...the FBI Hate Crime Statistics Report, there were a total of 8152 hate crimes reported around the country. 4368 were racial bias motivated; 1483 were religious bias motivated; sexual orientation bias accounted for 1330; ethnicity/national origin bias was the cause of 927 (11.4%); disability bias was connected with 36; and the remaining 8 incidents were the result of multiple biases. Recent years show more and more Hate crimes being the cause of violence in the nation. There are a lot of bias people in this world that is the main reason why Hate Crimes are the number one cause of violence in America because of racial, sexual discrimination, and religious crimes. One of the biggest riots we’ve had in 2015 was the effect of...
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...Africa as a hate crime and its effects on the victims who experience the consequences thereof. Index 1. Introduction 1 2. Definitions 1 2.1 Definition of Hate Crime 2.2 Definition of Xenophobia 2 3. Hate Crime in South Africa 3 4. Xenophobia in South Africa 4 5. Effects on the Victims of Xenophobia 5 5.1 Individual Effects 5 5.2 Societal Effects 5 5.3 Secondary Victimisation 5 6. Conclusion 6 7. List of References/ Bibliography 7 1. Introduction South Africa has been praised for its peaceful and swift transformation to becoming an open society, founded on democratic values and a constitution that insures principles of human dignity, freedom, equality, and social justice. Regardless of policy and legislative guarantees for fundamental human rights, crime and violence are widespread. Incidents of hate speech, xenophobia and victimisation are on the rise, most recently being the outbreak of attacks against foreign nationals in informal settlements in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa has a long history of prejudice and discrimination. One of the main legacies of apartheid is that of intolerance towards „difference‟ - be it in terms of race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation or other causes. South Africa has to deal with the prejudice of the past or adopt new measures to address it. Because of South Africa‟s high crime levels,...
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...Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal.” The term “Hate Crime” defined by Public Law #103-322A, a 1994 federal law, defines a hate crime as: “a crime in which the defendant intentionally selects a victim, or in the case of a property crime, the property that is the object of the crime, because of actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person.” Although this is the federal definition, each state has their own legal hate crime statues, which states what constitutes and is punishable as a hate crime in that state. Some states do not recognize hate crimes at all, yet, as it clearly states in the countries founding documents the people of this country are “one nation” and “all men are created equal.” The number of hate crimes being committed is growing in numbers. What is considered a “hate crime” today is no longer restricted to the issue of black and white, but the national standard for these crimes remains unclear. Some individuals feel that hate crime legislation or Hate Crime Laws are not only unconstitutional, but redundant and unnecessary. The writer of “Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary” argues that “hate crime laws, whether at the state or federal level, are not necessary” ("Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary"). The writer further argues that passing such laws will not prevent crimes motivated by...
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...THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PEACE, VIOLENCE, AND CONFLICT, 2nd ed., (Academic Press, expected 2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal offenses motivated...
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...Americans, they are often misperceived as a monolithic group. Thus, even though an act of anti-Asian sentiment might be perpetrated with a particular ethnic group in mind (e.g., Indian, Filipino or Korean), a failure to make distinctions between Asian Pacific American ethnic groups causes members of all groups to become potential victims of hate crimes. Hate incidents are expressions of hostility based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or disability. Hate incidents are not illegal. They may take the form of name-calling or using racial slurs, hate speech, the distribution of racist leaflets or other disrespectful behavior. Hate crimes are defined by federal or state statutes. A hate crime occurs when a person commits an act such as assault, battery, criminal damage to property, criminal trespass to property or mob action because of the victim's real or perceived race, religion, nationality, gender, sexual orientation or disability. Hate crime laws vary from state to state. Hate crimes are another type of abuse, and one which can occur anywhere and anytime. In the United States today, the most commonly publicized hate crimes are those perpetrated on particular ethnic groups (such as persons of Middle Eastern descent, or...
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...A World of Hate Ever wonder what influences a hate crime? Crimes committed through acts of violence because of differences sometimes result in fatalities. It is because of one’s belief, morals, feelings and teachings that influence hate toward others. Populations such as race, sexuality and religion are targeted by hate crimes because of bias, discrimination and prejudice which encourage hate. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, hate crime is defined as any of various crimes (as assault or defacement of property) when motivated by hostility to the victim as a member of a group (as one based on color, creed, gender or sexual orientation). Diversity plays a major role when it comes to hate. Differences among each classified group (named above) are reasons why prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes take place causing ill feelings toward these groups. A person’s prejudice may lead to an act of aggression, but hate crimes are mainly caused by a feeling of being threatened by the combination of a certain group of people which the perpetrator is already prejudiced against. Bias-motivated crimes are designed to intimidate the victim and members of the victim’s community in which it leaves them feeling isolated, vulnerable, and unprotected by the law. Hate groups take advantage of economic pain and conspiracy theories. Many of those involved with these hate groups are living in neighborhoods that are decreasing economically and at the same time, demographics rapidly...
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...Hate Crimes against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Individuals Marcy Ross University of Phoenix Homosexuality is accepted more today; nonetheless, there are still a number of hate crimes being committed against gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals. A prime example of such hate was proven on October 6, 1998 when Matthew Shepard was robbed, pistol whipped and tortured because of his sexuality. On October 12, 1998 at 12:53a Matthew died, this proved to the world that hate could manifest from such ignorance and cause such a horrific tragedy. Mason states, “everyone should be outraged by the murder of Matthew Shepard—not because he was gay, but because he was a human being (1993). For the past decade, because of sexual orientation, lesbians and gay men have been consistently the third most frequent target of hate violence, and this has not heightened only fear, but also insecurity among the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. According to The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, violent crimes against people in the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community rose 13% in 2010 and that minorities and transgender women were more likely to be targeted. The increase is believed to be against this group because of their sexual orientation, gender or HIV positive status. Some believe hate crimes increase after attacks that become high-profile or when an individual of the LGBT community civil rights are debated...
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...lesbian community in New York City. The Stonewall INN, in 1969 gave birth to the gay-rights movement. There has been a disturbing rise in deadly anti-LGBT (Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) hate crimes. Not only in New York City but all over the world. New York City was considered to be for a long time the safe haven for the gay community. The violence against the LGBT community has been on the rise for the past three years. These crimes have been becoming more and more violent. What are the issues and conclusions? The issue in this case is pretty obvious, the safety of the LGBT (Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) communities. The article Shady Corners, just focuses on New York City. Throughout the United States there is a lot of hatred for the LGBT communities. With it being 2013, there still is too much discrimination for the LGBT. Not just in New York, but in all of the United States. When someone of the LGBT community get hurt or is killed by someone because of their choice of sexuality: is called a hate crime. In New York City there has been a “disturbing rise in deadly anti-LGBT hate crimes, both in New York City and nationally.” (Shady Corners, Eliza Shapiro) In 2011, the FBI had found that antigay hate crimes were the second-most prevalent type of hate crime, after crimes based on race. When it comes to discrimination against people of other race and ethnicities, for people with a different sexual orientation other than what we are used to, the rates are increasing...
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...6, 2015 Nancy Walker Hypothesis Testing Paper Criminal acts stemming from prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity-frequently referred to as “hate violence”- have increased during recent years. (Barnes & Ephross, 1994) My hypothesis is the nature of hate attacks and victim’s responses. We can date back in American history the major importance of crime as a social problem. Society in America has been increasingly concerned about this problem and the victims experience with hate. This type of crime has generated the development of a numerous variety of victim service programs and research that will focus on victims instead of giving the criminals their five seconds of fame. “Hate violence crimes are those directed against persons, families, groups, or organizations because of their racial, ethnic, religious, or sexual identities or their sexual orientation or condition of disabilities. These crimes include arson of homes, businesses, and harassment, destruction of religious property, cross burnings, personal assaults, and homicides.” (Barnes & Ephross, 1994) It could be a difficult task to estimate the current prevalence of hate violence in the United States. With the help of media sources, there is a way to keep track and be more aware of these types of crimes. Focus group meetings, individual interviews, and questionnaires would be a way of sampling victims. Victims should include black, white, and Southeast Asians. Would these...
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...Control theories make a little more sense to me. Reckless' containment theory says there are predispositions that make people commit crimes. He uses the terms pushes and pulls. Pushes can come from troubled psyches, or stressful circumstances outside the individual, whereas pulls can be from family, friends, etc. His point is however that these pushes and pulls are not evenly distributed between society. He recognizes these pushes and pulls but says there is more needed to completely explain. Not all youths in socially disorganized areas that are exposed to these pushes or pulls commit crimes. Hence the factor of control. He studied inner and outer containement. Inner involves a strong conscience, conventional beliefs, commitment to goals, etc. Outer containment is an array of forces that limit exposure to criminal pushes and pulls. I like this theory a lot. I think it's hard to test, because we're talking about a lot of inner questions like morals and goals. He recognizes the "pushes and pulls which can explain a lot of crime, but not all. Then he factors in these containment factors which push the theory further. I think it's very valid and important to study these types of factors, but at the same time I think it's hard to study it. All in all, I like this theory and I think it makes a lot of sense. Hirschi's a bit different with the social bond theory. He didn't attempt to explain why individuals engage in criminal acts, but rather why individuals choose to conform to conventional...
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...Ryan Batista Casey Lukenbill SOCIOLOGY 1 TWTH 4:10-6:50 P.M. 2/3/2011 Violent Crimes in Society Deviance is the contravention of what society sees as normal. Crime is one of the main problems within deviance that society faces on a daily basis. One specific type of crime that many are affected by is violent crime. This type of crime ranges from minor traffic violations to murder. Violent crimes in the United States affect society domestically, personally, and sexually. One type of violent crime that affects men and woman is domestic violence. According to Professor Lukenbill’s lecture, domestic violence used to be a major dilemma that many would be scared to express freely, but because of how strict society has become on the issue, it is slowly declining. For example, stricter laws have taken a threshold on cutting down unnecessary abuse. The authorities did not take this issue as seriously as they did then as they do now. The police would merely show up, ask what was wrong, and leave the premises. Presently, the police now have to arrest the suspect of the abuse without further notification. The arresting takes place in order to ensure the safety of the victimized spouse. Also, this is an example of how the law is stricter than ten years ago. Another reason for the decline of domestic abuse is the wider variety of job opportunities that women have today. In fact, since women now have more employment opportunities, they can fend for themselves and not feel...
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...social exclusion to life-threatening acts of violence. When these attacks cross the line into criminal activity, they are considered to be hate crimes. Hate crimes can take many forms; A black teenager is beaten up by white teenagers while walking through a suburb. Swastikas are painted on a synagogue. A gay man is killed and another is injured when they are attacked by a group of men outside a gay bar. A transgender male or female. A bomb threat is called in to a local Islamic center, and racial epithets are shouted at children wearing traditional Arab clothing. Not only do hate crimes affect individual victims, but can also harm every other member of the group that individual represents, creating a sense of fear, vulnerability, insecurity, distrust, and outrage. They can also launch cycles of retaliation and counter-retaliation among groups. Almost two-thirds of reported attacks are committed by individuals under the age of 24. Although people of all racial and ethnic groups commit hate crimes, young white males commit majority of them. Most victims of violent hate crimes are also young: more than half of the victims of reported hate violence are age 24 or under, and nearly a third are under 18. African Americans, Jews, Arab Americans and Muslims, new immigrants, lesbians, gay men, and women are some of the most frequently targeted groups. Four definitions of the term "hate crime" are: • Hate Crimes Statistics Act (1990): "crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on...
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...Hate Crime: A Rising Problem Hate Crime can be defined as a perpetrator deliberately targeting a victim because of his or her believed membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation. In the US the Hate Crimes Statistics Act (1990) requires for the recording of an event as a ‘hate crime’ that there is ‘manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation or ethnicity and requires recording officers to complete a 14-point checklist involving a great deal of subjectivity and requiring tacit knowledge of the offences by the recording officer’ (Jacobs, 2003). Some groups such as blacks, Jews, and homosexuals are the most targeted for biased based violent crime but are protected by certain state and federal laws while other groups such as transgendered people are not protected by any law. In the film Soldier’s Girl we meet a young man plagued by the ignorance of a society unwilling to accept a person with non-traditional sexual orientation into the bravado of the Army Infantry. This is an instance far too familiar for many people who make the choice to have a non-traditional way of life. The story of Barry Winchell and Capernia is a direct correlation as to how homosexuals as well as transgendered individuals are treated by society today. The debate on whether being homosexual is a choice or a trait a person is born with...
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...and values of others and resort to violence to enforce their way of thinking hate crimes happen. Hate crimes have been around for centuries and come in many different forms such as Racial, Religious, and Sexual orientation. Congress defines hate crimes as a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation”(FBI.gov). The Hate Crime Statistics act was passed by congress in 1990 and required the Attorney General to collect data “about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.” In 2012 the Federal Bureau of Investigations reported 5,796 hate crime incidents in the United States involving 6,718 offenses. Throughout time the punishments for hate crimes have varied and have become harsher. The punishment for hate crimes is harsher then for crimes that are not motivated by any type of bias. Most crimes are directed at an individual for no other reason then personal gain, hate crimes are directed at an entire population segment. When a crime is proven to be motivated by hate, the punishment automatically increases in severity. In order for a hate crime to receive additional punishment, the state in which the crime was committed must have rules against that specific crime. 18 U.S. Code § 249 – Hate Crime Acts, which sets forth the minimum punishments for specified hate crimes was enacted in January of 2012. ...
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...looks at hate crimes as a projection of community theory regarding the media's role in shaping public thought and how society views the crimes as whites against nonwhites event. Since there is little reliable data regarding hate crimes, interracial homicides were used to generate statistics on this study. The study concludes that nonwhite on white crimes are more common than white on nonwhite, and to some extent, nonwhite on nonwhite. Homicide (is?) perpetrated by nonwhite against white. The terms "hate violence and hate crimes" first appeared in the Final Report of the Attorney General's Commission on Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Minority Violence issued in April 1986. It defined hate violence to be any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force or threat of physical force directed against any person or their property or advocate. (Run-on sentence) It is motivated either in whole or in part by hostility to their real or perceived race, ethnic background, religious belief, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear or intimidation or to deter the deterrence of free exercise or enjoyment of any rights or privileges secured by the Constitution whether or not performed under color of law. (http://www.cahro.org/html/definition.html) There is much historical evidence showing such violence is perpetrated by whites against non-whites. History has played a major role in influencing our way of thinking when it comes to hate crimes. Historical...
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