...Data Mining GS1140 – Problem Solving Theory Questions Being Addressed: Reason for question and its importance/contribution of answer, components, or variable of question * Crimes that occur around the holidays * We’re trying to analyze a crime pattern of the holiday season, how the public can protect themselves during the holiday season. The public can identity different ways to prevent from becoming a victim. * Variables – Location, Population, Income, Lifestyle, and Demographics Reason these are identified or not selected * We selected these variables because these are very important when trying to map out the crimes that occur during the holidays. * Location – To pin point where most crimes occur * Population – To determine why these locations were targeted. Are they looking for high or low traffic areas, suburbs * Income – Some criminals may look for houses where they know the owners have value in their home * Lifestyle – Some people express their lifestyle to the public and sometimes you’re showing the wrong people * Demographics - Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location Possible Data Sources: List at least 5 with description of data, pros, and cons of selecting...
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...Class: Biology CP Teacher: Mr. Liska Date: 1-22-13 Standards: B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs. B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins. B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (including transcription and translation). Essential Questions: What is genetic material composed of? What is the shape of the DNA molecule? How is information organized in a DNA molecule? What scientific investigations led to the discovery of DNA’s structure? How does DNA replicate, or make a copy of itself? What are the roles of protein in DNA replication? What is the process of gene expression? What is the role of RNA in gene expression? What happens during transcription? What are the major steps of translation? Learning Objectives: * Students will be able to synthesize the importance of DNA to life on earth. * After going through notes and activities on DNA properties, students will be able to analyze the 1components in the basic chemical structure and properties of DNA. * Students will be able to see visual components that DNA is contained in the order of bases, while the base-pairing structure allows information to be copied. * Given the structure of DNA, students will be able to investigate how the process of DNA replication occurs. * Students will evaluate how gene expression produces proteins by transcription and translation. * Given models...
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...Introduction: Epigenetics is the study of heritable variations in gene activity and expression without alternation in DNA sequence, this kind of stable alternations can be passed down to progeny in short term, however, in some broader definitions, heritability is not necessary condition, for example, in the overview of the Roadmap Epigenomics Project, epigenetics is regarded as ‘also stable, long-term, alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable’. Patterns of epigenetic modifications are thought to include: (1) methylation on cytosine (DNA methylation); (2) modification of histone proteins and chromatin architecture; (3) small and non-coding RNA-based mechanisms. Two major epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation and histone modifications have been focused in studies of development and cell proliferation over the past few years [1,2]. Recently, the epigenetic modifications are found associating with memory, behaviour and environment. For instance, memories formation, dynamic regulation in behaviour changes...
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...many technological advances exist to assist law enforcement officials in identifying a criminal suspect. The technological advances that continue to assist the criminal justice system in these identifications are Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis, biometric identification, Intra-agency databases for DNA, fingerprinting and palm printing, and camera and wiretap surveillance. Each aspect serves a specific purpose in making certain that the right person is properly identified for the crimes that they commit. Each technological aspect makes certain that the criminal justice system can prove without a doubt that the person under arrest is the person responsible for committing the crime. Criminal Identification Procedures Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis is an examination method that allows any organism to be identified, by its genetic sequences. DNA analysis is highly accurate, important, and used all across the world for important reasons. The main purpose for DNA analysis is identifying individuals who are suspects in criminal cases, identifying victims or their remains when other means of identity is not possible. The advantages of DNA analysis are reliable, accurate results, and helps solving old and new cases. The disadvantage of DNA analysis is it reveals information on physical state, this information is sensitive and must be guarded. Biometric Identification is a system based around the main physical characteristics of the human body such as finger print identification...
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...f, for argument sake, McCloskey did in fact want examples of indisputable design and purpose and would be willing to accept them as such, one could just look at the order of life. Animals act intuitively in feeding and reproduction; the human anatomy contains a heart that pumps blood throughout the body to sustain life. Or, better yet, what about DNA or RNA? DNA and RNA are absolutely vital to the life of a human, and existence without DNA is impossible. However, atheists and those who deny the existence of design and purpose, cannot explain where DNA/RNA came from. The transcription of DNA to RNA is something that scientists admit cannot be numerically computed because of its complexity.[8] Would the existence, functioning, and transcription of DNA to RNA provide a basis for genuine indisputable design and purpose for McCloskey? If not, then what does? This is the problem with stating the need for genuine indisputable examples of design and purpose because who is the judge or standard of what is indisputable? McCloskey may look at the complexities of DNA to RNA and the order of life as natural progression of evolution. In fact, McCloskey implies that evolution displaces the need for a designer. I, however, disagree. One thing that evolution does is offers an explanation contrary to intelligent design regarding the scientific observations of the natural order of life. While evolution provides the scientific explanation of natural order, it does not explain the creation or ultimate...
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...Most every molecular biology research laboratory routinely uses agarose gel electrophoresis for the preparation and analysis of DNA. The components of gel electrophoresis system is power supply and a chamber, agarose gel which is a porous material that allows molecules migrate through, buffer with a mixture of water and ions, and gel casting tray and comb. Electrophoresis is a method of separating substances based on the rate of movement while under the influence of an electric field. Agarose is a polysaccharide purified from seaweed. An agarose gel is created by suspending dry agarose in a buffer solution, boiling until the solution becomes clear, and then pouring it into a casting tray and allowing it to cool. The result is a flexible gelatin-like slab. Nucleic acids are composed of chains of nucleotides. The ‘backbone’ of the nucleic acid structure is a repeating chain of phosphate groups and pentose sugars. At certain pH values, the oxygen atoms in the phosphate groups ionize, giving the molecule an overall negative charge. If exposed to an electric field, these molecules are attracted to the positive terminal. During electrophoresis, the gel is submersed in a chamber containing a buffer solution and a positive and negative electrode. The DNA to be analyzed is forced through the pores of the gel by the electrical current. Under an electrical field, DNA will move from the negative electrode (black) to the positive electrode (red). Several factors influence speed of the...
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...difficult to remove. Because no two humans are genetically the same (except for identical twins) these body fluids are unique to the person they originated from. By performing DNA analysis of these fluids or stains, a genetic marker profile can be obtained that is essentially specific to that individual. At a crime scene, many types of biological evidences may be present. Each type of biological evidence has a unique importance and its own probative value. Ordinarily, biological evidence are photographed or collected from crime scene and sent to the laboratory for a DNA investigation. The DNA specific to each individual is an effective means of identification. DNA analyst can associate evidence to a person and give the frequency of occurrence in a random population. However, microscopic hair examinations tend to be subjective and highly dependant on the skills and integrity of the analyst. For this reason a reported hair comparison must contain DNA information. DNA does more than just identify the source of the sample; it can place a known individual at a crime scene, in a home, or in a room where the suspect claimed not to have been. It can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. The more officers know how to use DNA, the more powerful a tool it becomes. When finding the evidence the procedure you are suppose to take to storage it is...
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...difficult to remove. Because no two humans are genetically the same (except for identical twins) these body fluids are unique to the person they originated from. By performing DNA analysis of these fluids or stains, a genetic marker profile can be obtained that is essentially specific to that individual. At a crime scene, many types of biological evidences may be present. Each type of biological evidence has a unique importance and its own probative value. Ordinarily, biological evidence are photographed or collected from crime scene and sent to the laboratory for a DNA investigation. The DNA specific to each individual is an effective means of identification. DNA analyst can associate evidence to a person and give the frequency of occurrence in a random population. However, microscopic hair examinations tend to be subjective and highly dependant on the skills and integrity of the analyst. For this reason a reported hair comparison must contain DNA information. DNA does more than just identify the source of the sample; it can place a known individual at a crime scene, in a home, or in a room where the suspect claimed not to have been. It can refute a claim of self-defense and put a weapon in the suspect's hand. It can change a story from an alibi to one of consent. The more officers know how to use DNA, the more powerful a tool it becomes. When finding the evidence the procedure you are suppose to take to storage it is...
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...black perithecia containing asci with eight dark ascospores in a linear arrangement. These species share a number of characteristics that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short life cycle, usually 7–12 days, and are easily grown in culture. Most species are self-fertile and each strain is isogenic. All kinds of mutants are easily induced and readily obtainable with particular ascospore color mutants. These visual mutants aid in tetrad analysis, especially in analysis of intragenic recombination Eukaryotic cell cycle The division cycle of most cells consists of four coordinated processes: cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. In bacteria, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells in association with the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, however, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of four discrete phases. Although cell growth is usually a continuous process, DNA is synthesized during only one phase of the cell cycle, and the replicated chromosomes are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events preceding cell division....
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...following year the lectures were turned into a book of the same name. One of Schrödinger's key aims was to explain how living things apparently defy the second law of thermodynamics – according to which all order in the universe tends to break down. It was this that led my colleague Professor Brian Cox to use Schrödinger as the starting point of his BBC series Wonders of Life, leading to What is Life? shooting up the Amazon sales chart. But Schrödinger's book contains something far more important than his attempt to fuse physics and biology. In that lecture 70 years ago, he introduced some of the most important concepts in the history of biology, which continue to frame how we see life. At a time when it was thought that proteins, not DNA, were the hereditary material, Schrödinger argued the genetic material had to have a non-repetitive molecular structure. He claimed that this structure flowed from the fact that the hereditary molecule must contain a "code-script" that determined "the entire pattern of the individual's future development and of its functioning in the mature state". This was the first clear suggestion that genes contained some kind...
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...Molecular analysis of Jawahar Rice Hybrids for genetic purity and fingerprinting Amrita Ingole, Abstract Varietal identification and genetic purity has attained critical importance worldwide especially in the context of plant variety protection. The estimation of hybrid seed purity is done conventionally by grow out test, which is based on the assessment of morphological and floral traits in plants grown to maturity, which locks up the capital while awaiting the results for GOT. GOT could be replaced with DNA based assays. The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to identify distinguishable microsatellite markers to establish fingerprinting of rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids, assessing variation within parental lines and testing the genetic purity of hybrid seed develpod by JNKVV Jabalpur, 4 cms, 4 restores and 5 hybrids were employed in this study. About 52 most informative microsatellite markers were employed for fingerprinting five rice hybrids and their parental lines. A total of 77 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 6, with an average of 2.56±1.33 primer pair. Eleven markers amplified specific alleles those separated the male from female lines. 13 markers were found polymorphic for female lines. Marker RM 164 clearly differentiates all the 4 CMS lines under study. 24 markers were found polymorphic among the male parents. No such marker was found that could differentiate all the male lines from each other...
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...Therefore, mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations in wither mtDNA or nuclear DNA (Overview of Mitochondrial Diseases). A male does not transmit the mtDNA pathogenic variant to his offspring. A female harboring a herteroplasmic mtDNA single nucleotide variant may transmit a variable amount of mutant mtDNA to her offspring, resulting in considerable clinical variability among sibs within the same family (Chinnery 2000). Depending on which cells are affected, symptoms may include loss of motor control, muscle weakness and pain, gastro-intestinal disorders and swallowing, poor growth, cardiac disease, liver disease, diabetes, respiratory complications, seizures, visual/hearing problems, lactic acidosis, developmental delays and susceptibility to infection (What is Mitochondrial...
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...means "before," and "eu" means "true," or "good." So "Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus," and "eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus." This is a big hint about one of the differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclei, while eukaryotic cells do have true nuclei. This is far from the only difference between these two cell types, however. Here's a simple visual comparison between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell: This particular eukaryotic cell happens to be an animal cell, but the cells of plants, fungi and protists are also eukaryotic. Despite their apparent differences, these two cell types have a lot in common. They perform most of the same kinds of functions, and in the same ways. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. And the similarities go far beyond the visible--physiologically they are very similar in many ways. For example, the DNA in the two cell types is precisely the same kind of DNA, and the genetic code for a prokaryotic cell is exactly the same genetic code used in eukaryotic cells. Some things which seem to be differences aren't. For example, the prokaryotic cell has a cell wall, and this animal cell does not. However, many kinds of...
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...Elizabeth Gossan Inherited genetic diseases - discuss Lynne Hampson 1,684 30/08/2014 Inherited Genetic Diseases – discuss. DNA is a large and complex molecule made up of a sugar phosphate backbone which consists of deoxyribose sugar bonded with phosphate groups. Then branching off the sugar phosphate backbone are complimentary nitrogenous base pairs which are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. Transcription happens in the nucleus, where the double helix ‘unzips’ allowing mRNA to match up with the uncovered bases forming a mRNA chain which then leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand finds a ribosome where translation takes place. As the mRNA molecule is passed through the ribosome it is translated and the corresponding tRNA molecules (triple codons) match up to the base pairs. Each triple codon has an amino acid attached; the amino acids form bonds which then in turn creates the desired protein. A mutation can be caused by deletion of bases in DNA, insertion of bases, substitution when the DNA is first ‘unzipped’ – this results in the wrong mRNA codon being translated - mutations can also be chromosomal (An example of this would be Down’s syndrome). Because one of the bases in the mRNA strand has altered due to deletion or insertion etc, it no longer matches the triple codon (tRNA is the small transfer RNA that brings the amino acid to the protein that’s being formed), this alters the amino acid formed...
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...Organelles and Disease: Adrenoleukodystophy (ALD) Understanding an Animal Cell: Basic Units of Life The cell is the fundament unit of life. They make up the smallest level of a living organism in the human body, where the metabolic processes happen to in order to maintain life. It itself is considered a mini-organism made up from organs called organelles. These organelles are the structural and functional units and are created from several macromolecules connected together. A typical animal cell contains the following organelles (Tracey Greenwood, 2012): the nucleus (which houses the DNA), mitochondria (which produce energy), ribosomes (which make protein), the endoplasmic reticulum (for transportation) and the golgi apparatus (which distributes...
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