...Unpaid care work and its correlation to other social, political, and economic forces Gender inequality in unpaid care work is the missing link in the analysis of related to gender gaps in labor outcomes in three areas: gender gaps in labor force participation rates, quality of employment, and wages [Esquivel, 2013]. Unpaid care work and female labor force participation Firstly, the amount of time devoted to unpaid care work is negatively correlated with female labor force participation. In countries where women spend an average of five hours on unpaid care activities, 50% of women in the working age-population are active, i.e. employed or looking for a job [Esquivel, 2013]. However, in countries where women spend three hours on unpaid care...
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...The Economic Contribution of Women in Bangladesh Through their Unpaid Labor Analysis and report writing Debra Efroymson, Buddhadeb Biswas, and Shakila Ruma Editing Lori Jones, Sian FitzGerald, and Ethel Tungohan Research Save the Coastal People (SCOP), MultiTask, Young Power in Social Action (YPSA), Shahid Nazrul Sriti Sangho (NSS), Bangladesh Integrated Community Development (BICD), Sylhet Jubo Academy, Service of Helping In ‐ land of Poor Agency (Shipa), PULSE, Chadpur Community Development Shangstha (CCDS), Rural Acting Arrangement Center (RAAC), and Karapara Nari Kolan Shangstha (KNKS) Financial and technical support HealthBridge Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) WBB Trust ‐ HealthBridge Dhaka, September 2007 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments..............................2 Summary...........................................2 Introduction.......................................3 Background and rationale.....................4 Purpose..............................................9 Methodology....
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...Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender...
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...Over the course of the past century in the United States, women and their presence workplace have been constantly shifting. There have been many changes, both economic and social, that have helped pave a new road for the life of a working woman. Based on the information that I have gathered, three key points of interest stand out. They are economic dependencies, the evolution of women’s employment and the “doing gender” theory. Each one of these factors has had their own impact in shaping the working woman of today, especially in comparison to those of fifty years ago. For this research paper I chose to interview two women that I felt were ideal candidates. They were my grandmother, Marion, and my best friend from high school, Leah. My grandmother, Marion Young, was born in the 1920’s and grew up as a child during the great depression. Marion told me that growing up during this time was hard, and it had a important impact on the way she lived her life. In the late 1940’s she got married to my grandfather, Vance. At that time they were both working full-time jobs. Marion had a high school diploma, which during that time period made it extremely easy for her to find a job. To Marion a job was nothing more than work, and she never saw it as anything more. She never cared about what kind of job she had, just as long as she had one. The types of jobs she held ranged from a switchboard operator, to a legal secretary, and even a teaching assistant at the local public...
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...be true about power in African American and Chicano marriages? a. African American marriages tend to be more female dominated and Chicano marriages more male dominated than are white marriages. b. African American marriages tend to be more male dominated and Chicano marriages more female dominated than are white marriages. c. African American and Chicano marriages are more male dominated than are white marriages. d. There is no significant difference in power among African American, Chicano, and white marriages. I thought the answer was A?? The answer is D. A is what is thought it be true, but D is what was actually observed. Ah okay thanks! 2. According to Cancian, the "feminization of love" results from: (please answer): a. women's superior ability to love. b. men's inability to communicate or express their true feelings. c. a societal definition of love as expression and emotion, qualities associated with women. d. the feminist movement. Lecture Notes: Week 2 What is sociology? * Explains and analyzes important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and world. * Religion, love, Econ, business, poverty, war, peace, etc. * the ability to see and understand the connection between broad social forces and personal experiences - C. Wright Mills calls this the “sociological imagination” * explores “taken-for-granted” reality and myths to reveal the reality of our behavior * At personal level: analyzes social causes and results...
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...Annotated Bibliography: Women’s Rights Introduction: This paper looks at maternity leave in the U.S. and discusses both pros and cons to leave policies and the difficulties women have in the workplace as it relates to maternity leave. Maternity leave is a big issue in this country. Many political aspects to this issue are being dealt with and the hope is that women will benefit from the awareness of changing maternity leave policies throughout the U.S. Eight articles were reviewed and summarized in the annotated bibliographies below. These articles were found using the databases that were discussed. We chose these sources because they had to do with the idea of women’s rights involving maternity leave. The sources are put into three subheadings. The first subheading is The Family and Medical Leave Act, which talks about what rights women have concerning maternity leave. The second subheading is the Effects of Childbirth, which discusses the problems with childbirth. The third subheading is Changing the System, which talks about why the system should be changed and the benefits that come with changing it. Annotations: The Family and Medical Leave Act Kaufman, Gayle, Clare Lyonette, and Rosemary Crompton. "POST-BIRTH EMPLOYMENT LEAVE AMONG FATHERS IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES." Fathering 8.3 (2010): 321-40. ProQuest. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. This study compares the policies of paternity leave in the United States and in Britain. Studies show a positive correlation with father...
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...Most countries around the world have won the battle to provide universal primary education, but the picture is much more mixed at secondary and higher education levels, while policy also needs to keep a firm eye on ensuring the continuous improvement of the quality of education. Women are still less likely than boys to even start secondary education in Western, Eastern and Middle Africa and Southern Asia. Enrolment is less of a problem in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, where education is generally compulsory up to age 15-16. But men are more likely to drop out before completing secondary education, particularly in the high-income countries. As a result, in many countries across the world younger women are increasingly better educated than young men in OECD countries. In reading skills, for example, men lag behind girls at the end of compulsory education to the equivalent of a year’s schooling, on average, and are far less likely to spend time reading for pleasure. Men are ahead in mathematics but the gender gap is small compared to reading. But yet the women are still less likely to choose scientific and technological fields of study, and even when they do, they are less likely to take up a career in these fields – a concern given skills shortages in the workplace, the generally more promising career and earnings prospects in these fields, and the likelihood of positive spillovers from more skilled workers in these fields to innovation...
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...An Assignment on Money Market and Labour Market in context of Bangladesh Course Instructor: Abdul Jalil Chowdhury SUBMITTED BY: Zinat Mahal Roll No.: 1328 Departmental of Training for BCS (Economic) cadre Officers NAPD, Ministry of Planning, Nilkhet, Dhaka-1205 Introduction Bangladesh is a developing country in where money market and labour market are two of the most important issues of economics that determine long run development of a country. The GDP and infrastructural development of a country depend largely on the successful and efficient money market and labour market. Financial sector is considered to be playing a crucial role in facilitating efficient allocation of resources and improving productivity of investment. Although the direct effect of financial institutions on the real economy is less clear, the indirect impact of financial market is essentially critical (Herring et al., 1991). Mobilization of savings, managing risks and facilitating exchange of goods and services are the functions of financial sector that connect households, firms and governments for their own purposes. An efficient financial system can be of great use for the poor through boosting the growth of the economy and reducing the financial risks by creating an enabling environment to ensure easy access to financial services for all. Money Market A segment of the financial market in which financial instruments with high liquidity and very short maturities are traded...
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...Gender inequality in theoretical perspective GENDER: There is increasing consensus among gender scholars that gender is not primarily an identity or role that is taught in childhood and enacted in family relations. Instead, gender is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting people as two significantly different categories, men and women, and organizing social relations of inequality on the basis of that difference Cultural Beliefs about Gender: . In general, contemporary stereotypes describe women as more communal and men as more agented and instrumental. In addition to this horizontal dimension of difference, gender beliefs have a hierarchical dimension of status inequality. Men are viewed as more status worthy and competent overall and more competent at the things that “count most” (e.g., instrumental rationality). Women are seen as less competent in general but “nicer” and better at communal tasks even though these tasks themselves are less valued. As these descriptions make clear, gender beliefs represent themselves as universal depictions of women and men defined by a narrow set of features. This is, in itself, odd since no one ever has the experience of interacting with a concrete person who is just a man or just a woman in a way that is not affected by a host of other attributes such as the person’s race or level of education. The deeply held cultural belief in the inherent difference between men and women appears to somehow disaggregate the...
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...11132605 | Globalization and its impact on women rights and empowerment INTRODUCTION In the 21st century, globalization has become the ‘Zeitgeist’ re-shaping different dimensions in life. Globalization also affects women’s rights and its overall impact on women has become a critical agenda in gender-related studies. In an attempt to empirically investigate this argument, much of the literature focuses on the effects of economic integration on women’s economic activities. These studies look into the impact of globalization on women through an angle of traditional trade theory, comparative advantage and competition, thus analyzing whether economic integration could create more employment opportunities for women and increase their wages. This focus on economic integration and women’s employment raises the question of how certain types of economic reform affect particular forms of women’s rights and welfare. It is not surprising to observe very different outcomes across countries, depending on their economic and industrial structures. In other words, this approach focusing on economic globalization and female employment can provide the answer to the question regarding whether certain economic reform could create an economic structure favoring characteristics of labor typically provided by women and if such...
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...jobs. As a result, the average women worker earns only about three-fifths of that a man does, even when both work full time year round (U. S. Department of Labor, “20 Facts on Women Workers,” 1980). How did women inherit this inferior position in the United States work place? Has it always been this way? Has their position improved since the country industrialized at the turn of the century? Do male or female workers have control over the types of jobs they get and the working conditions they find there? Though most American women have always been relegated to low-level, subservient jobs in and out of the home, many have been able to exercise varying degrees of choice in their work lives. Between 1880 and 1920 the choices available to women expanded due to the change in job definition, technology, the production pressures of World War 1, the growing militancy of women workers riding the tide of labor unrest during the war, and the increased acceptance of women in the work force. The period of 1880 to 1920 is of particular importance in our economic history because the structure of our present economic world developed at that time. Many new jobs were stereotyped by sex, while many jobs opportunities opened up for small number of women in various formerly all-male fields. Women in the Work Force Before 1880 Women’s work was diverse and endless. They looked after the cleanliness of the house, made, mended and washed the clothes, prepared meals on the open fire, preserved...
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...Global Human Rights Perspective Women’s and Gender Studies 422 When using a global human rights perspective to determine solutions to the worldwide issue of violence against women, information can be analyzed to help determine root causes of abuse. Once a root cause is determined, methods of correction can begin to develop. There are many issues that impact women’s status and power that them more vulnerable to violence, some of which are introduced in ‘Women Across Cultures’, in four main themes, “Gender Inequality as a Historical, Sociocultural Phenomenon, Activism and Empowerment, Multicultural, Intersectional, Contextualized Approach, and Women’s Rights as Human Rights” (Burn, 2011). When core issued are looked at from a global perspective, organizations can begin to work together and share knowledge to assist one another. It is also for women to recognize their similarities and advocate for one another, regardless of country of origin, race, social status, and so forth. “Inequality as a Historical, Sociocultural Phenomenon” (Burn, 2011) is a way of determining the root causes of oppression in women. Some believe that due to the favorability of men, but not women being able to acquire property, leaves many women in abusive and controlling situations. Since private property rights are only available to men, this leaves women with little or no resources to leave an abusive situation (Burn, 2011). Male patriarchy is described as, “The idea that gender inequality is embedded...
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...just for gender most times, but reasoning varies. Naghmeh, a 26-year-old women from the city of Tehran shared her experience working in the field of engineering and how due to the fact that she was a woman, she was declined the position. She stated, “I am a mechanical engineer and I was interviewed for a position in Iran’s oil and gas fields (...). My contact in the company told me that they really liked me, but that they did not want to hire a woman to go to the field”(Source 2). The company that Naghmeh applied for was happy to accept her, however they didn’t due to bias. It was due to the bias of her being a female and the image or stereotype that came with her gender. Women in many countries throughout the middle-east are secluded from unpaid care for home. Women provide 3.1 times the care work compared men as men are pushed towards paid work and women towards work at home (Human Dev. Reports). Safoura, another woman works for a consulting company in Tehran. During an interview, she revealed, “I often impress my boss through points I raise about programming, but I rarely get the chance to participate in the decision-making process. Once my boss told me to come and explain my points in a meeting, but then he immediately retracted his suggestion, saying that it’s not a good idea since it’s a men’s club”(Source 2). Women have repeatedly been turned down opportunities in the workplace because of gender gaps. Ideals of Khomeini in his philosophy suggest that all women are given the...
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...unmarried women’s wage, should have been included in the Family Wage of the ‘normal family,’ another category of the FIC’s investigation. However, it more clearly exemplified the intentions of the FIC to exclude women from labor. On the investigation, the FIC defined ‘normal family’ as “a household consisting of a father at work, a mother keeping the home, and three children, none of whom are employed.” Also, the expense of clothing for married male workers was priced at 50 dollars a week and it was lower than that of unmarried male workers, which was 75 dollars. The reason for this, according to the FIC, was that housewives could mend and make a few garments. However, it implicitly illustrated the process in which clothing expenses, considered as a part of wage labor, was changed to the unpaid domestic labor under the family wage system. This was nothing more than a conclusion that the severance of women from the wage labor and subsequent their subordination to the reproductive work in the household was the ‘normal’ state of the working class family. In addition, the family wage system divided the realms of male and female in the household and forced women to play limited gender roles. From the law for working safety to the minimum wage bill, the reform of FIC defined the ideal status of women workers under patriarchal ideology. Female workers had to be protected, not to work more actively but to be excluded from labor. At the same time, this proposal implied that the labor of unmarried...
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...SEX DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Fifth Edition Maryland Commission for Women 311 W. Saratoga St. Ste 272 Baltimore, MD 21201 410-767-3049 The Women’s Law Center, Inc. Copyright: 1982, 1986, 1995, 2001, 2008 The Women’s Law Center, Inc. Sex Discrimination in Employment Fifth Edition Revisions Provided By: Jill Wrigley, Women’s Law Center of Maryland With Editorial Assistance From: L. Tracy Brown, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Laurence Ruth, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Jessica Morgan, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Funding for production and distribution of the fifth edition was provided by Open Society Institute, Baltimore Community Foundation, The Marjorie Cook Family Foundation and Brown, Goldstein & Levy, LLP. Fourth Edition Revisions Provided By: Kevin O’Connor of Ober, Kaler Grimes & Shriver Melvina C. Ford, Women’s Law Center of Maryland With Editorial Assistance From: Denise Davis, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Funding for production and distribution of the fourth edition was provided by the Maryland Legal Assistance Network and Maryland Legal Services Corporation. Third Edition Written By: Rieyn Delony Sally L. Swann Louise Dean Williams With Editorial Assistance From: Robyn Mazur Kathleen Fantom Shemer Funding for production and distribution of the third edition was provided by the Baltimore Bar Foundation and the Marjorie Cook Foundation. Second Edition Written By: Kathleen Fantom Shemer With Editorial Assistance From: Jane Murphy Carol Polowy Emily Rody...
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