...use of practices that have been scientifically tested and proven effective. In simple terms, doing what works. This has led to drastic changes in various sectors from police operations, probation, sentencing, etc. When examining capital punishment the first question that must be asked is why do we do it? Is it simply a universal response to an atrocious act committed by an offender? If so, then there is no need to look any further. However, thousands of capital offense convictions are handed down annually in the U.S., yet most do not result in death penalty sentences. Therefore the only logical conclusion is that there is much more complexities in play once the state hands down capital punishment. Possible Effects of Capital Punishments at a Glance By and large, capital punishment in the United States is handed down to those offenders that are found guilty of homicide. Although not limited to strictly homicide, the overwhelming majority of those executed and assigned to death row have committed such offenses. Therefore, the focus of this paper is centered around capital punishment, and its effect on homicide. Some will contend that capital punishment serves as a deterrent for those in society that have not committed such offenses, but may be considering. Others believe that...
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...Effects Made by Fanaticism on Mankind Fanaticism was taking place in every era, every part of the world and asserted itself in many different variations. However the consequences were mostly alike: the deaths of innocent people and a huge cultural, economical or other kind of damage to the society. Defining the term – fanaticism, would be the best way for starting its judging. Fanaticism is a belief or a behavior concerning an obsessive enthusiasm. Psychological studies concluded that a human being in that state must be considered mentally ill.The last and the most serious stage of fanaticism is classified as one of the branches of bipolar disorder, that takes place in the upper part of the human’s brain. It is a well-known fact, that most...
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...Child Abuse in the U.S.A Jennifer Bhikarry Barry University Sandra ROBERTS, Ph.D. Barry University Pembroke Pines, FL 33025 ADM 535: Applied Research Methodologies October 10th, 2011 Child abuse in the U.S.A I – INTRODUCTION Introduction Statement of the Problem: Purpose of the study Research questions II- REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A - AN ADMINISTRATIVE NIGHTMARE, Deel, (1991) 1. A hidden type of abuse: a school leadership issue, Mitchell ( 2010) 2. Ethical or unethical? The Code of ethics of Georgia: a code to be followed. B. FAMILY RESPONSIBILITY 1. Physical child abuse: a cultural problem 2. Physical abuse vs. Discipline C - CHAPTER SUMMARY III- METHODS AND METHODOLOGY Method Sample selection Participants Instrument Implications for School Counselors and parents Results and Limitations IV- REFERENCES Child abuse in the U.S.A I – INTRODUCTION Introduction It has been said that children are our greatest natural resource. As such, children deserve care and protection to keep them from harm. This care currently includes thousands of professionals representing diverse disciplines such as medicine, law, social work, public health and education. Such diverse representation dedicated to this concern is indicative of the complexity of the problem of child maltreatment. Since the publication of The Battered Child in 1962 (Kempe et al), child maltreatment has been "on the radar" of these professionals who have endeavored tirelessly...
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...In Georgia Warnke’s book Debating Sex and Gender, Gayle Rubin recognizes sex as the “raw material” of the bodies of female and male human beings, while gender pertains to the roles and functions those human beings have in society and the culture of which they are a part of. Rubin states that sexism is the general phenomenon in which females become “domesticated women”, or workhorses for men. Rubin wrote her influential essay The Traffic in Women in 1975, yet her definitions of sex, gender, and sexism are still applicable today. The issues that Rubin addressed are demonstrated in particular in today’s media, which reinforces gender inequality and objectification, through the depiction of women as hyper-sexualized, weak, and unskilled. This negative depiction of women exists especially in the gaming community, in which many have criticized the negative portrayal of women as sexist and severely problematic. Video games like Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption portray women in an almost exclusively violent and sexualized manner, which serves to reinforce the never-ending sexism and gender biases that society has upheld for centuries. Society as a whole can change the perception of gender and how women are perceived, but leaps towards progressive ideas need to be made first, starting with the video game industry as a whole. Throughout history, women’s roles have primarily been domestic – staying home and being responsible for the care of her husband and children. As Warnke...
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...The Death Penalty The death penalty is a form of punishment in which a person who has been convicted of a serious crime is executed under the precept of the criminal justice system. The death penalty has been in existence for thousands of years and has gained wide acceptance in the United States since early colonial times. Even those who framed the Constitution specifically the Fifth Amendment approved of it though implicitly (McCord and Latzer 9). Despite the growing acceptance of the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for certain kinds of crimes such as first degree murders, there are still some people who argue against it on certain grounds. The debate as to the justification of the death penalty has raged on for a long time. On one hand, there are those who are of the opinion that the death penalty is a cruel punishment which is morally wrong and a violation of the right to life for its victims. Others defend their opposing views by citing the wave of abolition of other types of corporal punishment such as branding and flogging and propose that imprisonment should also replace the death penalty (McCord and Latzer 9). However, the death penalty has proved to be a punishment befitting certain crimes such as horrific murders as it is the ultimate punishment. It has taken many harmful elements off the streets besides acting as a deterrent for both the convicted criminals and other potential murderers out there. In essence, it has saved many innocent lives that otherwise...
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...The Death Penalty The death penalty is a form of punishment in which a person who has been convicted of a serious crime is executed under the precept of the criminal justice system. The death penalty has been in existence for thousands of years and has gained wide acceptance in the United States since early colonial times. Even those who framed the Constitution specifically the Fifth Amendment approved of it though implicitly (McCord and Latzer 9). Despite the growing acceptance of the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for certain kinds of crimes such as first degree murders, there are still some people who argue against it on certain grounds. The debate as to the justification of the death penalty has raged on for a long time. On one hand, there are those who are of the opinion that the death penalty is a cruel punishment which is morally wrong and a violation of the right to life for its victims. Others defend their opposing views by citing the wave of abolition of other types of corporal punishment such as branding and flogging and propose that imprisonment should also replace the death penalty (McCord and Latzer 9). However, the death penalty has proved to be a punishment befitting certain crimes such as horrific murders as it is the ultimate punishment. It has taken many harmful elements off the streets besides acting as a deterrent for both the convicted criminals and other potential murderers out there. In essence, it has saved many innocent lives that otherwise...
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...For the capital punishment The death penalty is an issue that has the United States quite divided. While there are many supporters of it, there is also a large amount of opposition. Currently, there are thirty-three states in which the death penalty is legal and seventeen states that have abolished it (Death Penalty Information Center). I believe the death penalty should be legal throughout the nation. There are many reasons as to why I believe the death penalty should be legalized in all states, including deterrence, retribution, and morality; and because opposing arguments do not hold up, I will refute the ideas that the death penalty is unconstitutional, irrevocable mistakes are made, and that there is a huge gap of race and income level. Putting people to death, judged to have committed certain crimes, is a practice that’s been around for a long time. In the later half of the twentieth century, it has become a controversial issue. Statistics prove consisted application of the death penalty deter crime. No executed murdered has ever killed again. For many years, Criminologists have thought to believe the death penalty has no affect as deterrence to homicides. From 1972-1976, a suspension was place on capital punishment. The United States had 9,140 murders in 1960 where 56 people were executed. Nine years later in 1969 where the United States had zero executions, there were 14,590 murders. After only 2 executions since 1976, murders raised to 23,040. If murderers are sentenced...
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...Running head: CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 1 The Correlation Between Child Maltreatment & Juvenile Delinquency April 6, 2014 CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2 Abstract Research suggests that there is a correlation between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency. The findings indicate that children, who have experienced abuse or neglect during childhood, are at increased risk of committing crimes in adolescence. A substantial number of children enter the juvenile justice system with a history of abuse, with approximately one third of these adolescence are actively associated with a child welfare agency at the time of their initial arrest. This paper attempts to establish a clear definition of physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as, neglect, while also reviewing a pattern of subsequent delinquency. The effects of racial, ethnic and gender differences in criminal behavior will be explored. A collaborated effort among youth serving agencies is discussed as a method of prevention of child maltreatment and future delinquency. CHILD MALTREATMENT & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 3 Juvenile delinquency is a serious public health concern. Throughout literature, child and adolescent maltreatment are consistently identified as powerful predictors of juvenile and adult crime. In 2009, law enforcement agencies arrested approximately 1.9 million persons under the age of 18 “ (Ryan, Williams, & Courtney, 2013, p.454)...
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...In the case People v. Clotfelter, the California Superior Court made a conclusion that chemical castration was a less severe alternative for punishment to sex offenders (Oswald, 2013). There are a number of significant side effects that are faced by the men and women under chemical castration procedure. Injections with Depo-Provera lead to side effects such as in males: abnormal sperm, impotence, loss of body hair, lowered ejaculatory volume, serious allergic reactions, fatigue, diabetes and shrinkage of the seminal and prostate vessels (Eady, 2006; Amlin, 2002; Tullio, 2009; and Oswald, 2013). In women, the injections increase the risk of irregular menstrual bleeding; increased risk of developing breast cancer; increased risk of osteoporosis; and increased...
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...“Instead of being on the defensive, I would be on the offensive”: General Sherman’s March through Georgia 1 The United States Civil War was the bloodiest and most trying conflict in American history. Hundreds of thousands of American lives were lost on both sides of the war. General William Tecumseh Sherman’s march through Georgia to the sea was a brilliant strategic victory for the North that helped to end the war more quickly, all while preserving the lives of soldiers on both the North and South. All though his march was outside the general practice of warfare it is clear that the General’s movement through Georgia was the best course he could have taken given his circumstances. His capture of Atlanta and his subsequent march to follow is one of the most controversial issues of the war. At the time of the war it was commonplace for the military leaders to embed their troops in entrenchments that were nearly impossible to infiltrate. They would then rush their men towards each other in a bloody battle. General Sherman realized that attacking the entrenchments of the enemy was fruitless and killed too many soldiers. He went on a path of flanking maneuvers that helped get around these entrenched soldiers. He followed up this plan by attacking the economy of the South and breaking their resolve. The importance of his new plan can be seen on how his tactics of attacking the land and economy, instead of other human beings, and avoiding head-on confrontation actually...
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...this kind of concern for the humanitarian aspect can be found in our ancient epics like the Mahabharata, where the rules of conduct of war as to the timing of attack and the prohibition attacking the unarmed were strictly laid down. The laws of Manu, a compilation of encyclopedic scope, which the British Professor Duncan M. Derrett a known authority on Hindu Law describes as a text "which constitutes India's greatest achievement in the field of jurisprudence" and regards this work as one of the world's premier compositions in ancient law, more valuable in every sense than Hammurabi and able to hold its own in comparison to the covenant and Priestly codes of Moses2 . Manu, while describing the duties of a King, warns against unusual cruelty even against an enemy in warfare, and has this to say, "fighting in a battle, he should not kill his enemies with weapons that are concealed, barbed, or smeared with poison or whose points blaze with fire. He should not kill anyone who has climbed on a mound, or an impotent man, or a man who folds his hands in supplication, or whose hair is unbound, or anyone who is seated or who says, I am yours; nor anyone asleep, without armour, naked, without a weapon, not fighting, looking on, or engaged with someone else nor anyone whose weapons have been broken, or who is in pain, badly wounded, terrified, or fleeing - for he should remember the...
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...Dissent is a feeling or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or institution. It is older than the United States, serving as a privilege and obligation to its citizens. The history of the United States is an ideal example of how dissent ultimately changes society by offering new ideas and perspective. Important issues that dissenters advocated such as taxation, slavery, women’s rights, civil rights, and anti-war sentiments define America. In order for a society to be successful, it must encourage dissent and protect the rights of its dissenters. Dissenters fought to create change and gain rights they believed were denied to them and others. Religious dissent forced European groups such as the Quakers and Puritans, who were persecuted for their beliefs, to seek life in the colonies. During the Pre-Revolutionary Age, Christianity affected all aspects of an individual’s life. Christianity was the basis of decision making in politics and society. Governments often ruled over their subjects, with the notion that they had approval from God and would therefore be granted his mercy for slaughtering innocent individuals, whether it was through crusades or witch hunts. At the time of the seventeenth century, kings and queens final decisions ruled which branch of Christianity to follow; with the constant upheaval in rulers, and exile towards Protestants during the Catholic era and Calvinists during the Church of England era, radical religious ideals began...
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...Is the 2nd Amendment Worth Saving? Is the 2nd Amendment Worth Saving? “Good people don’t need laws to tell them to act responsibly… and bad people will find a way around the laws.” – Plato “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants” - Thomas Jefferson “The Constitution preserves the advantage of being armed, which Americans possess over the people of almost every nation… (Where) the governments are afraid to trust the people with arms.” - James Madison -The Federalist Sandy Hook: Littleton, Colorado (Columbine): Newtown, Connecticut. These names strike fear in to anyone who was alive to hear about them as they happened. These were mass shootings in very public places, schools. Between the years of 1996-2013 a total of 84 attackers committed 77 attacks on schools in 15 countries killing 502 students and teachers and wounding 496 others worldwide. (See Table 1) It is my belief that these attacks were orchestrated upon the most helpless in our society in order to incite mass fear and chaos! Each crime was perpetrated with both handguns and rifles, or what these days are referred to as “assault rifles.” The term “assault rifle” is yet another mainstream media scare tactic designed solely for fear because many believe that for a civilian to possess what looks like a military weapon they must intend to murder. Hatred of other people because of race or status and the belief that “Someone” is holding them back is truly...
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...CHAPTER 2 Identifying Arguments The starred items are also contained in the Answer Key in the back of The Power of Logic. Exercise 2.1 Part A: Arguments and Nonarguments *1. 2. 3. *4. 5. 6. *7. 8. 9. *10. 11. 12. *13. 14. 15. *16. 17. 18. *19. 20. 21. *22. 23. 24. 25. Nonargument (explanation). Nonargument (conditional statement). Nonargument (report). Argument. Conclusion: Waging war is always wrong. Nonargument (explanation). Argument. Conclusion: Today the principal threat to America is America’s public education establishment. Argument. Conclusion: Without us, light does not exist. Nonargument (conditional statement). Nonargument (report). Nonargument (explanation). Nonargument (explanation). Argument. Conclusion: The population of the world has grown both steadily and rapidly since 1950. Nonargument (report). Argument. Conclusion: James died because he was hanged. Argument. Conclusion: Not all mob bosses avoid prison. Nonargument (illustration). Nonargument (conditional). Nonargument (illustration). Nonargument (conditional). Argument. Conclusion: The U.S. policy of nuclear deterrence was immoral. Nonargument (conditional). Argument. Conclusion: The good don’t always die young. Nonargument (explanation). Argument. Conclusion: Some metals are liquids at room temperature. Argument. Conclusion: Stealing is wrong simply because society disapproves of it. Exercise 2.2 Part A: Identifying Arguments *1. 1. The defendant is insane. So, 2. The defendant is not guilty...
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...executed, potential murderers will think twice before killing for fear of losing their own life. For years, criminologists analyzed murder rates to see if they fluctuated with the likelihood of convicted murderers being executed, but the results were inconclusive. Then in 1973 Isaac Ehrlich employed a new kind of analysis which produced results showing that for every inmate who was executed, 7 lives were spared because others were deterred from committing murder. Similar results have been produced by disciples of Ehrlich in follow-up studies. Moreover, even if some studies regarding deterrence are inconclusive, that is only because the death penalty is rarely used and takes years before an execution is actually carried out. Punishments which are swift and sure are the best deterrent. The fact that some states or countries which do not use the death penalty have lower murder rates than jurisdictions which do is not evidence of the failure of deterrence. States with high murder rates would have even higher rates if they did not use the death penalty. Ernest van den Haag, a Professor of Jurisprudence at Fordham University who has studied the question of deterrence closely, wrote: "Even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, and perhaps cannot be, capital punishment is likely to deter more than other punishments because people fear death more than anything else. They fear most death deliberately inflicted by law and scheduled by...
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