...Communicative Language Teaching The aim of this unit • To make you think about communicative approach to teaching languages • To analyse the concept of communicative competence • To reflect upon the communicative teaching techniques What do you have to do in this unit? • Warming up discussions • Input reading • Self-assessment questions (SAQS) • Exploratory tasks • Integrated task Warming up discussion 0 Warm up the concept of a “communicative situation” (situation, in which it is necessary to communicate orally and/or through writing in order to achieve a certain goal). Produce a “mind map” of the concept listing most typical communicative situations in your own real world Communicative situations Input reading 1 The way towards communicative teaching Warming-up discussion 1.1 Rate in order of importance the items that the students need in order to master the language communicatively (more than one item can get one rank) |Items |Rating | |Vocabulary | | |Grammar | | |Pronunciation | | |Knowledge...
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...Can Grammar or Phonetics be taught through Games? Table of Contents I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..……………1 II. What is Grammar?……………………………………………...………………………………2 III. The place of Grammar in the language teaching……………….…………...2-4 IV. Games and Grammar teaching/learning: A.Background of Grammar Games……………………………………………..…..……4 B.The function of Games………………………………………………………………4-5 C.The roles of teachers and learners………………………………….………5-6 D.Factors affecting Grammar Games: Age……………………………………………………………………..………6-7 Ability in the target language…………………………………..7 Motivation…………………………………………………………………..7-8 Size of group…………………………………………………………..8-9 Time…………………………………………………………………………....9 V. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...………10 VI. Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….…11-13 Introduction This paper aims at discussing the issue of teaching grammar through game activities, which derives its importance from the pursuit of excellence in language learning and teaching. At this point it is probably a good idea to start with some definitions of grammar, followed by the place of grammar in language teaching. In this context, researchers speak of the grammars of a language rather than of the grammar. Therefore, different methods of teaching a language will be presented and two of them will be discussed individually; that is to say, structural and communicative. What I would like to take into consideration...
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...Background of the Study Teaching is one of the complicated processes taking place in the schools and educational institutions. In traditional teaching model, one teacher is responsible for supervising all tasks of lessons over a specific time. The arrival of new strategies of teaching, issues of motivation, the satisfaction of students and academics’ needs and other factors contributing to successful teaching activities all are looking forward into the creative genius of a single teacher. The seemingly difficulty of addressing all these elements simultaneously by a single pedagogue appeals for a new alternative in the method of teaching. As we observe in our classroom, teachers frequently use the different methods, strategies and approaches in teaching that are applicable to their students need. For example, if the students cannot achieve to fully express their intentions or comprehend the meanings of messages, an approach should be selected that helps the student to understand the language grammar. Conversely, if the students need extra motivation, an approach with frequent changes might be proffered. If a learner does not know how to use the language grammar, he will have to rely on lexis, gestures, intonation or other nonverbal features to express his or her meanings. Thus, in order for the communication to exist, people have to know language and its rules, which we call "grammar". Grammar is fundamental to language, without grammar, language does not exist...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING I. Introduction Teachers are the authorities inside the classroom. They are the one who facilitates the students for them to be able to learn. Every teacher differs from one another when it comes to pedagogical skills. Because of the modernization of the current generation, system of education was also affected. Major changes were made due to what professionals/critics noticed about the students’ performance in the school. They observed that nowadays, traditional education system may not be that still effective like before. In this kind of system, the teacher is the main source of information and the students act as the audience. Traditional teaching is concerned with the teacher being the controller of the learning environment. Power and responsibility are held by the teacher and they play the role of instructor (in the form of lectures) and decision maker (in regards to curriculum content and specific outcomes). They regard students as having 'knowledge holes' that need to be filled with information. In short, the traditional teacher views that it is the teacher that causes learning to occur (Novak, 1998). Before, students here in the Philippines were exposed to IBE or Input Based Education in which it was a teacher-centred learning process. Now, it was transformed to OBE or Outcomes-Based Education. It was introduced in the Philippines last July 2012 by the CHED or Commission on Higher Education. OBE has become a focal point for critics...
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...Frequent Errors in English Grammar: Articles and Possessive Markers Keiko Muto-Humphrey 1. Introduction During past decade or so, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has been making increasing efforts to shift the focus of EFL pedagogy from “correctness and accuracy” in English to “communicative ability” (MEXT 1998). In response to this, much emphasis has been placed on students’ ability to express themselves orally in class. This has, however, had the (undesired) effect of grammar and lexis being minimised in schools. We are now at a stage whereby the overwhelming majority of students enter universities with an insufficient knowledge of grammar and lexis. This paper will examine two error patterns committed by Japanese studying English as a second language: the genitive markers of/’s indicating possession; and the English article system a/an/the. The former is concerned with the misuse of the English preposition of, which I consider to originate in the L1. The analysis shown below manifests that it is difficult for Japanese students to distinguish between of and ’s: a comparison of this will ensue. The latter originates in the misuse/overgeneralisation of learning strategies: the usage of articles: a/an/the. The Japanese language lacks an article system, making this, “one of the greatest problems for Japanese learners [and this] is vividly revealed in the high frequency of mistakes,...” (Kimizuka 1968:78). After analysing the two...
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...Introduction With a plethora of language teaching material available on the market, each with a different methodology and syllabus, choosing the best textbook for a particular teaching situation can be a very demanding enterprise. Unless the teachers develop materials for their own classes, choosing the “right” textbook is one of the most important decisions the teachers or school authorities can make. In this way, while almost all claim to offer a communicative approach, some may take a more traditional approach with an emphasis on structure and grammar, others may provide meaningful tasks that are goal-oriented, some may focus on vocabulary using a lexical approach, and still others may claim to use only authentic language of native speakers in real situations. Thus, in formal educational setting, especially for language teaching, the necessity of course books leads the way to the exploration of the course book evaluation by teachers. The aim of this paper is to make a detailed evaluation of a common EFL course book ‘Cambridge English for Schools’ which is taught in a popular Iranian language school, Simin Educational Association, according to certain general principles, based on good language-teaching practice. Course Description Cambridge English for Schools is a course in English for young students aged 10/11 and upwards consisting of five levels, Beginner, False beginner, Elementary, Pre-intermediate, Intermediate. The Starter level provides around 40-60 hours...
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...Methods * Categories | * Communicative Language Teaching | The Grammar-Translation Method | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Theory of Language * * * * * * * * * * * * * *...
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...Episode 4 ------------------------------------------------- Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Teaching Strategies * ------------------------------------------------- My Target In this episode, I must be able to * Write evidence of the application of some guiding principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies. * ------------------------------------------------- My Performance (how will be I rated) Field study 2, Episode 1 – principles of learning Focused on: Application of the principles of learning in the teaching- learning process | Task | Exemplary (4) | Superior (3) | Satisfactory(2) | Unsatisfactory(1) | Observation/ Documentation | All task were done with outstanding quality; work exceeds expectation | All or nearly all task were done with high quality | Nearly all task were done with acceptable quality | Fewer than half of task were done; or most objectives met but with poor quality | My Analysis | -Analysis questions were answered completely; in depth answers; thoroughly grounded on theories-Exemplary grammar and spelling. | -Analysis questions were answered completely-Clear connection with theories -Grammar and spelling are superior | -Analysis question were not answered completely-Vaguely related to the theories-Grammar and spelling acceptable | -Analysis questions were not answered-Grammar and spelling unsatisfactory | My Reflection | Reflection statements are profound and clear, supported by...
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...How to teach Grammar What is Grammar? Why should we teach Grammar? APPROACHES The deductive approach – rule-driven learning The inductive approach – the rule-discovery path The functional- notional approach Teaching grammar in situational contexts Teaching grammar through texts Teaching grammar through stories Teaching grammar through songs and rhymes Some rules for teaching grammar 2 3 6 10 15 21 25 27 28 31 1 What is Grammar? • • Language user’s subconscious internal system Linguists’ attempt to codify or describe that system • Sounds of language • Structure and form of words • Arrangement of words into larger units • Meanings of language • Functions of language & its use in context • • • • • Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics • • “Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces, to see how it works.” (David Crystal) Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call "grammar" is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Grammar is the mental system of rules and categories that allows humans to form and...
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...this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989). Working memory is important for learning. However, it is extremely limited in both capacity and duration (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). When engaging in a learning task, the learner must make use of working memory capacity, and hence a load is placed upon that memory (Sweller, 2010). When the cognitive load exceeds the limit of working memory capacity, learning will be affected. Effective instructional methods that can support limited short term storage and limited working memory processes are being used in classroom to maximise the learning (Dehn, 2008). Thus, this essay will probe on the extent of teachers considering the limited processing capacity of students’ working memory in Malaysian English language classroom using multiple modality teaching aids, part whole approach and collaborative learning. Multiple...
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...general information about the study. The next three parts, materials, instruments, and procedures of the research are described in details. 3.1. Research Design This study is carried out with a one group pre-test and post-test design. In this experimental research, the implementation of discovery-learning through IGI (independent variable) will be monitored, and acquisition about English tenses and learners’ motivation (dependent variables) will be measured. The grammar points in this research are English tenses. A pre-test and a post-test are designed to be the same. An anonymous questionnaire on motivation is delivered after the treatment instruction. 3.2. Subjects and Program Description The researcher, who is also the teacher, carries out the study in six classes in Course 28 and Course 29 at CFL in 2006. The experimental course, Level-Seven Grammar Course, is the first of three courses for Level C (low-advanced-English level). The grammar course is offered to the students for three 45-minute periods on each occasion during nine weeks. The students are randomly chosen and can be the representatives for the research. The total number of the students was 227, but the authentic number of participants for the present study was 133 because some students did not satisfy the conditions of data analysis (see part 3.4 of this...
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...Teaching Grammar What is grammar? ’An abstract system of rules whereby a person’s mastery of their native language can be explained’ (dictionary definition) Different dictionaries define ’grammar’ in different ways, but they all effectively talk about the ’rules of the language’. Grammar does not equal only ’tenses’ or verb forms. Grammar is language and how we use it. What is more important than a definition of the word ’grammar’ is knowing what students need to know when they are learning grammar. And we also need to know different ways to teach grammar. There are many different methods to teach grammar, but the three that might be the most effective in retaining student interest are the following: 1. Situational Presentations 2. Text and Recordings 3. Test Teach Test 1. Teaching grammar via Situational Presentation I. What do students need to know? When presenting new language, the teacher must show following things very clearly: MPF: There are several aspects of a new item: that you need to know and learners need to learn. 1. What it means. They need to understand meaning within the given context. 2. What it sounds like. They need to know the natural pronunciation and spelling of the language. 3. What it looks like. They need to know how to form the language (how it is constructed). 4. How and when it is used. They need to know the function of the language. (This is often referred to as, MPF.) As well as knowing the MPF, students need to use the language...
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...Term Composition of Freshmen Computer Secretarial Students in Bulacan Polytechnic College (Obando Campus) INTRODUCTION Rationale It is said that language learning is the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge ‘about’ the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. Although ‘language learning’ is considered less important than language acquisition, most of what is learned has been coming from the formal teaching in school. It is also said that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a ‘natural order’ which is predictable. For a given language, some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late. It can be derived that language learning could also be predictable and that grammatical structures are learned in an orderly manner controlled by the series of language teaching (particularly grammar teaching) courses embedded in a curriculum program. Language learning and language teaching are relatively intertwined and the effectiveness of the latter could be reflected by the other. Moreover, language teaching effectiveness does not solely depend on the teaching-learning process...
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...занятий 1. Language Teaching Methodology. 1. Approaches to language teaching. 2. The most useful terms and definitions. 3. Differences between L1 and L2 learning. 2. Grammar Translation Method. 1. Objectives of the Grammar Translation Method [pic]. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Background knowledge to teaching grammar: key concepts and the language teaching classroom. 3. The Direct Method. 1. Objectives of the Direct Method [pic]. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Background knowledge to teaching lexis: key concepts and the language teaching classroom. 4. The Audiolingual Method[pic]. 1. Objectives of the Audiolingual Method[pic]. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Audiolingual Method represents a major step in language teaching methodology. 5. Total Physical Response. 1. Objectives of the TPR [pic]. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Background knowledge to teaching phonology: key concepts and the language teaching classroom. 6. The Natural Approach. 1. Objectives of the Natural Approach. [pic]. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Background knowledge to eaching reading: key concepts and the language teaching classroom. 7. The Silent way. 1. Objectives of the Silent way. 2. Key features of the method. 3. Typical Techniques. 4. Background knowledge to teaching writing: key concepts and the language teaching classroom. 8. The Community...
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...Language Teaching Methodology Theodore S. Rodgers, Professor Emeritus, University of Hawaii Background Language teaching came into its own as a profession in the last century. Central to this phenomenon was the emergence of the concept of "methods" of language teaching. The method concept in language teaching—the notion of a systematic set of teaching practices based on a particular theory of language and language learning—is a powerful one, and the quest for better methods was a preoccupation of teachers and applied linguists throughout the 20th century. Howatt's (1984) overview documents the history of changes of practice in language teaching throughout history, bringing the chronology up through the Direct Method in the 20th century. One of the most lasting legacies of the Direct Method has been the notion of "method" itself. Language Teaching Methodology Defined Methodology in language teaching has been characterized in a variety of ways. A more or less classical formulation suggests that methodology is that which links theory and practice. Theory statements would include theories of what language is and how language is learned or, more specifically, theories of second language acquisition (SLA). Such theories are linked to various design features of language instruction. These design features might include stated objectives, syllabus specifications, types of activities, roles of teachers, learners, materials, and so forth. Design features in turn are linked...
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