...publisher. Individual copies available at no charge. Multiple and bulk copies of this publication may be ordered by prepaid request ($.50 per copy). To order this publication or for information on this or other ASA publications, contact: American Sociological Association 1307 New York Avenue NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-4701 (202) 383-9005 x389 (202) 638-0882 fax publications@asanet.org www.asanet.org 30 Code of Ethics American Sociological Association (Approved by the ASA Membership in June 1997) INTRODUCTION PREAMBLE GENERAL PRINCIPLES Principle A: Principle B: Principle C: Principle D: Principle E: Professional Competence Integrity Professional and Scientific Responsibility Respect for People's Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Social Responsibility ETHICAL STANDARDS 1. Professional and Scientific Standards 2. Competence 3. Representation and Misuse of Expertise 4. Delegation and Supervision 5. Nondiscrimination 6. Non-exploitation 7. Harassment 8. Employment Decisions 8.01 Fair Employment Practices 8.02 Responsibilities of Employees 9. Conflicts of Interest 9.01 Adherence to Professional Standards 9.02 Disclosure 9.03 Avoidance of Personal Gain 9.04 Decisionmaking in the Workplace 9.05 Decisionmaking Outside of the Workplace 10. Public Communications 10.01 Public Communications 10.02 Statements by Others 11. Confidentiality 11.01 Maintaining Confidentiality 11.02 Limits of Confidentiality 11.03 Discussing...
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...United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982 Introduction The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the most comprehensive attempt at creating a unified regime for governance of the rights of nations with respect to the world's oceans. The treaty addresses a number of topics including navigational rights, economic rights, pollution of the seas, conservation of marine life, scientific exploration, piracy, and more. The treaty, one of the longest in history, is comprised of 320 articles and 9 annexes, representing the codification of customary international law and its progressive development. Historical Background Since humanity first set forth upon the seas, the issue of sovereign control over the oceans has been an ongoing concern. Prior to the 20th century, the oceans had been subject to the freedom of the seas doctrine. This principle, adopted in the 17th century, limited national rights and jurisdiction over a narrow band of water along a nations coast, the rest of the sea being free to all and belonging to none. Nearly a century later, the "cannon-shot" rule became the basis for determining how much of the adjacent oceans were under the jurisdiction of a nation. The cannon-shot rule set forth that a nation controlled a territorial sea as far as a projectile could be fired from a cannon based on shore. In the 18th century this range was approximate three nautical miles. As time progressed, three miles became the widely accepted...
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...Minerals Management Service-Corporate Code of Conduct History The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement formally known as the Minerals Management Service (MMS), is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior (DOI) that is headquartered in Washington, DC and is responsible for managing the ocean energy and mineral resources on the Outer Continental Shelf. The MMS oversees two operations, namely Offshore Energy and Minerals Management (OEMM) and Minerals Revenue Management (MRM). In 1982, Congress passed the Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Management Act. In response to the creation of the new legislation, then Secretary of the Interior James Watt created the MMS as the federal bureau responsible for managing the collection of revenue generated from programs including: oil and gas, coal, metals, potash, and renewable energy resources, as well as oversight of energy companies to ensure they are following the regulations of protecting the safety of their workers, as well as the environment. The MMS collects approximately $13 billion annually making it one of largest revenue sources for the Federal Government. The jurisdiction of MMS is limited generally to a region of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) that starts three miles from the coast and extends up to 200 nautical miles from the cost. There are two laws that establish this range: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Treaty and the Outer Continental...
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...The control and manipulation of genetic material has become common place in our society. What was once the dream of science fiction authors and fans has become reality. Such topics as stem cell research, in vitro fertilization, and cloning have created quite a stir in scientific communities. However, these advancements do not come without a cost, or without ethical dilemmas. First, a definition of these terms is required. Following that, we will explore some topics and the ethics associated with them. Stem cells exist in all living things. These cells go on to either produce more stem cells or specialize to become different types of living tissue. Stem cells can be broken down into two main classifications, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells, as the name would imply, are only found in developing embryos. These cells are the most versatile. On the other hand, adult stem cells are only able to transform into a select few types of tissue. (Bongso & Lee, 2005) In vitro fertilization involves the fertilization of an oocyte outside of the female reproductive system. Fertilization occurs in a Petri dish, after which time the embryo is reintroduced into a female uterus where it is allowed to implant and develop. (Seibel, 2008) Cloning is a scientific method of producing an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent. In cloning, only one parent is required, therefore it is considered to be asexual reproduction. (Rugnetta, 2012) All of these...
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...requirement offices. Be that as it may, this photo of criminological brain research is to some degree restricted. Rather, scientific brain science includes the use of different orders, among them brain research, criminal equity, and law, to address matters of an authoritative, legal, or regulatory nature. Scientific clinicians don't simply bargain exclusively with criminology; rather, their work is at the convergence of clinical brain science and legal sciences and includes research and use of these controls to an assortment of issues, from casualties rights to issues that break separated families. Measurable brain science is a moderately youthful field, just picking up acknowledgment as a different division of the American Psychological Association in 1981. From that point forward, the field has turned out to be more wide based, speaking to both clinical and scientific laborers that try to see better the connection amongst brain research and the law. An essential mission of scientific...
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...would be the reason her name became so well known in the scientific community as well as the psychology one. Also why she was considered an scientific heroin due to the great things accomplished b her cells alone...
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...are a framework to distinguish acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. These rules of conduct are not universal, but instead are established by academic, professional and scientific institutions. Research ethics address such issues as trust, fairness, rigor, protocols, and attribution of authorship. The public and policy makers are dependent on the scientific community for reliable information on key societal issues. Codes of conduct allow for the vetting of information and the determination of scientific expertise. Violations of research ethics negatively impact the credibility of the researchers involved, and their affiliated institutions. Ethical breaches may also create confusion and distrust among the public, and can be exploited by policy makers. One highly publicized example of an ethical breach involves the plagiarism and misconduct charges leveled against Edward Wegman, a statistics professor at George Mason University. In 2005, Wegman agreed to work with Joe Barton, a congressman from Texas, regarding a request to prepare an opinion on the credibility of key findings of climate science research. In 2006, Wegman testified in front of the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Wegman’s testimony (Wegman, Said, & Scott, 2006) was critical of previous climate science research, particularly of a paper published in Nature (Mann, Bradley & Hughes, 1998). The testimony, commonly referred to as the Wegman Report, was used as a talking point against...
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...Mumbai is one of the urbanized capital and centre of academic excellence as it gained the status of National Institute of Importance. Universities in Mumbai provide quality education. Literacy rate is found to be high in Mumbai. International Institute For Population Science, Svkms Nmims University and University of Bombay are three main university located in Mumbai. These three universities off undergraduate, post-graduate and doctorate level education in various fields. Universities in Mumbai are doing two modes in delivering the education such as traditional as well as distance learning programs. Multinational companies are setting up hundreds of R&D centres across these countries to tap into the large local supplies of research. This will improve competitiveness, boost productivity and enhance technological innovation in EMEs in order to achieve strong economic growth. Political environment R&D in Mumbai assessed include business conditions, physical infrastructure, IT infrastructure, financial institution and government support(Nair,2004). Mumbai encourage R&D industry in terms of Technical support, the establishment of the High-tech Development Zone, financial support (Bilbao, Soumitra & Bruno,2013). India then was in a situation that it had joined the WTO but did not fulfil its legal.This will lead to a Industrial concentration. For longterm, it will create industrial advantages. Economic environment Over...
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...Why Animal Testing should be Prohibited Alexandria McConnell 6/4/2015 ENG/130 Maureen Chisholm It is estimated that about 26 million animals are being used every year in the US for scientific and commercial research. They are used for many different things such as medical developments, the safety of products, and many other health care and cosmetic uses. While there are some laws in place that prevent the abuse of animals in these testing laboratories, many of these test subjects face cruel and inhumane treatment. There are alternative and equally effective ways to study and conduct research for such treatments, and although there have been proven benefits to some of the research conducted on these defenseless animals, the harsh effects of the experiments should not be overlooked or ignored. Animals are put through excruciating pain and usually given no anesthesia or relief during many of the test experiments performed in these laboratories. They are often forced to ingest and inhale deadly concoctions to study whether or not it would be safe for human consumption. It is also not uncommon for them to be deprived of food and water for prolonged periods of time. Animal test subjects are also being intentionally injured to study the healing process and the effects of pain and remedies of such, and sometimes purposely killed. A common test performed is the LD50, or lethal dose 50. This test involves giving animal large doses of chemicals to find out how much will kill...
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... Science is a process for producing knowledge. What is this process dependent on? It is dependent upon the careful study and observation of the world and universe, and then creating theories that can be tested and possibly disproven from these observations. Without the possibility of disproving theories, the process of producing knowledge would come to a complete and utter halt. 3. Most “scientific knowledge is durable”. What does this mean? It means it will stand the test of time. Although science is subject to change, the knowledge that we have now has to be disproven, and therefore, is “durable.” 4. Can all questions humans ask be answered scientifically (i.e., using scientific investigation? No. Many questions humans ask deal with the supernatural, i.e. miracles, the existence of ghosts. Science can neither prove these types of questions, nor disprove them. Science cannot dispute between good and evil, nor the morals of a human being. Scientific Inquiry: 5. Reliance on evidence, hypothesis testing, theory development, logic, etc. are important in producing scientific knowledge. What are some of the characteristic features of scientifically valid work? To answer this, make a few points concerning - getting...
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...For my research analysis, the article I chose to review is about clothing and teacher credibility, which applies the expectancy violations theory. Many studies have been created to show how instructor attire effects a student’s perceptions. However, no studies have taken into the account the instructor’s character. Expectancy Violations Theory, which is also known as EVT, explains how both societal and individual expectations contribute to reactions to those whose behavior deviates from his or her expectations. There are five basic premises of Expectancy violations theory: We have expectancies regarding how we think others should/will behave in interactions. Interaction partner may conform to or deviate from our expectancies (i.e. violating them). When our expectancies are violated, emotional/physiological arousal occurs. This arousal prompts us to evaluate the valence of the violation--whether the violation itself is positive or negative. If it’s clearly positive, then that is a positive expectancy violation--we will evaluate the violator more positively. If it’s clearly negative, this is a negative expectancy violation-we will evaluate the violator more negatively. If the behavior isn’t clearly positive or negative, we need to consider... The valence of the person who violated our expectancies--how you feel about the violator includes his or her power to reward or punish you. `If it’s a likable and or high power source, this is a positive expectancy violation. If it...
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...An impoverished black woman who lived in the time of segregation and racism, she contracted cervical cancer and received treatment from Johns Hopkins hospital, where a sample of her cancer cells were sent to Dr. George Gey for research without her express permission. While this at first may not seem like a momentous event, there were far reaching impacts of this collection according to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, a nonfiction account of the event, by Rebecca Skloot. The book follows the story of the Lacks family, exploring how Henrietta’s cells, dubbed “HeLa” cells, resulted in the first self-sustaining “immortal” cell line, solved multiple medical issues, spawned a multi-billion dollar industry, and ignited a debate on an individual’s ownership over their body. The Lackses were not informed in any way about the extraction of her tissue until 20 years after her death, and have not received a cent of compensation for the cells Henrietta contributed. The case...
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...Introduction Just recently on May 31st 2010, Australia opened a court case against Japan in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) with regards to a dispute relating to Japan’s JARPA II program on ‘Scientific Whaling’. The case was dubbed the ‘JARPA II Case’ and was primarily based on a dispute between Australia and Japan over interpretation of the 1946 International Convention of Whaling (ICRW). JARPA refers to Japan’s Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic to carry out research in the marines. The first was introduced in 1987 in the Southern Ocean Whaling Season of 1987-1988. JARPA II was to commence some 18years later from and it started in 2005. During that period of 1987 through 2005, Japan had apparently ignored the Moratorium sanctioned by IWC against Whaling and it is consequently some six thousand eight hundred minke whales were taken under JARPA. That led to a longtime dispute between whaling states and anti-whaling states over limited whaling v no whaling at all. Among the cases is the one between Australia and Japan of 2010. This article will look into the case between Japan and Australia in a bid to answering the following questions; one, how is the International Whaling Commission policy determined and influenced, secondly, what is the role of scientific advice in policy making, thirdly, what are the arguments for both Japan and Australia in the International Court of Justice case. Finally it will discuss the likely decision of the International Court...
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...7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Article 1. PART II. Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23 23 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 5. Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 6. Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 7. Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 8. Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 9. Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 10. Bays ........ Article 11. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 12. Roadsteads...
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...Academic Freedom engulf controversy clashing into nature of humans such as morals, values, virtues, tradition and principles. This made the concept of academic freedom to be translucent which can be defined and understand but cannot follow. In the nerve of cracking the taboos all around, academic freedom itself became a taboo. No one can stop a people to think but the freedom of speech of those particular people who have higher information which is never brought before and is substantial, is violated. Well, the other side of this coin being academic freedom hurt the sentiments of other people following by out of control act which leads to chaos and might also include this to be potential danger politically and economically. Other put it as a violation of turning public into weapons in the search of higher knowledge and pursues it in a negative way. All of this end up in suppressing the people who are capable of letting the world to learn a new fact or to break the taboo of the society by enlightenment and the tool these days used to do this is by politically suppressing the people challenging them their daily life or by power, influence, terror, restriction and ones need to show the other about their own supremacy. Now the bright side being learning and pursue the truth by academic freedom a group of people which are bothered by similar question tend to come together and make it a project to know what is the actual truth of that particular topic and explore it until they finally come...
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