CHAPTER 5
The American Revolution, 1763-1783
Chapter Study Outline
I. The crisis begins
A. Pre-1763 consolidation of imperial authority
B. Emerging split over British-colonial relations
1. British perspective
a. Subordinate position of colonies
b. Obligation of colonies to share in cost of empire
c. "Virtual representation"
2. American perspective
a. Equality of colonies and mother country
b. No taxation without representation
C. Initial skirmishes
1. Writs of assistance against smuggling
2. Proclamation of 1763
3. Sugar Act
4. Revenue Act
5. Currency Act
D. Stamp Act crisis
1. Provisions of Stamp Act
2. Indignation in colonies
3. Taxation and representation; increasing opposition
a. Virginia resolutions
b. Stamp Act Congress
c. Boycott of British goods
d. Public demonstrations
e. Committees of Correspondence
f. Sons of Liberty
g. Crowd actions
4. Breadth of opposition
a. Colonial elites
b. Middling ranks
c. Laboring classes
5. Repeal of Stamp Act; passage of Declaratory Act
E. Internal colonial disputes
1. Tenant uprising in Hudson Valley
2. Tenant uprising in Green Mountains
3. Regulators in South Carolina
4. Regulators in North Carolina
II. The road to revolution
A. Townshend crisis
1. Provisions of Townshend duties
2. Colonial response, home-spun virtue
a. Revival of boycott on British goods
b. American-made goods as symbol of resistance
c. Reawakening of popular protest
B. Boston Massacre
1. Stationing of troops in Boston
2. The massacre
3. Popular indignation
C. An uneasy calm
1. Repeal of Townshend duties; withdrawal of troops from Boston
2. Lifting of boycott
3. Persisting suspicions of Britain
4. John Wilkes controversy
5. Anglican church rumors
D. Tea and Intolerable Acts
1. Tea Act
a. Roots in global commercial developments
b. Contents
2. Colonial response
a. Resistance in ports
b. Boston Tea Party
3. Intolerable Acts
4. Quebec Act
III. The coming of independence
A. Suffolk Resolves
B. The Continental Congress
1. Prominence of participants
2. Patrick Henry
3. Endorsement of Suffolk Resolves
4. The Continental Association established
5. Authorization of Committees of Safety
C. Committees of Safety
1. Displacement of established governments by extralegal bodies
2. Expansion of "political nation"
D. Edging toward independence
1. Pervasive talk of liberty
2. From "rights of Englishmen" to "natural rights"
E. Outbreak of war
1. Battles of Lexington and Concord
2. Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga
3. Boston
a. Siege
b. Battle of Bunker Hill
c. British withdrawal
4. Establishment of Continental Army, under Washington's command
5. Dispatch of British troops to suppress rebellion
F. Independence? Colonial ambivalence over independence
G. Thomas Paine's Common Sense
1. Content of
a. Denunciation of hereditary rule, monarchical government, colonial subordination
b. Promotion of independence, political democracy, citizens' rights, free trade, insulation from imperial wars
2. Impact of
a. Mass appeal
b. Groundswell for independence
H. Declaration of Independence
1. Issuance
2. Content
a. Grievances against crown
b. Defining principles
i. National sovereignty ii. Human equality iii. Natural rights iv. Government by consent of governed
v. Right of revolution vi. From property to "happiness"
I. Global implications
1. America as beacon of universal freedom
a. An asylum for mankind; human rights
b. Global declaration of independence; spread freedom
IV. Securing independence; the war
A. Balance of power
1. British advantages
a. Military superiority
b. Divisions among Americans
2. American advantages
a. Military experience
b. Home turf
c. Passion for independence
d. Limits of British resolve
e. Popular resentment against predatory Redcoats
f. Aid from Britain's rivals
B. Black soldiers in the Revolutionary War
1. On American side
2. On British side
C. First years of the war
1. General William Howe's pursuit of Washington
2. Washington's eluding of Howe at New York City
3. Washington's surprise attacks at Trenton and Princeton
4. American victory at Saratoga
5. British occupation of Philadelphia
6. Washington at Valley Forge
7. American alliance with France and Spain
D. Sagging fortunes of revolutionary cause
1. British recruitment of southern loyalists, slaves
2. British occupations of Savannah, Charleston
3. Shortage of funds
4. Defection of Benedict Arnold
5. Disgruntlement among soldiers
E. Victory at last
1. American victories at Cowpens, South Carolina, and Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina
2. Siege and surrender of Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown
3. Opening of peace negotiations
4. Treaty of Paris, recognizing American independence

CHAPTER 6
The Revolution Within
Chapter Study Outline
I. Democratizing freedom
A. The dream of equality; challenges to hereditary privilege, fixed status
B. Expanding the political nation
1. Popular engagement in public debate
2. The new constitutions
3. The right to vote; rolling back property qualifications
4. One-house vs. two-house legislatures
5. Radical patriots and conservative patriots
II. Toward religious toleration
A. Broadening of religious toleration
B. The founders and religion
1. Separating church and state
a. Thinking behind
b. Implementation of
2. Jefferson and religious liberty
C. Revolution and the churches
1. Challenges to church authority
2. Boost to influence of religion
III. Defining economic freedom
A. Toward free labor
1. Decline of intermediate forms of unfree labor
a. Indentured servitude
b. Apprenticeship
2. Causes of decline
B. Points of consensus
1. Excessive dependency and inequality subversive to a free republic
2. America well-poised to foster liberty and equality
C. Points of debate
1. Equality of condition vs. equality of opportunity
2. The politics of inflation
3. Regulation of prices vs. free trade
IV. The limits of liberty
A. Colonial loyalists
1. Social profiles
2. Motivations
3. Experiences
a. Suppression and assaults
b. Seizure of property
c. Banishment or voluntary departure
d. Gradual fading of stigma
B. The Indian's revolutions
1. Accelerated dispossession, pre-revolutionary
2. Wartime dilemmas and disruptions
a. Futile efforts at neutrality
b. Divided allegiances
c. Losses and hardships
3. Accelerated dispossession, post-independence
V. Slavery and the Revolution
A. Rhetoric of revolution; the language of slavery and freedom
1. As metaphor for political status of colonists
2. As direct critique of slavery
3. Alleged hypocrisy of slaveholders crying "slavery"
B. Obstacles to abolition
1. Importance of slave system in the colonies
2. Perception of slavery as basis for white freedom
3. Conception of property rights as essential to liberty
C. Impetus for abolition
1. Growing debate over slavery in America
2. Black initiatives against slavery
a. Invocations of freedom as universal right
b. Legal action
c. Escape
D. British emancipators
1. Invitations to slaves to escape to British lines
a. Lord Dunmore's proclamation
b. Henry Clinton's proclamation
2. Magnitude of slave response
3. Long-term outcomes for slaves who escaped to British
E. Voluntary emancipation
1. Curbs on slave importation
2. Upper South manumissions
3. Abolition in northern states
F. Emergence of free black communities
VI. Daughters of liberty
A. Revolutionary women
B. Limits on access to American freedom
1. Maintenance of legal subordination of women
2. Male supremacy as element of revolutionary thought
3. View of women as wives and mothers, unfit for citizenship
C. Improvements in status of women
1. Ideology of "republican motherhood"
2. Perception of women as trainers of citizens, meriting education
3. Notion of "companionate marriage"
D. Changes in structure of family life
VII. Repercussions of American independence struggle throughout Atlantic world

CHAPTER 7
Founding A Nation, 1783-1789
Chapter Study Outline
I. America under the Articles of Confederation
A. The Articles of Confederation
1. Origins
a. Drafting
b. Ratification
2. Structure
3. Extent and limits of powers
B. Disposition of the West
1. Competing agendas
a. Indians
b. Settlers
c. Land companies and speculators
2. Congressional measures
a. Acquisition of Indian lands
i. Northern ii. Southern
b. Ordinance of 1784
c. Ordinance of 1785
d. Sale of frontier lands to private groups
e. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
i. Plan for future states ii. Recognition of Indian claim to land iii. Prohibition of slavery in region
C. The confederation's weaknesses
1. Points of controversy
a. Unredeemed wartime bonds
b. Glut of imported goods
c. State tariffs
d. State debt relief measures
e. State issuance of paper money
2. Shays's Rebellion
a. Objectives and spirit
b. Suppression
c. Upper-class alarm
3. Nationalists of the 1870s
a. Concerns
i. Lack of national economic policy ii. Popular infringement on property rights iii. Social disorder
b. Leading figures
i. James Madison ii. Alexander Hamilton
c. Main sources of support
i. Bondholders ii. Large landholders iii. Merchants iv. Urban artisans
d. Initial mobilization
II. A new constitution
A. Delegates to Constitutional Convention
1. Elite backgrounds
2. Shared experience in struggle for independence
3. Shared aims
a. Stronger national authority
b. Curbs on "excesses of democracy"
B. The structure of government
1. Points of agreement
a. Creation of legislative, executive, and judicial branches
b. Congressional power to raise revenue
c. Protection of property rights from state infringement
d. Middle ground between excessive central power and excessive democracy
2. Debate over structure of Congress
a. Underlying issues
i. Balance between state and federal power ii. Balance between large and small state interests
b. Competing proposals
i. Virginia plan ii. New Jersey plan
c. Compromise solution
C. The limits of democracy
1. Expansions of democracy
a. Popular election of House of Representatives
b. Absence of property qualifications for voting
2. Limits of democracy
a. Small size of House of Representatives
b. Indirect election of Senate
c. Indirect election of president and vice-president
d. Life appointments to Supreme Court
D. Separation of powers; federalism
1. Expanded national authority
a. Presidential powers
b. Congressional powers
c. Supremacy of national over state legislation
2. Remaining areas of state power
E. Separation of powers; checks and balances
F. The debate over slavery
1. Controversy over
2. Slavery in the Constitution
a. Absence of mention in constitution
b. Slave trade clause
c. Fugitive slave clause
d. Three-fifths clause
G. Conclusion of Constitutional Convention
1. The final document
2. Transmission to states for ratification
III. The Ratification debate and the origin of the Bill of Rights
A. Federalists
1. Mobilization
a. Leadership of Madison, Hamilton, Jay; The Federalist
b. Support among urban and commercial agricultural interests
2. Positions
a. Strong national government as guarantor of liberty
b. Urgency of balancing democracy and property rights
c. Securing rights by "extending the sphere"
d. "Liberal" self-interest over "republican" virtue
B. Anti-Federalists
1. Mobilization
a. Diffuse leadership
b. Support among small farmers, state politicians
2. Positions
a. Strong national government as threat to liberty
i. Specter of domination by elite interests ii. Specter of denial of rights
b. Locally based democracy over "extended sphere"
C. Ratification
D. Bill of Rights
1. Impetus behind
2. Key provisions
3. Significance and legacy
IV. National identity in the new republic
A. Ethnic vs. civil criteria
B. Indians in the new nation
1. Conflicting approaches of white Americans
a. Exclusion
b. Incorporation
2. Early national policies
a. Marginalization of Indians in constitution
b. Appropriation of Indian lands under treaty system
c. Ohio Valley conflicts and Treaty of Greenville
i. Indian relinquishment of Ohio and Indiana lands ii. Establishment of "annuity system"
d. Program to encourage American-style agriculture
i. Prescriptions for "male" and "female" labor ii. Widespread rejection by tribes
C. Blacks and the republic
1. Access to rights of citizenship
a. Ambiguous status of free blacks
b. Unambiguous exclusion of enslaved blacks
c. Explicit denial of black eligibility for naturalization
2. Growing view of blacks as inassimilable
a. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer
b. Jefferson, slavery, and race: Notes on the State of Virginia

CHAPTER 8
Securing The Republic, 1790-1815
Chapter Study Outline
I. Politics in an age of passion; Washington's presidency
A. Outset of the Washington administration
1. George Washington as symbol of national unity, virtue
2. Key figures
B. Hamilton's program
1. Vision for the republic
a. Robust economic development
b. Close commercial ties to Europe
c. Military power
d. Strong national government
2. Program
a. Federal assumption of national and state debts
b. Creation of new national debt
c. Establishment of Bank of the United States
d. Whiskey tax
e. Government promotion of industrial manufacture
i. Tariffs ii. Subsidies
f. National army
3. Bases of support
C. The emergence of opposition; Jeffersonians
1. Vision for the republic
a. Westward expansion
b. Land for independent farmers
c. Free trade
2. Critique of Hamilton program
a. Threat to liberty from a standing army
b. Favoritism toward speculators at expense of small farmers
c. Favoritism toward diversified North at expense of agrarian South
3. Bases of support
D. The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain; 1790 compromise
E. Divisions over foreign affairs
1. The impact of the French Revolution
a. Enthusiasm (Jeffersonians)
b. Alarm (Washington, Hamilton)
2. Aggravating developments
a. War between France and Britain
b. Edward Genêt tour of America
c. British encroachments on American ships
d. Jay Treaty
F. Political parties
1. The Federalist Party
a. Agenda and philosophy
i. Hamilton's economic program ii. Close ties with Britain iii. Suppression of popular unrest (Whiskey Rebellion) iv. Fixed social hierarchy
b. Bases of support
2. The Republican party
a. Agenda and philosophy
i. Democratic self-government ii. Aversion to social and economic inequality
b. Bases of support
3. Intensity of partisan debate
G. Expanding the public sphere; public debate
1. Contributing factors
a. Partisan divisions
b. British radicalism
i. Emigrants to America ii. Thomas Paine's Rights of Man
2. Manifestations
a. Political meetings, pamphlets, newspapers
b. Democratic-Republican societies
c. Emerging principle of democratic rights
3. Implications for partisan politics
a. Federalist alarm
b. Republican receptiveness
H. The rights of women
1. Expanding participation in public discussion
2. Influential voices
a. Mary Wollstonecraft
b. Judith Sargent Murray
II. The Adams presidency
A. Election of 1796
1. Washington's retirement and farewell
2. Federalist Adams's victory over Republican Jefferson
3. Sectional division of the vote
B. Adams's troubled presidency
1. Embroilment in British-French conflict
a. Seizure of American ships by each side
b. "XYZ Affair"
c. "Quasi-war" with France
d. Negotiated peace of 1800
2. Crackdown on political dissent
a. Background
i. Rural unrest ii. Dissent against Federalists
b. Provisions of Alien and Sedition Acts
c. Arrest and conviction of Republican opponents
d. Forms of protest
i. Republican press ii. Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
e. Themes of protest
i. Free expression as essential to liberty ii. Limits of federal power over the states
C. Election of 1800: The "Revolution of 1800"
1. Republican mobilization; "Jefferson and Liberty"
2. Constitutional crisis over election
a. Particulars
b. Outcome
i. Jefferson over Adams ii. Twelfth Amendment
3. Peaceful transfer of power
III. Slavery and politics
A. Debate in first Congress over emancipation
B. Passage of fugitive slave law
C. The Haitian Revolution; Impact of Saint-Domingue slave revolt
1. Inspiration among slaves
2. Alarm among whites
D. Gabriel's Rebellion
1. Features of the conspiracy
a. Artisanal makeup
b. Roots in Richmond's black community
c. Language of liberty
2. Discovery and defeat
3. Aftereffects
a. Awareness of slaves' aspiration for freedom
b. Increased control over black population (slave and free) in South
IV. Jefferson in power
A. Goals of new administration
1. Conciliatory tone toward opponents
2. Reduction in expense, size, and power of national government
3. Unrestricted trade
4. Freedom of press and religion
5. Avoidance of "entangling alliances" with foreign powers
B. Establishment of judicial review of federal and state laws
1. Chief Justice John Marshall
2. Marbury v. Madison
3. Fletcher v. Peck
C. Louisiana Purchase
1. Napoleon's motivations for selling
2. Jefferson's motivations for buying
a. Unimpeded access to port of New Orleans
b. "Extending the sphere" of the republic
c. Ensuring the future of American agriculture
d. Tension between benefits of purchase and principle of limited government
3. Federalist alarm
4. Lewis and Clark expedition
a. Objects
i. Scientific exploration ii. Trade relations with western Indians iii. Commercial route to Asia
b. Outcome
i. Abundant information on newly acquired territory ii. Achievement of overland travel to Pacific
5. Incorporation of Louisiana
a. Significance of New Orleans area
b. Rights of blacks and women under Spanish and French rule
c. Declining status of blacks under American rule
V. Foreign entanglements
A. The Barbary wars
1. Barbary states in North Africa
2. Home to pirates; problem for sea-faring nations and world trade
3. United States sent naval squadron to protect trade; Battle of Tripoli
4. First U.S. contact with Islam
B. Renewed embroilment in British-French conflict
1. Impact of war between Britain and France on America
a. Blockade on American shipping by each side
b. Impressment of Americans by British navy
2. Jefferson's embargo on American exports
a. Terms
b. Purposes
c. Results
i. Memories of Intolerable Acts ii. Minimal impact on British and French iii. Devastation of American port economies
d. Scaling back of embargo
i. Non-Intercourse Act ii. Macon's Bill No. 2
VI. Recent trends in U.S.-Indian relations
A. Varied U.S. policies toward Indians
1. Removal
2. Assimilation
B. The Indian response
1. Endorsement of assimilation
2. Call for preservation of autonomy
a. Non-confrontational approach
b. Militant, pan-Indian approach
i. Tenskwatawa at Prophetstown ii. Tecumseh in Mississippi Valley
C. Battle of Tippecanoe
VII. The War of 1812
A. Prelude
1. Persisting British attacks on American vessels
2. Reinstatement of embargo by President Madison
3. Emergence of War Hawks
a. Leading figures
i. Henry Clay ii. John C. Calhoun
b. Themes
i. National honor ii. Unimpeded foreign trade iii. Expansion of republic
4. Reports of British encouragement of Tecumseh
B. Outbreak of war
1. Madison's call for war
2. National divisions over
a. Strong opposition in North
b. Strong support in South and West
C. Course of war
1. Britain's material advantages
2. British successes
a. Repulsion of U.S. invasions of Canada
b. Destruction by blockade of American commerce
c. Invasion of Washington, D.C.
3. American successes
a. Battle of Lake Erie
b. Repulsion of British assault on Baltimore
c. Battle of the Thames (defeat of Tecumseh)
d. Battle of Horseshoe Bend (defeat of hostile Creeks)
e. Battle of New Orleans
D. The war's aftermath
1. Treaty of Ghent
2. Celebration of republic's virtue and resilience
3. Completion of U.S. conquest of eastern land
4. Setbacks to Indian power
a. In Old Northwest
b. In South
5. Acceleration of white westward settlement
6. The End of the Federalist Party
a. Costs of antiwar stance
b. Hartford Convention
c. Modest size of commercial and financial base
d. Elitism