...Unit One: Biochemistry Organic chemistry: chemistry of carbon based molecules * Life on our planet is carbon based * All life is carbon based, so to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well * Most of 4% consists of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium Functional Groups * Most functional groups are ionic or strongly polar which makes them very attracted to other ionic or polar molecules * Non polar portions do not attract other molecules so do not help initiate chemical reactions * So, some polar functional groups are strongly attracted to water and so can often be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell, example ethane is hydrocarbon doesn’t have functional group so does not dissolve in water and is gas at room temperature however ethanol has functional group so highly soluble in water Carbon Chemistry * Because it has has 4 electrons in shell so can form 4 covalent bonds to form these shapes * Can form bonds with others but can also bind with each other * Carbon containing rings can join to make polymers Dehydration and Hydrolysis...
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...bond is a particularly strong type of intermolecular force which is essential in many biological macromolecular structures and is formed when a hydrogen atom from one molecule covalently bonds to a highly electronegative atom on another molecule, usually nitrogen, fluorine or oxygen. The bond is a particular case of dipole dipole attractions where the large electronegativity difference between the small hydrogen atom and the nitrogen, fluorine or oxygen atom results in the electron pair being pulled away from the hydrogen. Given its small size and the fact that it has no other electrons to shield the nucleus, the hydrogen atom exerts a strong attractive force on a lone pair in the electronegative atom of a neighboring molecule. Hydrogen bonds play a key role in ensuring that many biological molecules adopt and subsequently retain their correct three dimensional structure. This is particularly the case in proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore this essay will examine the importance of hydrogen bonds in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA and finally their role in protein structure. It is important to understand the chemical basis of a hydrogen bond before moving on to explain their significance. As already described, the small hydrogen atom exerts a strong attractive force on the lone pair of the electronegative atom on the neighboring molecule. The electronegative atom to which hydrogen is bonded to causes an uneven distribution of electrons between the two atoms, so the hydrogen atom...
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...will also examine intermolecular forces in detail in Chapter 11. Here we will apply what you have learned about atomic structure (Chapter 6), electron configurations, and periodic trends (Chapter 7) to the chemical bonds formed between atoms and ions and the shapes of molecules and ions that contain covalent bonds. • 8-1 Biology: Molecular shape of enzymes specifically allow only certain reactions to occur. Drugs are developed that specifically fit into active sites in the enzyme to affect or even stop its action. Chapter 8 8.1 Interactions Between Particles: Coulomb’s Law 8.2 Covalent Bonding Basics 8.3 Lewis Structures 8.4 Bond Properties 8.5 Electron Distribution in Molecules 8.6 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory and Molecular Shape 8.7 Molecular Polarity Chapter Goals • Apply Coulomb’s Law. • Understand forces involved in covalent bonding. • Write Lewis symbols and Lewis structures. • Predict bond properties. • Understand charge distribution in molecules. • Use VSEPR theory. • Identify polar and nopolar species. Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure 8-2 8.1 Interactions Between Particles: Coulomb’s Law OWL Opening Exploration 8.1 Coulomb’s Law Matter is made up of atoms and ions that experience both attractive and repulsive forces. The strength of the force holding oppositely charged particles together in any material is described by Coulomb’s Law (equation 8.1). According to this law, force of attraction or repulsion between two charged species...
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...paper, leaving the residue on the impermeable substance/filtrating medium and the filtrate to pass through. | Dissolved solids in liquids Evaporation | If the liquid in the mixture is more volatile (boiling point is lower) than the soluble solid, the soluble solid will remain while the liquid evaporates. The procedure employs the use of an evaporating dish and a Bunsen burner. | Crystallisation | Another method of dissolved solids from a liquid mixture (solution)The impure salt is dissolved in water at a high temperature to create a concentrated solution.The mixture is then cooled and the salt crystallises, leaving the impurity in the solution.This crystallised slat contains much less of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process...
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...A REVIEW OF FLUIDIC SELF ASSEMBLY Towards the fulfillment of course requirement for EE5171 Under Prof. Stephen Campbell Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota, Twin Cities By: Manan M Dedhia ID # 4279398 M.S. Graduate student Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota, Twin Cities THE INTEGRATION of microelectromechanical systems(MEMS) sensors and actuators with other classes of microcomponents—electronic, optical, and fluidic—onto a single substrate has the potential to create powerful and complex microsystems. To increase device performance and thus realize the potential of microsystems, it is now accepted that the integration must occur at the micro scale. There are two possible routes: either the micro-components are fabricated at their desired locations in a single process, or they are fabricated separately and then positioned using micro assembly techniques. Since many classes of micro components cannot be co-fabricated effectively due to materials and process incompatibilities, several research groups are developing micro assembly approaches. In the micro assembly route, different classes of micro components are fabricated in separate processes, removed from their substrates, and assembled onto a target substrate of choice. For most applications, sub micrometer positioning and methods for establishing high-quality mechanical and electrical connections to the substrate are required. As in co fabrication, small-area electrical...
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...CHM 1101 Introductory Chemistry Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi August, 2007 Compiled and edited by Medeba Uzzi Authors’ Note This document is an initiative by the authors in an attempt to deal with what they think may be one of the reasons contributing to the relatively high failure rate in the introductory Chemistry course (CHM 1101) at the University of Guyana. It was brought to our attention that many first year students taking CHM 1101 are unable to efficiently cope with the frenetic pace of the Semester system and even less able to deal comprehensively with the large content in CHM 1101. It is hoped that by providing this paper, students will not need to make lots of notes in lectures and so they can focus on grasping the concepts taught. The document is meant to be a guide to the topics covered in CHM 1101 and is by no means exhaustive. Students are still required to attend classes regularly and punctually and to engage meaningfully in lectures and tutorials. Further, supplemental reading of these topics in any good General Chemistry text is expected. Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi 2 SECTION 1 – Modules A – D: section deals with the foundation for chemistry. It introduces students to matter & its classification, Atom & its structure, Periodic table and chemical rxns. Introduction to Science and Measurement What is Chemistry? – Chemistry is the study of matter and its transformations Natural sciences refer to the systematic study of the natural world (our...
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...works, you will know that it passes a whole series of wavelengths of light through a solution of a substance (the sample cell) and also through an identical container (the reference cell) which only has solvent in it. | | Note: It isn't essential to read about how the spectrometerworks, but you could follow this link if you are interested or if it is on your syllabus. Everything you need from that page to understand the present topic is repeated below. | For each wavelength of light passing through the spectrometer, the intensity of the light passing through the reference cell is measured. This is usually referred to as Io - that's I for Intensity.The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that wavelength - given the symbol, I.If I is less than Io, then obviously the sample has absorbed some of the light. A simple bit of maths is then done in the computer to convert this into something called the absorbance of the sample - given the symbol, A.For reasons to do with the form of the Beer-Lambert Law (below), the relationship between A (the absorbance) and the two intensities is given by:On most of the diagrams you will come across, the absorbance ranges from 0 to 1, but it can go higher than that.An absorbance of 0 at some wavelength means that no light of that particular wavelength has been absorbed. The intensities of the sample and reference beam are both the same, so the ratio Io/I is 1. Log10 of 1 is zero.An absorbance of 1 happens...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...AS/A Level GCE GCE Chemistry A OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry A H034 OCR Advanced GCE in Chemistry A H434 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 version 2 – February 2008 QAN 500/2425/5 QAN 500/2347/0 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Three-Unit AS The Six-Unit Advanced GCE Qualification Titles and Levels Aims Prior Learning/Attainment 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 Summary of Content 2.1 2.2 AS Units A2 Units 6 6 7 3 Unit Content 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 AS Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups AS Unit F322: Chains, Energy and Resources AS Unit F323: Practical Skills in Chemistry 1 A2 Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis A2 Unit F325: Equilibria, Energetics and Elements A2 Unit F326: Practical Skills in Chemistry 2 8 8 20 38 40 51 62 4 Schemes of Assessment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment Unit Order Unit Options (at AS/A2) Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) Assessment Availability Assessment Objectives Quality of Written Communication 64 64 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 5 Technical Information 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Making Unit Entries Making Qualification Entries Grading Result Enquiries and Appeals Shelf-life of Units Unit and Qualification Re-sits Guided Learning Hours Code of Practice/Subject Criteria/Common Criteria Requirements Arrangements for Candidates with Particular...
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...is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of them. When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction. Force is a quantity which is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. [pic] For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad categories: • contact forces, and • forces resulting from action-at-a-distance Contact forces are those types of forces which result when the two interacting objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, tensional forces, normal forces, air resistance forces, and applied forces. Action-at-a-distance forces are those types of forces which result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation. Examples of action-at-a-distance forces include gravitational forces. For example, the sun and planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. Even when your feet leave the earth and you are no longer in physical contact with the earth, there is a gravitational pull between you and the Earth. Electric forces are action-at-a-distance...
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...School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural &Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma. UDOM- Study Material 2013-14 Page 1 CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M Preface The importance of learning chemistry cannot be overemphasized. In this regard, all branches of chemistry contribute to the overall role that chemistry plays in daily life. The course content of CH 111 is designed to bridge the gap between the high school and the undergraduate chemistry, with respect to some fundamental topics in chemistry for first year chemistry students. This compendium will be helpful to the students, due to its relevance to the course content and will promote better understanding of the subject matter. It is intended to enable students to achieve the learning objectives and learning outcomes of CH 111 by being a quick reference to learners. The author of the compendium has presented the contents in a simplified manner by using various illustrations, including structures, tables, figures, and other relevant information to help the learner understand easily. This compendium will, to greater extent, help in understanding the basic concepts in chemistry. Dr. J.J. Makangara Senior Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Former Dean, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania. UDOM- Study Material 2013-14 Page 2 CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M Dedicated to My Students of The University...
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...variability in their chemical and physical properties. This variability is related not only to the origin of the samples but also to their method of preparation. Chitin and chitosan are used in fields as different as food, biomedicine and agriculture, among others. The success of chitin and chitosan in each of these specific applications is directly related to deep research into their physicochemical properties. In recent years, several reviews covering different aspects of the applications of chitin and chitosan have been published. However, these reviews have not taken into account the key role of the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan in their possible applications. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the polymers and their behaviour. A functional characterization of chitin and chitosan regarding some biological properties and some specific applications (drug delivery, tissue engineering,...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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...Review Paper Inulin - a versatile polysaccharide with multiple pharmaceutical and food chemical uses. Thomas Barclaya, Milena Ginic-Markovica, Peter Cooperb,c, Nikolai Petrovskyc,d a Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 5042 Cancer Research Laboratory, ANU Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2605 c Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide Australia 5042 d Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia 5042 b Received: 27 August 2010 Accepted: 10 October 2010 ABSTRACT á-D-glucopyranosyl-[â-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranoside, commonly referred to as inulin, is a natural plant-derived polysaccharide with a diverse range of food and pharmaceutical applications. It is used by the food industry as a soluble dietary fibre and fat or sugar replacement, and in the pharmaceutical industry as a stabiliser and excipient. It can also be used as a precursor in the synthesis of a wide range of compounds. New uses for inulin are constantly being discovered, with recent research into its use for slow-release drug delivery. Inulin, when in a particulate form, possesses anti-cancer and immune enhancing properties. Given its increasing importance to industry, this review explains how inulin's unique physico-chemical properties bestow it with many useful pharmaceutical applications. KEY WORDS: Inulin, polysaccharide, fructose, excipient, vaccine, adjuvant INTRODUCTION ...
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...Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms, structures...
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