...Discuss the impact of the automobile’s rise on urban form during the twentieth century and critically evaluate planning measures used to limit the negative social and environmental aspects Since the rise of the automobile, there have been many dramatic changes to urban form in attempts to accommodate this new mode of transport. Focusing on America and Britain, this discussion considers influences on all scales ranging from reclassification of physical roads to the decentralization of urban cores. The rising social and environmental concerns caused by the increase in vehicle usage include pedestrian safety, residential livability, and environmental deterioration. I have decided to explore this question by considering features that have both affected urban form and also acted as planning measures to limit negative social and environmental impacts, these include motorway developments, the garden city urban planning approach and Greenbelts. With over 15 million units of Ford Motor T sold between 1908 and 1927 (Flink, 2001), urban form was most dramatically influenced in American cities during the correlating time period. Planners began to oppose the conventional Roman-grid layouts, where streets were arranged at perpendicular angles to each other. Rising traffic congestion at intersections placed pressure on city planners to reorganise the structural layout in attempts to liberate these chaotic streets. Pedestrians were heavily victimised...
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...reduction of valuable farmland near cities and increased urban pollution. Urban sprawl affects the environment by destroying native habitats and increasing urban pollution including air pollution from increased traffic and urban waste into waterways. There are many definitions of urban sprawl. The Heinemann Atlas states that urban sprawl means the spread of urban areas into rural areas such as farmland, forests and coastal lands that lie on the outer edges of cities. In other words, urban sprawl is described by development that increases the distance between the city center and its outer edge. (2003, HYPERLINK "http://www.hi.com.au/atlas/updates/bg.asp?subtopicid=3619" http://www.hi.com.au/atlas/updates/bg.asp?subtopicid=3619) It is estimated that 88% of the world’s population growth next century will be in urban areas. This phenomenon especially in Australia where more than 80% of the people live in cities and coastal areas. Australia’s cities however will continue to grow and the numbers of people both live and work will increase. A number of Australian cities have the problems that associated with urban sprawl. Indeed, some of Australia’s cities are considered the world’s worst in terms of their sprawling nature. For example, Perth’s metropolitan area currently spreads more than 100 kilometers in a North-South direction. The city of Wanneroo, in the Northern suburbs of Perth, is the second fastest growing urban area in Australia. (2003, HYPERLINK "http://www.hi...
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...-Chapter8 10/16/02 10:21 AM Page 176 Page 1 of 3 Urban Sprawl How can urban sprawl be controlled? Main Ideas • Many metropolitan areas in the United States and Canada have sprawled, or spread out, farther and farther. • Cities are focusing on smartgrowth solutions to urban sprawl. Places & Terms A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE Richard Baron is a real estate developer who urban sprawl infrastructure smart growth sustainable community tried to address the related problems of urban sprawl and inadequate low-income housing. In 1996, he began building Murphy Park, an affordable and attractive housing complex in mid-town St. Louis, Missouri. The development has more than 400 units and contains both apartments and townhouses. It has plenty of green space, art and day-care centers, and an elementary school. More than half of Murphy Park’s units are reserved for people with low income. Baron’s solution—to bring the attractive features of suburban living to the city—is one of many that are being applied to the problem of urban sprawl. Growth Without a Plan Those Americans and Canadians who can afford it often choose to work in a city but live in its suburbs. They are usually attracted by new, upscale housing, better public services, and open space. As suburbs become more numerous, metropolitan areas become larger and more difficult to manage. (See chart to the right.) Growth of U.S. Metropolitan Areas URBAN SPRAWL Poorly planned development that spreads a city’s population...
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...almost the size of Massachusetts. Currently our farmland loss is at an astonishing 1 acre + a minute. Now you might not think that this affects you, but you are wrong. B. I want you to think about things that you do every day. Well I know that one thing almost everyone does every day is eat. Eating is necessary to live, and about 99% of your food is probably coming from a farmer. According to Nelson at the American Farmland Trust farmland is necessary in society providing essential goods as well as open space, environmental protection that land markets fail to account for. C. We have been using farmland for things other than farming and it needs to stop, urban development is taking over the land which is so vital to our existence. D. Farmland is being lost way too fast. Urban development is one of the biggest reasons for this loss. We need to stop using our farmland for other things. II. Body A. The amount of land that is usable for farming is very small compared to the amount of land on the earth. Coming from the researchers at farmland.org and the American Farmland Trust is this analogy. (ppt) Consider the Earth as an apple. If it was sliced into 4 pieces, 3 of these would represent water. 1 would be the land. If you were to cut this piece in half, your new piece would represent the land that cannot be used for farming living on. This leaves 1/8 of the Earth to live on as well as grow food on. ¾ of the remaining apple has soil...
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...although recognized as a lagged relationship. In addition, the land use been influenced because of certain problem that need to be overcome especially on traffic congestion. In response, communities are beginning to implement new approaches to transportation planning, such as better coordinating land use and transportation; increasing the availability of high quality transit service; creating redundancy, resiliency and connectivity within their road networks; and ensuring connectivity between pedestrian, bike, transit, and road facilities. In short, they are coupling a multi-modal approach to transportation with supportive development patterns, to create a variety of transportation options. Concerned that traffic congestion and urban sprawl are overwhelming the human scale of city area, an increasing...
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...2006). Consequent to these reforms phenomenon, key cities in India are in the midst of restructuring space, in terms of both use and form. The Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) policies of the government of India and opening up of FDI in real estate sector have brought a big boom in the development of large scale private townships variously known as Integrated, NRI or High-Tech townships. These kind of townships are coming up on the peripheral areas of large cities like Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Gurgaon, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Bangalore occupying areas up to 1000 acres and beyond. Rapid urban growth, marked by the number of million-plus cities increasing from 23 in 1991 to 35 in 2001, has led to the problems of urban sprawl, unregulated ribbon development, increasing problems of inadequate urban infrastructure and deteriorating quality of urban livability. The lack of planning that characterizes most suburban growth has resulted in higher transportation costs in terms of money, time and inconvenience for suburban residents, in higher public sector costs, in undesirable land use patterns and in the inadequate supply...
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...A fuzzy logic approach to urban land-use mapping Henning Sten Hansen National Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of Environment & Energy Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark Phone : +45 46 30 18 07 Fax : +45 46 30 12 12 HSH@DMU.DK Abstract. The growth of cities represents huge problems for modern societies. Monitoring, analysing and modelling the urban dynamic call for detailed mapping of urban land-use. Traditionally, urban land-use mapping is based on orthophotos and satellite images, but deriving land-use from remote-sensing alone is not satisfactory. The Danish Building & Dwelling Register is a database containing detailed information like year of construction, use, area etc. Therefore, this database provides a useful foundation for urban land-use mapping. To be able to track urban land-use changes over time, we have chosen square cells (100m x 100m) as basic mapping units. Generally, land cover and land-use mapping are based on crisp classification, but in the current project we have applied a fuzzy modeling approach to land-use mapping. Fuzzy classification offers a better choice in urban land-use mapping, because it can indicate the primary, secondary etc. land-use simultaneously. This will offer more meaningful information for planners and a more detailed understanding of the land-use patterns. Based on these principles, a nation wide urban land-use database for the year 1997 is established. 1 Introduction Metropolitan areas all over the...
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...URAN SPRAWL: DIAGNOSIS AND REMEDIES Throughout this article, the main focus is urban sprawl and the non-endearing remedies to fix this growing concern. Three influential forces are the end results of urban sprawl: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. Although these sound positive to societies well being, market failures are distorting their positive social desirability. The allocation of agricultural land converted to urban usage has justified the criticism of urban sprawl by not accounting for the benefits of open space, social costs of road congestion, and developers failing to pay for the infrastructure costs generated. The remedies projected for these market failures in hope of alleviating the spatial size of the city are developmental taxes and congestion tolls (1). Critics raise a few questions about urban sprawl and the possible remedies policy makers could enact. But, are they are justifiable? The first one is, is urban sprawl truly a growing problem affecting American society? Throughout the article, Brueckner states both views on urban sprawl: The criticism against it and how to prevent it, and the benefits of urban sprawl to American society. Another question addressed is, is urban sprawl contributing to the decay of downtown areas? With the growth of urban development, the incentive to rebuild land and housing closer to the city center is reduced. This is because developers can purchase large amounts of farmland further away from...
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...Portland's largest employer and the area contains the company's biggest chip-making facility, the home of the Pentium III. It seems almost un-American. Why has a hyper-competitive company (whose boss once wrote a book called “Only the Paranoid Survive”) agreed to pay for the privilege of creating jobs? Because it is based in Portland, headquarters of the reaction against “anything-goes” development. And because all over America, for the past year, people have begun to worry about the unfettered expansion of jobs, factories, houses, offices, roads and shops that goes by the name of “sprawl”. Suddenly, sprawl has started to spread itself all over America's public agenda. The Republican governor of New Jersey, Christine Todd Whitman, calls the preservation of open space her most important task. The Democratic governor of Maryland, Parris Glendening, says that, education apart, “controlling sprawl is the most important issue facing us in terms of what our quality of life is going to be.” In this section Straining at the seams Alien scientists take over USA! Not quite the monster they call it Help from the Hidden Hand Mud-slinging, body-slamming Uh-huh Pass the salt Reprints Related topics Taxes Public finance Intel United States Portland, Oregon Almost everybody with a voice that needs to get heard seems to agree. Early this year, Vice-President Al Gore announced...
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...Suburbanisation is the process of outward growth of an urban conurbation as people move out of the inner city towards the suburbs. This often results in the engulfing of towns and cities to create one large urban area. This is also known as urban sprawl. This process of suburbanization and urban sprawl often occurs due to urban push factors pulling people away from the CBD and inner city towards the suburbs. These push factors include cheaper land meaning both business and families can have bigger homes and premises. Abundance of cheaper land also means that homes are not as crowded as when compared to those within the inner city and CBD. Suburbs also have better schools, a safer feel and have larger open spaces. This means that many suburbs can be ideal for families. In addition suburbs often are very well connected to the rest of the city resulting in suburbs being ideal for commuting. All of the aforementioned factors can be witnessed within the megacity of LA with suburbs such as woodland hills having large houses situated on green leafy streets. In addition woodland hills also has the warner center which is a large shopping center situated within the suburb. This large shopping center means that for many of the residents there is often no need for them to travel into the center of the city. This has an effect on the city whereby a donut city begins to occur. Donut cities are where the center of a city such as Los Angeles began to decline leading to dereliction and concentrations...
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...Frontier or Sustainable Ethics in Your Region In my opinion, the Frontier Ethics is what is practiced most by humans. I think in some cases humans don't know the facts or have all the information that is needed pertaining to this topic, therefore Frontier Ethics is more dominant for most. However, I feel that if humans were educated in this subject that Sustainable ethics would be practiced more often. With that being said, thinking back on where I grew up I seem to remember that it seemed to be a combination of both Frontier Ethics & Sustainable Ethics depending on the situation at that given time. However, I would lean more towards sustainable ethics being the most prevalent. I had several Aunts and Uncles that had their own timber company and most of the timber was used in everyday living for them especially during the winter months. They re-used and recycled about everything that they could. There was no looking at it from a frontier ethics standpoint when it came to timber supply because it wasn't an option to move elsewhere. Thus is why they made any resource last as long as it could and they did a lot of planting as well. Energy was preserved a lot because they used oil lanterns as much as they could. Whereas, two of the frontier ethics mindset is that the earth is an unlimited bank of resources and if the supply runs out there's always more elsewhere. The mindset where I grew up was geared more towards sustainable ethics mainly because they had to make due...
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...Theorising the peri-urban As a result of the rapid growth of cities across Nigeria, peri-urban settlements, referred to as transition zones, where urban and rural activities exist side by side have experienced rapid alterations induced by human activities (Thando & Gwebu, 2013). Furthermore, to understand this dynamics of change in peri-urban settlements, different scholars have undertaken a myriad of studies with a view to explaining the patterns, determinants, impacts and policy implications of the spatial expansion of cities in the developing world. Most of these present-day discussions of peri-urban settlements emphasize patterns of change, mainly resulting from infringement from a neighbouring city as explained in their expressions....
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...Urban Growth and Decline CHANGE OVER TIME The spatial nature of Sydney has changed over time. In the 1830s, Sydney was a `walking' city with densely populated urban areas such as Redfern, Woolloomooloo and Paddington close to the central business district (CBD). After 1880, Sydney evolved into a transit city due to the building of railways, which encouraged the growth of suburbs such as Parramatta. In 1932, the Harbour Bridge was opened, providing a transport link and faster access to North Shore suburbs such as Pymble. The evolution to an automobile city began after World War II and saw the growth of suburbs north (Cherrybrook), south (Menai) and west (St Marys). Faster road and rail links and the availability of cheaper housing eventually led to the development of dormitory towns for commuters in the Wollongong, Central Coast and Blue Mountains areas. URBAN SPRAWL In the 1970s and 1980s, Australian cities tended to continually grow outwards in a process known as urban sprawl. Increasing car ownership and the development of freeways gave people greater choice in where they could live and work. The development of new housing on the rural±urban fringe also encouraged the development of shops, schools, medical centres, industries and recreational facilities to support the growing population. The impact of urbanisation in these outer areas has been a loss of natural environments and changes to rural land use on the edge...
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...Suburbanisation is the process of outward growth of an urban conurbation as people move out of the inner city towards the suburbs. This often results in the engulfing of towns and cities to create one large urban area. This is also known as urban sprawl. This process of suburbanization and urban sprawl often occurs due to urban push factors pulling people away from the CBD and inner city towards the suburbs. These push factors include cheaper land meaning both business and families can have bigger homes and premises. Abundance of cheaper land also means that homes are not as crowded as when compared to those within the inner city and CBD. Suburbs also have better schools, a safer feel and have larger open spaces. This means that many suburbs can be ideal for families. In addition suburbs often are very well connected to the rest of the city resulting in suburbs being ideal for commuting. All of the aforementioned factors can be witnessed within the megacity of LA with suburbs such as woodland hills having large houses situated on green leafy streets. In addition woodland hills also has the warner center which is a large shopping center situated within the suburb. This large shopping center means that for many of the residents there is often no need for them to travel into the center of the city. This has an effect on the city whereby a donut city begins to occur. Donut cities are where the center of a city such as Los Angeles began to decline leading to dereliction and concentrations...
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...gentlemen and fellow debaters. Tonight I, along with my fellow team mates, will convince you that Urban Sprawl should not be restricted. (We agree/disagree with the oppositions definition of this debate, state their definition) We have defined ‘urban sprawl’ to be the expansion of a metropolitan or suburban area into the surrounding environment, specifically in Australia. Thus, to restate the case, we believe that it is both unreasonable and unnecessary to prohibit urban sprawl in a thriving country like Australia. As first speaker, I will argue that restricting urban sprawl would mean restricting a city or town’s ability to expand infrastructure required for economic growth. I will then continue on...
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