...Prison Violent Misconduct Sylwia Chamot April 20th, 2011 Dr. Hassett- Walker Senior Seminar CJ 4600, Section 02 Spring Semester 2011 Incarceration rates rose to unprecedented levels in the history of the U.S.’s imprisonment. Therefore, concern about social control of the incarcerated, that is, prisoners’ behavior, has increased. High inmate disciplinary infractions, especially violent infractions, are a threat to the safety of prison, of correctional staff, and of other inmates. Nevertheless, the issue of discipline in prison is important from an economic perspective, because an estimated average cost per infraction at a medium security prison is $970 (Jiang & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). For these reasons, Jiang & Fisher- Giorlando conducted a research to help explain violent incidents, incidents against correctional staff and incidents against other inmates in prison. Identifying the risk factors of inmates to commit violent acts of misconduct is of great importance to prison administration. This type of research can assist in the classification process of inmates entering institutions as well as the ongoing classification adjustments of inmates already in custody. This study will identify and investigate factors for violent institutional misconduct. These factors include; however, are not limited to race...
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...Mitigating Prison Violence Cynthia Evans CJ522: Comparative Correctional Systems June 17, 2014 Mitigating Prison Violence Violence in prison systems remains to be a persistent problem among enforcers and inmates alike. Not only does it compromise inmate safety and institutional security, it distorts the purpose of prison systems as penitentiary systems meant to discourage criminal behavior. Adding to this complication, the problem is present in nearly all prison systems worldwide, with some systems more prone to it than others. In America, homicide inside jails and state prisons has remained relatively low in recent years at 3 per 100,000 on average (Mumola, 2005). The same cannot be said for Brazilian prisons, however; in 2013 alone, around 60 inmates were killed in Brazilian prisons, and three others died through decapitation and heavy mutilation at the beginning of the year (Cawley, 2014). Violence in prison systems is by no means limited to physical violence or individual assaults. In the first place, “violence in prison” is a broad category, which involves a range of situations and actions from certain parties, with violence as their common factor. It may involve riots, mutinies, and individual assaults. It may also, in fact, be taken to mean any form of violence—usually physical and/or sexual—done by inmates to fellow inmates, or prison staff to inmates. For example, while physical violence is an all-time low in American prisons, sexual violence is on the rise there...
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...In South Africa there is a lot of prison violence going on. Violence in terms of deaths due to unnatural causes such as murders, suicides and accidents. (CSPRI, 2017) It is due to different causes. The main cause is overcrowding in combination with bad living circumstances and lack of staff. It is a big problem because it is difficult to control a prison without enough wardens. For example the Pollsmoor Prison, with its extreme overcrowding which leads to irritations and violence. The prison population is growing and so does the budget. Put in extra wardens is an issue for the government. In South Africa a lot of prisoners have to deal with assaults, rape and even being killed by prison officials or fellow prisoners. The state has to ensure safety of the prisoners, according to the law of human rights. Despite this, violence is still a part of prison life. (CSPRI, 2017) Improve living circumstances...
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...Violence In Prisons A large percentage of male inmates have a lengthy history of violence. At the end of 2005, 53 percent of adults sentenced to state prisons were committed for violent offenses.[8] With such a large proportion of inmates previously involved in violent acts, it is not surprising, therefore, that violent behavior is a way of life within prisons. Many inmates just resort to violence as their normal reaction to frustration, disagreements, or lack of power. Those who are not prone to violence are constantly watchful to avoid situations that could lead to violent confrontations. A 2008 study of inmate-on-inmate violence in thirty prisons confirmed what is called the “importation” theory, or that violent inmates bring their violent ways into prison with them. The Bureau of Justice Statistics indicate that the Federal Bureau of Prisons and 19 states are over capacity, with 20 additional states also close to maximum prison capacity. A case in point: Chino Men's Prison in California, was built to hold 3,000 inmates; it currently holds 5,900 prisoners. In 2009, Chino, California prison inmates staged a riot which resulted in the injury of at least 175 prisoners. Overcrowding increases stress under the best of conditions, let alone in situations when individuals have limited coping skills, such as prisons. The Chino riot raged for 11 hours and injured 175 inmates. Men suffered vicious stab and head wounds as prisoners attacked each other with makeshift weapons, including...
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...Animal Assisted Therapy: One Solution to Violence in Canada’s Prisons Does animal assisted therapy decrease the amount of violence in Canadian prisons? Yes, indeed it does lower violence levels in Canadian prisons. Through the use of animal-assisted therapy in prisons, violence levels decrease due to changes in prisoner behaviors and attitudes (Black et al., 2011) (Furst, 2006) (Walsh, 2009), an improved prison environment (Britton & Button, 2005) (Jasperson, 2010), and the ability for prisoners to give back to their community (Britton & Button, 2005) (Furst, 2006). Over the past two decades, animal assisted therapy (AAT) through prison-based animal programs has improved the behavior and attitudes of prisoners (Furst, 2006). Rather than...
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...violent behaviour that exists within and can define institutions and groups. These institutions include distinct entities such as schools or prisons, or may be larger bodies such as the police or the armed forces. Sometimes the members of these institutions may adopt features of aggressive behaviour such as physical abuse of individuals. There has been a lot of research carried out particularly focusing on aggressive behaviour in prisons, leading to the development of two theories. The first theory is the importation model, proposed by Irwin and cressey. This explanation focuses on the characteristics that prisoners enter the institution with, and claims that those with certain values, attitudes and past experiences are more likely to engage in interpersonal violence than other inmates. The model therefore argues that violent or aggressive behaviour is not a product of the institution itself but rather the characteristics that individuals possess when they enter the institution. Younger inmates are are thought to find it more difficult adjusting to life in prison and are therefore more likely to have confrontations with other inmates and prison staff. They are also likely to view violence as an appropriate response to conflicts. Research evidence supporting this theory includes Harer and Steffensmeier’s study, finding that in US prisons, black inmates were significantly more aggressive than white inmates, but that white inmates were more likely to engage in alcohol and drug...
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...Within the prison system there are various key issues that surrounded the operations of the daily activities as well as the administration of the judicial system. Some of these key such as prison violence, prison rape and the drug policy issues are negative and does affect the prison. On the issue of prison violence, over the years, prison violence has been on the rise. This has causes major changes within the prions system, such as implementing strategies to control the prisoners and their criminal behaviors. Prison rape also has continues to rise. This issue has been will probably continue to exist. This is because the prison officials have yet to be able to control this kind of activity. Another issue that has been affects the prison system is the sentencing that are being handed out for drug charges. This has cause the prisons to be overcrowded. Prison Violence on the Rise Prison violence is on the rise, many prison conditions are a recipe for violence, by being overcrowded, understaffed, insufficient staff training, excessive solitary confinement, insecure facilities, mistreatment of mentally ill inmates, policies that weaken family ties, a culture of disrespect between staff and prisoners, and little accountability for wardens. These facilities are causing concern not only for inmates but, for those employed to supervise the convicted offenders. Inmate population continue to grow, staffing levels in most facilities either have stopped or decreased. Violence has increased...
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...and Prison Paper CJA/204 March 31, 2014 Prisons and jails have many similarities and differences. They both play a significant role in our criminal justice system. Many aspects affect the roles of jails and prison’s cultures and subcultures. Both facilities have a role with community-based correction programs. Jails and prisons serve as a means of housing for individuals that are convicted and prosecuted for crimes. A lot of violence and negative behavior takes place in both jails and prisons. There are different levels of prisons and location plays a big part in what type of criminals are housed in different facilities. Probation and parole are a part of the process that is involved within jail and prison sentences. I live in Maricopa Arizona where our jails and prisons differ depending on the type of inmates and location of the facilities. Most locals are familiar with our main prisons and local jail housing cells. There are different type of prisons even though all of them serve the same purpose of housing those who have broken the law. Those that are incarcerated are kept away from free society and during lock up our limited to most freedoms. Each prisoner serves different lengths of time based off of their individual sentence and crime. The different types of prisons are juvenile, minimum, medium, high security, psychiatric, and military. Juvenile prisons are there to house anyone under the age of eighteen that is convicted of a crime. Minimum security prisons are...
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...Discuss institutional explanations of aggression (24 marks) Since prison aggression has been on the rise psychologists have tried to explain why aggression occurs in institutions. Two models have been developed: importation and deprivation. They focus on whether aggression is due to the persons characteristics or the situation they are in. Zimbardos prison experiment has also helped to contribute to research into this. The importation model claims that those who engage in institutional violence are likely to have particular values/attitudes/experiences and that violence is a result of personal characteristics rather than the prison itself. It is also thought that because younger inmates have a harder time adjusting to the surroundings therefore are more likely to confront other inmates and staff with violence because they deem it an appropriate response. Other research has also shown that black people are more associated with institutional aggression because they ‘import’ cultural norms e.g. violence, from impoverished societies, into the prison therefore affecting other inmates and staff. Harer and Steffenmeiser found that although white inmates had a higher level of alcohol and drugs misconduct, black inmates did display higher rates of violent behaviour. This supports the model because it shows that the racial differences and different characteristics that come with that are ‘imported’ into the prison. It was also found by Keller and Wang that high security inmates were...
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...Prison Gangs Prison gangs are criminal organizations that originated within the penal system. The first known American prison gang was the Gypsy Jokers. The Gypsy Jokers formed in the 1950’s in Washington state prisons. The first gang with nationwide ties was the Mexican Mafia, which formed in 1957 in the California Department of Corrections. According to statistics, gang activity in prisons has increased from only 9.4% in 1991 to 24.7% in 1999 and is even higher now. Today there are five original major prison gangs known as “Traditional Prison Gangs.” These prison gangs formed in the 1960’s and 1970’s in the California corrections system. A prison gang consists of a select group of inmates who have an organized hierarchy and who are governed by an established code of conduct. In addition to committing criminal acts in the prison, a prison gang also shares the following characteristics: * Formal membership with a required initiation or rules for members * A recognized leader or certain members whom others follow * Common clothing (such as jackets, caps, scarves or bandannas), or group colors, symbols, tattoos, or special language * A group name * Members from the same neighborhood, street, or school * Turf or territory where the group is known and where group activities usually take place. Prison gangs vary in both organization and composition, from highly structured gangs such as the Aryan Brotherhood to gangs with a less formalized structure...
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...messed up that there are thousands of people that are locked up for petty crimes that have years in prison when they should really be there for a couple of months but i guess thats how there money is made, by filling prison cells. The united States Currently incarcerates 1 in nearly 100 americans adults. Americans incarceration addiction grew during the late 1980s and early 1990s as state and local governments passed "tough-on-crime" legislations. 1. for example, California's "three strikes" law called for mandatory sentencing of repeat offenders, and New York adopted the "Broken Windows" strategy that called for the arrest and prosecution of all crimes large and small. 2. Prisons are becoming so over populated that there isnt enough prison guards to contain them. i feel this is a major problem and the state needs to worry less about petty crimes and crack down on the major things, why give a person years for petty crimes like 3-5 bags of marijuana or crack when you should be looking for the source of it and catch the main person. Prison overcrowding is quickly becoming a major financial and controversial problem in the United States. There are now more than two-thirds of a million people in our country in jail or in prison, and soon there will be half a million in prison alone. With that being said, two-thirds are confined in less than 60 square feet of floor space. While prison conditions have improved considerably in many ways, the present correctional system is still struggling...
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...Discuss Institutional Aggression (24 marks) The deprivation model suggests that the subculture of prison originated within the walls of the constitution. Thus, it is the deprivations that the inmates faced and attempted to cope with that were so extreme that healthy relationships could not be formed with members of the community outside the walls. Gresham Sykes suggested five particular deprivations responsible for inmate aggression, one of which is the Deprivation of Liberty. Deprivation of liberty is when by being imprisoned behind walls, the felon feels as though society no longer consider him to be a person that can live in a respected and trusted manner in the free world. The nature of the institution conveys this loss through symbols such as uniform, and the loss of liberty is further implied by the prisoner having to obtain permission for simple tasks such as eating, sleeping or showering etc. Another deprivation Sykes suggested is the Deprivation of Goods and Services. Prisons confine offenders in poverty-like conditions perceived by the inmates from disadvantaged backgrounds as being worse than the conditions they came from (ie. Lack of home cooked food and cigarettes of preference.) Some inmates felt as though the prison system allows poverty conditions in order to economically regulate and control the inmates, and despite some majority of them accepting responsibility for their conditions, the deprivation of goods and services still brought a sense of failure to the...
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...Jails and Prisons Jails and Prisons Jails and prisons play an important role in criminal justice. Although each serves as a part of the governmental legal system, jails and prisons are different from one another. Each community has a jail and each state has a prison. In my county the jail well known is the Kitsap County Jail and the state prison that we know mostly of is the Washington State Corrections Center for Women. I will discuss in detail the differences between Kitsap County Jail and the Washington State Corrections Center for Women. Within the paper, different topics will emerge that will explain the different types of prisons, aspects of culture and subculture inside prison, correctional programs, violence inside prison and the roles of jails in criminal justice. Jails and prisons play one important role and that is obtaining those who are offenders of the law. There are two types of prisons, federal and state. Federal prisons are for those who are convicted of federal criminal offenses, such as fraud and houses inmates for longer periods of time. State prisons are for those convicted of state criminal offenses. In the United States, prisons have traditionally been distinguished by the following custody levels: high security, maximum security, medium security, low and minimum security. High security prisons hold the high risk inmates, those who are at risk of escaping for example. The prison has the inmates in their cell 23 hours a day, and releases them...
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...existed throughout society for many years and continued to change and evolve in the United States reflecting society’s values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatment facilities. Past, present, and future trends in regard to the development and operation of institutional and community-based corrections vary between states but corrections have grown immensely since the early 1800s and have continued to expand over time. Corrections are adamant to continue to expand into the future because crime is not slowing down so there will remain a strong need for corrections throughout society. The subject of this paper pertains to research of past, present, and future trends in the development and operation of corrections. In some ways corrections are similar to the operation trends of two decades ago. In other ways the development of corrections has come far compared to corrections in the beginning. Other subjects of the paper include current and future issues for prisons and prison administrators and an explanation for why these issues overwhelm corrections. A last topic for discussion is the roles of alternate corrections as a developing trend. Conditions in the early era were inhumane because of prisoners starving, and trends of punishment were...
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...Introduction There are over 90,000 women in prison in the U.S. today. (WEAP) Between 1980 and 1993, the growth rate for the female prison population increased approximately 313%, compared to 182% for men in the same period. At the end of 1993 women accounted for 5.8% of the total prison population and 9.3% of the jail population nationwide. (NWLC) Although the proportion of prisoners who are women is relatively small, women make up the fastest growing subset of the entire prison population. For this reason, and because male supremacy and sexist justice are so intimately related to this problem, a separate consideration of women in prison is needed. Male privilege and domination, and the protection of that privilege have long been and continue to be central to the criminal prosecution system. In this essay I will consider three main subjects in this regard: Social and economical causes of female violence, what’s the reaction of society and justice system to it, how prison works in this society and what’s its effect on female prisoners? Social and Economical Causes of Female Violence First I will consider social and economical causes of female violence. Who are the women in prison? The profile that emerges in study after study is that of young, single mother with few job skills, a high school dropout whom lives below the poverty level are the most typical women in prison. Seventy-five percent are between the ages of twenty-five and thirty-four, are mothers of dependent children...
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