...Reckless' containment theory says there are predispositions that make people commit crimes. He uses the terms pushes and pulls. Pushes can come from troubled psyches, or stressful circumstances outside the individual, whereas pulls can be from family, friends, etc. His point is however that these pushes and pulls are not evenly distributed between society. He recognizes these pushes and pulls but says there is more needed to completely explain. Not all youths in socially disorganized areas that are exposed to these pushes or pulls commit crimes. Hence the factor of control. He studied inner and outer containement. Inner involves a strong conscience, conventional beliefs, commitment to goals, etc. Outer containment is an array of forces that limit exposure to criminal pushes and pulls. I like this theory a lot. I think it's hard to test, because we're talking about a lot of inner questions like morals and goals. He recognizes the "pushes and pulls which can explain a lot of crime, but not all. Then he factors in these containment factors which push the theory further. I think it's very valid and important to study these types of factors, but at the same time I think it's hard to study it. All in all, I like this theory and I think it makes a lot of sense. Hirschi's a bit different with the social bond theory. He didn't attempt to explain why individuals engage in criminal acts, but rather why individuals choose to conform to conventional norms. He shows four social bonds which...
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...the victim, offender, and the criminal justice system, but it can also involve connections between social movements and many forms of human rights violations (Stevens, 2003). Victimology was born in the 1940’s after two criminologist from Europe named Von Hentig and Mendelson, also known as the fathers of victimology began studying victims of crimes. Their theory was that the victim’s behavior as well as their attitude was the cause of the crime to be committed. During its birth, the focus of victimology was on how the victims were equally responsible for certain crimes with the offender (Carson, 2009). By the 1960’s the focus of victimology shifted towards the rights of victims due to movements such as the Civil Rights movements and the feminist movements. From the 1970’s to the 1990’s victimology turned towards ways to stop future crimes from happening, help victims of crimes to become organized and empowered, and to better understand the population of victims. Today, crime victims still remain the focus of victimology. However, victimology has drastically expanded to include victims in many areas such as terrorist attacks, hate crimes, discrimination, war, and genocides. Additionally, there is also a focus on how to treat behaviors of the victims due to victimization so that the victims can return...
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...THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PEACE, VIOLENCE, AND CONFLICT, 2nd ed., (Academic Press, expected 2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal offenses motivated...
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...Hate Crimes- Are they that common? Dr. Joseph Carrier – Multicultural Diversity In Columbia Missouri, we pride ourselves on making national news for our sports programs, academics and becoming one of the top places to live in the country. We live by a code of inclusion and acceptance and have become a liberal Mecca. However, recent events in the growing city have shown another, less attractive side to the home of the University of Missouri. With making national headlines and social media uproars, Mizzou has become a symbol for the fight against hate crimes. However, these crimes aren’t just happening in small towns and conservative states; hate crimes are everywhere. With the introduction to the internet and social media taking off like wildfire, the past twenty years that should have created progress, have created convenience. It’s now easier than ever to target and seek out individuals and to receive recognition for these crimes. Many people have heard the term, but few know its actual definition. A hate crime is defined as a criminal offense committed against persons, property, or society which is motivated, in whole or in part, by offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin according to the Missouri State Highway Patrol website. In 2007, a hate crime occurred once very hour of everyday, totaling an estimated 7,600 crimes. That is a staggering number when you think about all of those crimes being motivated by prejudice...
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...October 23, 2011 Inside Look at Hate Crimes Abstract Hate crimes are many different criminal acts such as vandalism, arson, assault and even murder. Many hate crimes are based on an individual’s race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity and disabilities. Everyone can be potential victims of hate crimes. Anyone from any social class can be considered targets for hate crimes. If you or a groups believes in a different religion or speak a different language and the offenders does not approve than they will target you. No one can be really safe and overcome if they are being targeted. It’s a cruel and depressing world. With help we as a community can stop hate crimes. Inside Look at Hate Crimes Hate crimes are many different criminal acts such as vandalism, arson, assault and even murder. Many hate crimes are based on an individual’s race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity and disabilities (SikhNet, n.d). When people commit hate crimes they generally chose someone that cannot change a characteristic that they do not like. Hate crimes has been a devastating part of criminology in the United States. A criminologist is one that studies crime and criminal acts. They analyze criminal behavior patterns and criminal law, and gives theoretical explanations for criminal and delinquent behaviors (Criminal Justice, 2011). Criminologist have been working hard to characterize the people who are capable of committing crimes that are based only on the characteristics...
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...Why Black Lives Matter? Devontae Robinson Into to Criminal Justice January 23, 2016 Faculty Name Why Black Lives Matter? Why do Black Lives Matter? Black lives assert the lives of all black individuals including the disabled, homosexuals, black-undocumented, blacks with records, women and men. Each has been a target of abuse, racism, police brutality and violence. Black Lives Matter movement addresses the fact that black Americans for a long time are more than white Americans to die at the actions of police brutality, subjected to black on black crime, and the continuation of fighting for black equal civil rights. Black lives are not more special than whites or nay other race but it’s an irrefutable fact that black Americans in this country historically have been devalued, discounted, looked over and not mattered. Police Violence Each year hundreds of black lives have been assaulted, abused, and taken by police violence. Black men in America are murdered, beaten, and violated by officers of the law sworn to “protect and serve” them. The 4th amendment clearly states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue without probable cause.” (Henry, 2015). The 4th amendment has not been followed, police when searching, arresting, obtaining, or securing black individuals have violated this to the fullest. Black women...
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...Hate Crimes in American Society in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries Sample Student Research Paper Project of Sociology Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement…………………………………………….………….....Page 4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice...
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...ideas that foresaw the greatness of America.” His ideas supported valiant causes in his time period, advocating for political and social freedoms of equality, democracy, and individual rights, especially within America. But the keyword here is that these illusions of great American success only rang true within his time period. While Thomas Paine’s arguments in “Rights of Man” served to promote and defend the political and social importance of equality, democracy, and individuals’ rights he believed could be found in America, his claims of the greatness of America in these regards are widely untrue...
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...it is a very important factor that when choosing a religion or faith that no persons opinion but your own should decided what you decision may be. There are many violent attacks over this matter, which I can understand because it is very disrespectful to any practice. There is nothing wrong with spreading the word or practicing your own religion but once you start forcing opinion or beliefs on others it becomes unfair. God Save The Teens Wow, this was an extremely interesting article. As I read it I mentally made a pro’s and con’s list and I came out with mixed reviews. This article is about a large and growing group of teens from places from New York, south Bronx to Long Island. They have found a new way to practice religion, they do it in the from of rap contests freestyle frenzies and “hip” sermons. This can be a very positive and productive situation considering that it is actually attracting many teens. Yet with terms used like and slogans like “I WOULD DIE TONIGHT FOR MY BELIEFS” and starting sermon off with “yo, God Bless, brother” I find it kind of disrespectful and offensive. Another popular belief among the groups is the way you come looking and dressed to a gathering. Dirty hair and ratty clothes aren’t frowned upon “you don’t have to comb your hair and put on a suit, God will accept you for that.” That may be the case but have they ever heard of respect. John Paul’s Health Raises Fresh Concern: Vatican Law Doesn’t This article discusses...
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...Hunter Brett English 10, Period 4 Mrs. Gardner 23 May 2018 The Freedom of Speech “Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech…” Why should the 1st amendment be changed now? Should groups like the Neo-Nazis be stripped of their constitutional rights? A huge controversy has arisen on whether groups like the Neo-Nazi should have the right to protest and have full freedom of speech. Despite this heated debate, Neo-Nazis should have the right to speak their opinion because of the freedom speech guaranteed in the constitution, the right to purchase a protest permit, and lastly to further prevent rebellion. Neo-Nazis as well as any other group or American citizen have the first amendment right. The first amendment states, “Congress...
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...Stereotypes (of Muslims), Causes, Consequences and Solutions It is extremely important for People to feel safe and be included in their environments in order to maintain a decent life. Stereotypes against Muslims in America can lead to fear and isolation among Muslim people and prejudices against Muslims can affect the quality of the life of Muslims in America. The following excerpt is taken from an interview with Fatima, a female Muslim worshipper after the Friday prayer. “Because I wear the head scarf I usually get the hateful stares. I just cannot stand that. I fear for my life. Muslims are harassed and targeted. I know that many Americans hate Muslims and Muslims are the victims of hate crimes. I am afraid if America get too paranoid...
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...in their line of revenge. It also explained the different avenues why young people who are victims to bullying take matters into their own hands because many people such as school authorities and friends turn a blind eye to how they are treated. The writer also spoke about the initial stages of bullying to the extension where it becomes a bigger problem for the child who is a victim of such abuse. A few theories were highlighted in the paper which tries to explain or clarified some reasons why some children would resort to bullying others. The Strain Theory spoke about the victim who is the bullied would retaliate because of the strain condition that he or she is under. The Pecking Theory is where they relate the behaviour of animals on how dominance is displayed by over another in the animal kingdom. The Scapegoat Theory explains the act of minority groups and the so called depression that exerts from their behaviour It also brought to the forefront besides the theories mention that some of the children who are victim of such behaviour of bullying would not talk about it because of the consequences that they feared of being further victimized, if the bully was to find out. The main aspect of the paper was that the people who were bullied actually became criminals and sometimes committing suicide in the interim. The aspect of bullying is a social problem in schools across United States of America and throughout the world. But how it is managed and tackled in society...
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...of crime William and Dickinson (1971) found British newspapers devote 30% of their space to crime Media gives a distorted image of crime, criminals and policing compared to official statistics. The media: Over representation of violent and sexual crime Ditton and Duffy (1983) found 46% of media reports were about sexual or violent crime, compared to the actual 3% of crime records for this kind of crime. Marsh found violent crimes were 36 times more likely to be recorded in newspapers than property crime- America Media portray criminals and victims as older and more middle class Felson (1998) calls this the ‘age fallacy’ Media exaggerate police success Partly due to media covering violent crime a lot, which has a higher clean up rate than property crime Media exaggerate risk of vctimisation Especially to women, white people and higher status people Crime is reported as a series of separate events Without examining underlying causes or structure The media overplay extraordinary crime Felson- ‘dramatic fallacy’ and ‘ingenuity fallacy’; media portray crime as hard to commit and you need intelligence to commit crime There is evidence to show that media coverage of crime in the media is changing. Schlesinger and Tumber (1994) found that in the 1960s the focus had been on murders and petty crime, but by 1990 murder and petty crime were of less crime to the media. Change had occurred due to the abolition of the death penalty, and rising crime rates had meant crime had...
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...The Role of the American Government in creating Race Wars and Racial Tension There has been a long standing history of cultural divide in this country. The United States of America was built upon this premise. Race has always been a defining factor of what position you have been placed in society. America was founded upon a revolutionary approach, and once America was conquered by Europe, they set their government up to only include Europeans. The system was developed by Anglo-Saxons as a self-serving mechanism that excluded all other races. The Native Americans experienced this first hand when their country was occupied by British, French, and Spanish crusaders. This, amongst other invasions, led to the first examples of racial wars and tension in American history. We have seen this play out throughout the generations of our ancestors, who have experienced this state of racial tension, segregation, and slave ownership on both sides of the equation. America has always had racial tension from its inception. Several Civil Wars have occurred on American soil, and race has been an issue in most of them. We have been taught in society that being a certain race can define your future and potential for success. This has been proven in every aspect of American life. The infrastructure of the United States was built by several different races, some by choice, and some through slavery, and this is the driving force behind the deep seeded tension experienced by current Americans today...
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...In this essay I am explaining why the African American has more African-ness the Nigerian Americans. I will examine the origin and the different aspects of the African American culture. I will also examine how the African culture is so rich in the American world and changed many aspect of the everyday life in the new world. Slavery predates back to the 18th century from when African Americans were enslaved. People of color were bought, sold, and used to work on farms, and in the household of their white masters. The progression of African American culture has progressed by leaps and bounds since the1800’s. It took a long time for slaves to be given their freedom. Although they were free, the reconstruction plan was a starting point, which in turn allowed former slaves to become freedmen. Freedmen who were allowed to own land and become upstanding citizen just like their white counterparts. The freed slaves went on to become prominent business owners and family men. They were still some racists who were appalled that they were allowed to go free. Slaves were not allowed to learn how to read and therefore could not read the bible. It was a way for the salves masters to protect themselves from the slaves getting a silly notion of equality from the bible. Religion became a big issue within the African American community. Black churches were established to allow them to come, worship, and not be segregated from their white counterparts. Even during slavery, they would...
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