerted a substantial effect on the society, especially on the abolishment of slavery and the victory of the Civil War led by the party of Abraham Lincoln.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811--1896), a nineteenth century American female writer, was born into a respectable family: her father Lyman was a clergyman who was known for his active support for abolitionism, and ever held the position of the director of Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio. Her husband Calvin Ellis Stowe was one of the leading professors in the seminary. Besides, two of her brothers, Henry Ward and Edward, were celebrated preachers. In addition, her older sister—Catherine, she took the pioneering part in Women’s education. The family was all opposing to raising slaves and they were all famous abolitionists.

Stowe was partly inspired to create Uncle Tom's Cabin by the autobiography of Josiah Henson, a black man who lived and worked all his life on a 3,700 acre tobacco plantation in North Bethesda, Maryland owned by Isaac Riley. (Harret, 1853, p42) Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the Province of Upper Canada (now Ontario), where he helped other fugitive slaves arrive and become self-sufficient, and where he wrote his memoirs. Stowe eventually made the acknowledgement that Henson's work inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin to some extent. When Stowe's work became a best-seller, Henson republished his memoirs as The Memoirs of Uncle Tom, and traveled extensively in the United States and Europe.(Debra,2003,p25-26) Stowe's novel lent its name to Henson's home—Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site, near Dresden, Ontario—which since the 1940s has been a museum. The actual cabin Henson lived in while he was a slave, still exists in Montgomery County, Maryland.

1. Literature Review

Over the years scholars have made various assumptions on a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to express with the novel (on top of the manifest themes, such as condemning slavery). For example, as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist, Stowe instilled many of her religion's beliefs into the novel. There is also a group of scholars who maintain the statement that Stowe considered her novel as a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil.

Other experts and scholars have done research into the analysis of the main characters of the novel with the subject of Christianity and slavery. With the emphasis of anti-slavery, experts make comments on the novel. Some adopted the method of Archetype to study the novel. Also there are a number of scholars who judge the novel by the point of feminism. Some other scholars evaluate the historical importance of the book under the background of the civil war. Undoubtedly the novel did great help to the civil war.

2. History of African American

1. Slavery

The slavery in United States Slavery had a long yet deplorable trace. It was originated from the first English colonization of North American in Virginia in 1607. The slaves were sold in quantities by shipping them from Africa to America. On their trip to the destination, slaves were treated very badly. If they became ill or caught some unknown diseases, they were thrown to the sea immediately. Some of them were miserably and harshly beaten during the long trip. Numerous slavers, therefore, failed to survive their bitter trip. Most of the slaves, if not all, were black people and under the charge of white people, although some Native Americans and free blacks also held a number of slaves; there were a small yet certain number of white slaves as well. Generally speaking, these slaves were sold to the areas where there was good quality soil for large plantations of high value cash crops, such as cotton, sugar, and coffee. An overwhelming majority of slaveholders were in the southern United States, where most slaves were engaged in an efficient machine-like gang system of agriculture. From 1654 until 1865, slavery for life was legal within the realms of much of the present United States. By the 18th century, court rulings established the racial basis of the American incarnation of slavery apply chiefly to Black Africans and people of African descent, and occasionally to Native Americans . The South had a significantly high number and proportion of slaves in its population. The slaves to some degree constituted a vital part of their economic resource.

1 13th Amendment to WWII

With the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment in December, 1865, the life of the slaves has been improved slightly. Most of the Africa American slaves are free and they were allowed to take some jobs to feed themselves. The amendment officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

But the rise of KKK can be considered as a huge threat to the survival of Africa Americans. Klan members hid their identities by means of masks and robes. They chose time for attacks and usually hit victims at nights. When they killed black political leaders, they also took heads of families, along with the leaders of churches and community groups.

The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865. The leadership of the north is bourgeoisie along with the fighting force composed of workers, farmers and black people. In the south the plantation holders became the war supporters. They aim to defend the slave system and are in the hope to establish the confederacy. While the purpose of the war maintained by the north side is to defeat the south side in order to abolish slavery and achieve national unity. Thus it makes possible for the capitalist to obtain more cheap labor, which makes the development of capitalist got well. Lincoln only abolished slavery in some parts of the southern rebellions. Although black slaves in these areas were liberated, they were still not endowed with the rights as enjoyed by the whites. Problems still remained unchanged.

2 WWII to 1960

Racial segregation in the United States included the racial segregation of facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines. African Americans were kept separate, with separate schools, hotels, bars, hospitals, toilets, parks, even telephone booths, and separate sections in libraries, cinemas, and restaurants, the latter often with separate ticket windows and counters.

The blacks served in the United States Armed Forces lived in segregated units. Black soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped, and were often put on the frontlines in suicide missions. Segregation was enforced in Sports, such as horsing race and basketball. Prior to the 1930s, basketball would also suffer a great deal of discrimination as well. Black and whites played mostly in different leagues and usually where forbidden from playing in inter-racial games.

Despite all the legal changes that have taken place since the 1940s and especially in the 1960s, the United States remains, to some degree, a segregated society, with housing patterns, school enrollment, church membership, employment opportunities, and even college admissions all reflecting significant de facto segregation. Supporters of affirmative action argue that the persistence of such disparities reflects either racial discrimination or the persistence of its effects.

3 1960 to 2009

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark in the boundary of legislation in the United States. It extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. When the Act was implemented, its effects were far reaching and had tremendous long-term impacts on the whole country. It prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment. It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring.

During the Civil Rights Movement in the early and mid-1960s, Selma was a decisive point for desegregation and voting rights campaigns and now it became a national historic landmark. At that time all public facilities were strictly segregated. Blacks who attempted to step into the white-only sections or areas were harshly beaten and arrested. More than half of the city's residents were black, but it is the fact that only one percent was registered to vote. Blacks were prevented from registering to vote.

There are two remarkable African Americans who had written a splendid page in the history of the struggle against slavery and civil rights.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, and he has become a human rights icon. King's devoted efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history.

King also organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the law of the United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. King applied the principles of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.

Another important figure in the Africa American history was Malcolm X. Malcolm X has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. He is credited with raising the self-esteem of black Americans and reconnecting them with their African heritage. He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the black community in the United States.

In the field of politics, Jesse Jackson and Obama are two vital figures in the Africa American as well as in the United States history.

On November 3, 1983, Jesse Jackson announced his campaign for presidency. In 1984, Jackson became the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for President of the United States, running as a Democrat.

Four years later, in 1988, Jackson once again offered himself as a candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. This time, his successes in the past made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized. Although most people did not seem to believe he had a serious chance at winning, Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, prompting R.W. Apple of the New York Times to call 1988 "the Year of Jackson".

Another important figure in terms of politics is Obama, the first Africa American president in the history.

Barack Hussein Obama, born August 4, 1961, is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. His father is from Kenya while his mother is an American. He graduated from Columbia University and then Harvard University. In 1996 he was first elected senator of Illinois and in 2004 senator of the congress. In that year he became the fifth black senator in the history of the congress of the United States.

2 An analysis of the book towards African American people

Mrs. Stowe portrays several vivid characters with distinctive temperament. Among them, there are the white and the black, the nobles and the slaves, the kind and the cruel. In her description of all these characters, we can learn that Mrs. Stowe advocates that people are equal and she is against racial discrimination. Some people think that the dark skin of African slaves externally represents negative qualities such as evil or heathenism. However, Mrs. Stowe viewed slaves that evoke these presumptions actually contrasts their internal strength and spirituality. In fact, black men are better than some white slaveholders who have intentional purposes.

Tom, being obedient and subject to slave owner, can hardly make it possible for his survival. While George Harris, a young black man without the faith of God, put all his energy into fighting against his family and social systems, finally make his new life successfully. By the comparison adopted by the author, it is without any doubt that only by fight and struggle can slaves gain freedom. Stowe offers two choices for the black people towards slavery in her novel. One is to expel, while the other is to die. Tom chooses the southern route thus stuck in the slavery step by step, while Harris adopted the north route and he reached out to his long-cherished freedom gradually and eventually. There are two kinds of response towards slavery—Harris’s actively struggle and fight and Tom’s passive undue tolerance and acceptance.

Stowe herself is deeply influenced by Christianity; she held the belief that people are born to be equal and should enjoy freedom. So the main characters she portrayed in Uncle Tom’s Cabin are all Christians to different extent. This part of the paper deals with the analysis of perfect Christian, non-perfect Christian and half-Christian in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Uncle Tom's Cabin is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text, such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity, she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. Stowe pushed home her theme of the immorality of slavery on almost every page of the novel, sometimes even changing the story's voice so she could give a "homily" on the destructive nature of slavery (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states, "The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affections—the separating of families, for example."). One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other

3 Perceptions of the book

1. 1852 –1865

Uncle Tom’s Cabin has been cussed and discussed since May 8, 1851.The moment the novel was published it served as a forceful trigger in people’s huge rage in the South of America. The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters.

Writers and scholars in the Southern United States produced a large number of books to rebut Stowe's novel very quickly. This so-called Anti-Tom literature to some extent were in favor of a pro-slavery viewpoint, maintaining that the depiction of issues of slavery in Stowe's book were highly exaggerated and incorrect at all. In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War, approximately twenty to thirty anti-Tom books were published. Among them the most noted anti-Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms, Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman, and The Planter's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz.More than half of these Anti-Tom books was written by white women. William Gilmore Simms once commented at one point about the "Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman (Stowe) answered by a Southern woman." (Henry, 1987, p134)These anti-tom novels were in such a tendency that was characterized by a benign white patriarchal master and an innocent wife, both of whom were in the possession of child-like slaves in a benevolent extended-family-style plantation. The novels either implied or straightforwardly uttered that African Americans were a child-like people incapable of living their own lives without being directly superintended by their white masters.

The well-known Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms again declared the work completely false and sheer of nonsense, (Charles, Vol. 48, No. 3) while other writers called the novel criminal and totally slanderous. (Alfred, Vol.12, p457–506)Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile, Alabama who was forced to leave town just for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe herself (including a package containing a slave's severed ear). Many other Southern writers, like Simms, soon wrote their own books in against towards Stowe's novel. Simms' book was published a few months in the wake of Stowe's novel and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe's book and her view of slavery. (Joseph, Vol. 31, p 421–433)

Caroline Lee Hentz, an intimate personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati, wrote The Planter's Northern Bride. (Philip, 2005)Hentz’s 1854 novel, though received a wide readership at the time, now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman—the daughter of an abolitionist, who marries a southern slave owner.

Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to Britain during the Civil War, argued later that, "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed."（Charles，1913，p79）

Longfellow had opposed slavery throughout the antebellum period, and even published Poems on Slavery in 1842. At the outset of his reading of this book, Longfellow noted in his journal: "Began 'Uncle Tom?' -a pathetic and droll book on slavery." His view soon changed however, as a later journal entry stated: "Every evening we read ourselves into despair in that tragic book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin!" It is too melancholy, and makes one's blood boil too hotly." One year later, perhaps envious of the meteoric rise in Stowe's popularity, Longfellow wrote: "How she is shaking the world with her 'Uncle Tom's Cabin!' (Gossett, Thomas F., 1985)

Above all, upon its publication, the novel was criticized by most of the novelists and writers along with a little respect from the public. Despite these criticisms, the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans.It is with no difficulty to imagine that slavery was quite right and reasonable at the time. The notion that slavery should be abolished is unimaginable. Since then, many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement.

2. 1865----1925

Many African American 19th Century critics saw Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin as a ray of hope and a means out of oppression. Critics praised the dialogue, the interjected sentimental stories, as well as the characterization. In fact, many considered the novel to be a gift from God. Uncle Tom's Cabin was the only popularized writing at the time that touched upon slavery as negative. The novel was popular in general but more importantly to African Americans. However, the response to the book was limited considering the scarcity of African American newspapers and writers. Much of the African American population at the time was held down by slavery, illiteracy, or a dearth of places to publish.

Some critics highlighted Stowe's paucity of life-experience relating to Southern life, saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region. For instance, she had never set foot on a Southern plantation. However, Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati, Ohio, where Stowe lived. It is reported that, "She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write the famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the emerging plot."(Retrieved on Wikipedia, Mar.15, 2010)

Reverend Joel Parker, who threatened to sue Stowe for the “dastardly attack” on his character,

3. 1925-1960

With due right empowered to African Americans, they are gradually accepted by white people. And the comments made on the novel became slightly less critical but more gentle.

In the last few decades the negative associations have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a "vital antislavery tool."

The beginning of this change in the novel's perception had its roots in an essay in 1949 by James Baldwin titled "Everybody’s Protest Novel." In this essay, Baldwin called Uncle Tom’s Cabin a "very bad novel" which was also racially obtuse and aesthetically crude.(Edward, New York Times, 2006)However, Baldwin's 1949 essay "Everybody's Protest Novel" asserted that Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin lacked credible characters and psychological complexity.

Yet in the twentieth century, Malcolm X suggested that it wasn’t radical enough, claiming that Martin Luther King, Jr. was a “modern” Uncle Tom, “who is doing the same thing today, to keep Negroes defenseless in the face of an attack.”

Rather than “a book that made history,” Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a novel that matters because it is still provokes argument. Many modern readers wish Uncle Tom would stop praying and serving and do something. W.E.B. DuBois saw Tom’s “deep religious fatalism” as an example of the stunted ethical growth endemic to plantation existence, where “habits of shiftlessness took root, and sullen hopelessness replaced hopeful strife.”

4. 1960 –present

In the 1960s and '70s, the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel, saying that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in "race betrayal," saying that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners.

By the 1970’s, Mr. Gates points out, this slave, whose “very soul bled within him” for the wrongs he witnessed, had become “the most reviled figure in American literary history.”

In recent decades, scholars and readers have criticized the book for what are seen as condescending racist descriptions of the book's black characters, especially with regard to the characters' appearances, speech, and behavior, as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate.

Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time.

Other critics, though, have praised the novel. Edmund Wilson stated that "To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom's Cabin may … prove a startling experience."(Darryl, the Nation, 2006)In 1985 Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics aren't dismissing the book because it was simply too popular during its day. (Jane, 1985, p122-146)

In the Literary History of the United States, George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom's Cabin "Sunday-school fiction", full of "broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos."（Jane,1985,p122-146）

In recent years,2006 however, scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun to reexamine Uncle Tom's Cabin, stating that the book is a "central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."(Edward, New York Times, 2006)

As Henry Louis Gates Jr. recalls in the introduction to “The Annotated Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (Norton), during the militant 1960’s, when Mr. Gates was coming to maturity, Uncle Tom, far from being the hero he was to an earlier century, was a “negative stereotype” of a “black man all The Annotated Uncle Tom’s Cabin” too eager to please the whites around him.”

4 Conclusion

The history of Africa American has always been a story full of hardship. While with the passage of time it can be clearly seen that almost all the aspects, if not all, of Africa American such as their life conditions, education opportunities, right to vote have risen to a new level and still, delightfully, is improving nowadays.

The comments made by all the scholars and writers and experts above are to some extent changing subtlety and gradually as well. From the very first their strongly disproval of the appearance of the novel to the acceptance of it and to the latter appreciation of it, it can be inferred that that attitude towards Africa American by the society is changing and changing for the better.

Since Africa Americans are gaining power in nearly every realm of society through ever-lasting efforts and unimaginable hard work, the society shifts a totally new sight on them and the public change their deeply rooted notion towards Africa Americans gradually as well.

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http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/uncletom/key/keyIV5t.html

http://www.historynow.org/06_2008/historian2.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_01_rm.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_04_rm.html

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http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/23/arts/23conn.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wilson

http://www.thenation.com/doc/20061225/wellington

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States

Retrieved on Dec.25, 2009

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Parker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.E.B._DuBois

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell

Retrieved on Feb. 17, 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1865%E2%80%931895)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_United_States_presidential_ele

ction,_2008

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080224151634AA4cbOa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKK

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_Alabama

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(United_States)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Walker

Appendix II

附录是论文主体的补充部分，编排在参考文献后面。编入附录的材料一般有助于读者了解正文内容，但又因篇幅过大、数据琐碎等原因，编入正文会有损于正文编排的条理性或逻辑性。

附录与正文连续编页码。每一附录均须另页起头，均须有序号（如Appendix I、 Appendix II等）和名称。附录的序号、名称和页码都必须包括在目录页里。