...Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation Motivation is defined as “psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior” (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2006). As a more business-related definition, motivation can be defined as “forces within an individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work” (Young, 2000). Motivating employees can be extremely challenging and complex for an organization’s leaders and managers. For an organization to be successful and survive in the rapidly changing market, it is essential for managers to understand what motivates individuals within the context of the specific tasks being performed. Hiring employees that are self-motivated, who already have set their goals and expectations, can make a manager’s job less difficult. However, managers must continually motivate their employees to sustain satisfaction throughout the whole organization. Like personalities, individuals have different sets of goals and expectations for their jobs. They also have different choices on how they want to be rewarded for a “job well done,” whether it is a monetary bonus, a promotion, or organizational recognition. Knowing an individual’s profile, a manager can construct a motivation method for that person. For example, if the manager is considering giving an employee a raise and their profile shows that organizational recognition motivates this person, the manager should reward accordingly, otherwise...
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...contrast one process and one content theory of motivation. Evaluate hoe appropriate they are for organisations today. This essay’s aim is to analyse and establish an understanding of various motivation theories and their possible application within organisations. Along with implementing, the information related to motivation, this essay would demonstrate the importance of motivation and it is necessary for organisations to motivate their employees effectively Motivation derives from the Latin word “movere” which means to move. Luthans (1998) defines motivation as “a process which begins with physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive“. In other words, an individual must feel a need to an extent that will drive them to satisfying it. Some psychologists and business people define motivation as the thing that makes people do something, which usually they will not do. Motivation is a fundamental psychological approach where the management process of inducing employee’s behaviour established on the evidence of what causes people to click (Luthans, 1998). Theories of motivation presume that motivational behaviour happens due to work fulfils their psychological needs or because there appears to be a link between effort and performance and performance and value of outcomes (R. Fincham and. Rhodes 2009). There are two types of motivational theories: content theories, which focus on the specific identity...
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...Theories of Motivation: Vroom’s Valence-Expectancy Theory If you were a manager, wouldn’t you like to know how your employees decide to work hard or goof off? Wouldn’t it be nice to know whether a planned rewards program will have the desired effect—namely, motivating them to perform better in their jobs? Wouldn’t it be helpful if you could measure the effect of bonuses on employee productivity? These are the issues considered by psychologist Victor Vroom in his expectancy theory, which proposes that employees will work hard to earn rewards that they value and that they consider obtainable. There are three variables of Vroom’s model given in the form of an equation. Since the mode is multiplicative, all the three variables must have high positive values to imply motivated performance choices. If any of the variables approaches zero, the probability of motivated performance approaches zero. Motivation = Valence*Expectancy*instrumentality Valence is the strength of an individual’s preference for a reward, The value attached to a goal or reward is subjective as it varies from person to person Thus, the total range of valence is from –1 to +1. Expectancy is the probability that particular action will lead to a desired reward Since, it is an association between effort and performance, its value may range from 0 to 1. if the individual feels that chances of achieving an outcome are zero, he will not even try. On the other hand, if expectancy is higher, the individual...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, 2011 Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Motivating by Altering Expectations Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Vroom’s expectancy theory differs from the content theories of Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, and McClelland in that Vroom’s expectancy theory does not provide specific suggestions on what motivates organization members. Instead, Vroom’s theory provides a process of cognitive variables that reflects individual differences in work motivation. From a management standpoint, the expectancy theory has some important implications for motivating employees. It identifies several important things that can be done to motivate employees by altering the person’s effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-reward expectancy, and reward valences. ________________________________________________________________________ Need theories of motivation (Alderfer, 1972; Herzberg, 1968; Maslow, 1970; McClelland, 1976) attempt to explain what motivates people in the workplace. Expectancy theory is more concerned with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation and the way they relate to each other. That is, expectancy theory is a cognitive process theory of motivation that is based on the idea that people believe there are relationships between the effort they put forth at work, the performance they...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, 2011 Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Motivating by Altering Expectations Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Vroom’s expectancy theory differs from the content theories of Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, and McClelland in that Vroom’s expectancy theory does not provide specific suggestions on what motivates organization members. Instead, Vroom’s theory provides a process of cognitive variables that reflects individual differences in work motivation. From a management standpoint, the expectancy theory has some important implications for motivating employees. It identifies several important things that can be done to motivate employees by altering the person’s effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-reward expectancy, and reward valences. ________________________________________________________________________ Need theories of motivation (Alderfer, 1972; Herzberg, 1968; Maslow, 1970; McClelland, 1976) attempt to explain what motivates people in the workplace. Expectancy theory is more concerned with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation and the way they relate to each other. That is, expectancy theory is a cognitive process theory of motivation that is based on the idea that people believe there are relationships between the effort they put forth at work, the...
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...Symphony for many reasons and wants to encourage his organization to oppose the merger. I believe he could us the Vroom’s Expectancy Theory to achieve this if presented properly. The Vroom’s Expectancy Theory states that the probability of a person acting in a certain way depends on the strength of the belief that the action will create a certain outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the person (Lawler, 1973). Simply stated, this theory explains that people are more likely to act and behave in ways that will ultimately positively benefit themselves. I believe that Mr. Bailey can effectively use this theory by proving to his board that merging with the Utah Symphony would negatively impact their organization. He should point out to his organization that, due to the operas reserve fund, they are in a very sound financial situation while the Utah Symphony has not. He should also point out that they have operating in a much more responsible manner by adjusting or eliminating projects while the symphony has not. He could also compare the Symphony’s major financial troubles and Union-locked model to their organization. The obvious result by comparing would prove that the Opera could only become less financially viable if they were to go through with the merger and ultimately doesn’t offer any positive benefits. By utilizing the Vrooms Expectant Theory, Mr. Bailey can effectively prove to his organization that opposing this merger will occur since it would obviously...
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...August 2, 2015 A1: One Theory of Motivation for Bill Bailey William “Bill” Bailey is chairman of the board for the opera. Bailey is in a position of power to influence others (mainly the Board of Directors) to either support or oppose the merger. While there are multiple theories that could be used, I believe that the best is Vroom’s Expectancy theory. This theory “holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.” (Kinicki & Robert, 2013) Vroom’s theory has three factors: Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. Valence, or rewards, refers to the directions which people embrace with respect to the outcomes. Expectancy (performance) is the different “expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing.” (Vroom's Expectancy Theory, n.d.) Instrumentality (belief) refers to the “perception of employees whether they will actually receive what they desire, even if it has been promised by a manager – the perceived link between first order and second order outcomes.” (Vroom's Expectancy Theory, n.d.) In using this theory, the reward for the Utah opera would be to remain financially stable during the downturn of the economy and less public/private donations coming in. The expectancy in this is whether they choose to support or oppose the merger with the Utah Symphony, which is looking to strengthen their finances with a merger with the opera, though in theory this would strengthen the bottom...
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...August 2, 2015 A1: One Theory of Motivation for Bill Bailey William “Bill” Bailey is chairman of the board for the opera. Bailey is in a position of power to influence others (mainly the Board of Directors) to either support or oppose the merger. While there are multiple theories that could be used, I believe that the best is Vroom’s Expectancy theory. This theory “holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.” (Kinicki & Robert, 2013) Vroom’s theory has three factors: Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality. Valence, or rewards, refers to the directions which people embrace with respect to the outcomes. Expectancy (performance) is the different “expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing.” (Vroom's Expectancy Theory, n.d.) Instrumentality (belief) refers to the “perception of employees whether they will actually receive what they desire, even if it has been promised by a manager – the perceived link between first order and second order outcomes.” (Vroom's Expectancy Theory, n.d.) In using this theory, the reward for the Utah opera would be to remain financially stable during the downturn of the economy and less public/private donations coming in. The expectancy in this is whether they choose to support or oppose the merger with the Utah Symphony, which is looking to strengthen their finances with a merger with the opera, though in theory this would strengthen the bottom...
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...a certain way. This concept is the cynosure behind Victor Harold Vroom Expectancy Theory; he believed an employee’s level of effort and motivation are based on the product of three key terms Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence (Vroom, 1964,16). Victor incorporated each of these segments to prove that one would perform better if one saw a benefit or avail in the presence of work. I plan to tie his theory and its sections to help supervisor A improve the employee’s work ethic to meet the new production process at the audio products company. The audio product company has characterized its company by creating high production standards and goals to achieve the best audio products in the industry. In striving to maintain its goals it incorporated new production process, this process has been affecting the team of supervisor A production ability. Different employees seem to be facing various conflicts with the new process; some feel as though they can’t become successful with more hand dexterity. Other feel it’s not worth putting in the extra effort for the goal, and last are the ones who can meet the requirements but feel no concern or motivation to achieve the goal. I believe each one of Vroom 3 part theory of Expectancy, Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence could address the employee’s issue, and rejuvenate supervisors A employees outlook on its new process. Vroom explained Expectancy as the efforts of work will result in a performance goal, taking into account...
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...leading to Organization’s sustained success. In this paper the author analyzes his motivation and demotivation situations and how the author was able to motivate a demotivated person in the Organization and mapping the variables to various popular motivational model thought during the Course and other sources of reference. Literature Review: Motivation is a process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal in an Organization. There are several theories formulated on Motivation and each has its pros and cons. Some of the early theories formulated are: • Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which comprises physiology, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization in which, as each need is substantially satisfied the next need becomes dominant. These five needs are separated into higher and lower order needs with physiology and safety part of lower order needs and social, esteem and self-actualization part of higher order needs. • Theory X and Theory Y, proposed by Douglas McGregor is a classification of two distinct views of human beings. Theory X is labeled negative and Theory Y is labeled positive. • Two Factor Theory, also called motivation-hygiene theory relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associated extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Factors such as company policy and administration, supervision and salary are hygiene factors and when these factors are adequate...
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...Expectancy Theory-Vroom and Turnover In Vroom’s expectancy theory (1964) “He believes that employee is motivated to exert high level of efforts when he believes that efforts will lead to good performance and therefore organizational rewards that will satisfy achievement of personal goals”(Kondalkar, 2007). Therefore if the employees think of the rewards that are offered are insufficient, there could be a possibility that they will not give their best performances and as a result their motivation decreases, thus it will lead to a turnover in the long term (Lunenburg, 2011). The problem of high turnover can also be associated with this fact that workers at McDonald knows that their efforts will not be rewarded and rewards that are already offered are insufficient thus does not identify individual goal pattern and thus their performance criteria and reward system does not reflects employees individual needs and personal goals. In his Expectancy theory Vroom has identified that individual have certain expectations from their company, and these expectations have an influence on these individuals work behaviour Unfortunately at McDonald employees are not motivated as their expectation that are explained in Vroom’s theory is not fulfilled, most of the workers are underpaid, moreover they have unequal pay rate that is causing dissatisfaction among employees, and they are not recognized and appreciated for their work and efforts in terms of intrinsic or extrinsic reward. Job Satisfaction...
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...(H&M) in London. This will be described as the essay will start with looking at H&M. Then evaluating the motivating potential score (MPS) to propose potential recommendations as a manager, which are validated through these motivational theories: the Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. Looking at the evaluation of the motivating potential score (MPS) and the recommendations together will provide better job satisfaction (Robbins & Judge, 2008) to enhance this job within this company. Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M) Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M) has an international reputation as they are one of the world’s largest retailers that encompasses several different brands, which include COS, Monki, Weekday and Cheap Monday which all specialises in the fashion industry. H&M has a potent diversity of employees and its company culture based on several core values such as simplicity, a down-to-earth approach, entrepreneurship, team spirit, common sense and a belief in individuals and their attributes to use their initiative (H&M, 2012). The Motivating Potential Score (MPS) An employee motivation in a job can be analysed using the motivating potential score (MPS). The MPS uses the five core characteristics from the Job Characteristics Model (JCM) which are: Skill variety; Task identity; Task significance; Autonomy; and Feedback. The MPS is very important as it can measure the job motivation in order to do procedures such as improve the framework of the job. The MPS formula...
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...Running head: JFT2 Organizational Management – Task 1 JFT2 Organizational Management – Task 1 Charles Jorgenson WGU 1. Bill Bailey Motivational Technique Mr. Bailey could effectively use Vroom’s Expectancy Theory to motivate his organization to oppose the merger. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory can be summarized in this way: The probability of a person acting in a certain way depends on the strength of the belief that the action will create a certain outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the person (Lawler, 1973). This means that it is more likely that people will act in ways that they believe will produce positive benefits for themselves. In Mr. Bailey’s situation with the Utah Opera, the action is whether or not to support the merger and the outcome is the continued financial stability of the Opera. Mr. Bailey could contrast the Opera’s financial stability, flexible business model, and cash reserve with the Symphony’s financial troubles and union-locked business model. The logical result of this comparison would be that the Opera could only become less financially stable by a merger as the Symphony doesn’t have many positives to offer in that area. Using this technique would motivate the Opera to not support the merger as they would strongly believe the merger would leave them in a less desirable financial situation. The lack of attractiveness of this new financial situation would be hard to measure. One way to solidify its lack of desirability is to...
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...Path-goal theory centers on how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish selected goals. It emphasizes the relationship between the leaders’ style, the characteristics of the subordinates and the work setting. The leader should clarify the directions so subordinates know which way to go, remove obstacles that are stopping them and provide the rewards along the way. Leaders’ approach will depend on the situation, including the follower's capability and motivation, as well as the difficulty of the job and other contextual factors. The underlying mechanism of the path-goal theory deals with expectancy, a cognitive approach to understanding motivation where people calculate: – Effort-to-perform – Perform for Outcome – Assigned valences or values to outcome Based on assumptions from Vroom's Expectancy Theory, this model explains how behavior of the leader causes expectancies/motivations in the subordinate that create effort and satisfaction. The rationale is that followers will perform better if they think they are capable, and if they perceive the work will get results and be worth the effort. But can anyone become a leader and if so, how? The secret to leadership is the ability, to create a highly motivating work environment that influences anyone who comes into contact with it. The strength of the P-O linkage depends upon three beliefs in the follower's mind. First, the follower must trust that the leader will be able to deliver as promised. The outcome, given that it...
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...of Theoretical Models HCS/587 November 20, 2013 Karissa Steward Managers need to understand employees and what motivates them; this can prove to be a challenge because they are composed of a diverse group of people. Process theories of motivation can assist them in how to predict and influence behaviors. In this paper will cover three of the five process theories which are Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adams’ Equity Theory, and Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory. Theoretical Model: Vroom’s Expectancy Theory Description of Theoretical Model: This theory states that a person will choose to act or behave a certain way depending on if he or she perceives the reward as good or bad for that particular behavior. This theory explains that every individual has a different set of goals and can be motivated if there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance. This model is based on three beliefs valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. Valence is how an individual perceives or values the reward that is offered as good or bad. For example, some may value job promotion as a positive reward because of their need for achievement, although others may have a negative view of the advancement because it will require more time commitment. Expectancy believes that one’s hard work will result in a specific outcome. Instrumentality is the belief that if a person meets performance expectation he or she will receive a reward. Managers can use the expectancy theory to help them understand...
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