...one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the supreme of excellence. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence. Sun Tzu "The first casualty of war is truth. Rudyard Kipling One need not destroy one's enemy. One need only destroy his willingness to engage. Sun Tzu There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind. In the long run the sword is always beaten by the mind. Napoleon Bonaparte In War, the moral is to the material as three is to one. Napoleon Bonaparte We were as hypnotized by the enemy's propaganda as a rabbit is by a snake. General Eric Von Ludendorf, German General Staff, 1918 The British bombarded our front not only with drum-fire of shells, but also with a drum-fire of printed paper. Besides bombs which kill the body, they drop from the air leaflets which are intended to kill the soul. Fieldmarshall Hindenberg, 1918 All propaganda has to be popular and has to adapt its spiritual level to the perception of the least intelligent of those towards whom it intends to direct itself. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"), Vol. I ...there was no point in seeking to convert the intellectuals. For intellectuals would never be converted and would anyway always yield to the stronger, 'and this will always be the man in the street.' Arguments must therefore be crude, clear...
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...difference between wartime propaganda and peacetime advertising or politics? 2500 words. Introduction Propaganda is an art requiring special talent. It is not mechanical, scientific work. Influencing attitudes requires experience, area knowledge, and instinctive “judgment of what is the best argument for the audience”. No manual can guide the propagandist. He must have a good mind, genius, sensitivity and knowledge of how that audience thinks and reacts From this we can consider that propaganda is not something based solely on warfare or politics or advertising. The use of propaganda is virulent in peaceful societies not at war by virtue of bombarding the general public with advertising (Newspaper/Magazines/Radio/TV/Internet) for goods and services, political canvassing and promotional material (to channel social development and public opinion, to mold the population into following the the ideals of conflicting political ideologies). Does this contrast with the use of propaganda in wartime? The objective is obviously the same – to get the general populace to accept what the propaganda states and take appropriate action i.e. buy goods, vote for a party or support the war effort. Advertising and political propaganda continue to take place during the periods of War propaganda although the reverse is not generally true (or is reduced to recruitment advertising and maintaining armed deterrents). The method of delivery of the propaganda, in whichever age you choose...
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...Lies, there was a multitude of lies spread due to the use of propaganda by all forms of government and all the countries of the world during WWI & WWII. There are many forms of propaganda, for example; there is name calling, bandwagon, card stalking, plain folks, etc. All of these are used in different ways, like name-calling that uses names to evoke fear or anger in the viewer. This technique applies a negative idea to the person of choice making them to be the enemy. In Animal Farm the character "Squealer" represents the propaganda used during the Russian revolution. My topic of propaganda played a major part in the Russian revolution but remains " little studied" as it doesn’t seem to be as important in our world today. During the Russian revolution the Russian empire was very low on food, so to keep their people on their side joseph Stalin used propaganda to manipulate their minds into thinking less about the food shortage and more about winning the war. Another thing was that even with all their resources going to the military, the government was unable to continue the funding to both the military and the people of Russia. For most nations the most effective way to...
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...Why the United States is losing the Information War Matt Apel CMR 592 Howard Kleinberg Introduction Cyber Warfare and cyber security have been on the rise for several years now. However, when these topics are discussed amongst government officials, business owners, and civilians the focus has been assaults on personal privacy, hacking into government computers systems, and denial of services. Rarely, is the focus on how armed groups and terrorist organizations are using Information Operations (social media and propaganda) to affect political, economic, and social systems all over the world. Information Operations is defined as, The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception and operations security, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. Also called IO (Air University 2006). Former Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) member Rand Waltzman states, “I recently concluded a $50 million program, Social Media in Strategic Communication, which led to the release of more than 200 publications and to the creation of a science of social media. What we learned is that “bullsh..t” is a weapon that is being used worldwide to fundamentally attack the medium of the press, and that the issue of freedom of the press is, in fact, a diversion....
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...The Effect of Propaganda on World War II The countries associated with World War II suffered through the hardships of fear among citizens, deficient number of soldiers, and financial depression. In order to involve entire countries in the war effort, propaganda spawned in the forms of movies, posters, and even postcards and appealed to the viewers’ emotions. Movies and cartoons gave people a serious message about the war while simultaneously making the audience laugh, which was commonly lacking during the war years. Not only does the cartoon provide comic relief, but also gives subliminal messages of national pride to the spectators. In the Allied countries, propaganda often was used to belittle the power and prowess of the Axis powers, specifically the Nazis. Visual Propaganda from the United States, Great Britain, and...
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...| The Role of Media in War | | | “Journalists will say that war is too important to be left to generals. Reporting of war is too important to be left to reporters. Soldiers need to get involved in this.” | -Maj Gen Patrick Brady - 1990 | (former Public Relations Chief of US Army) | The revolution in information technology, from the transistor through widespread digitisation, deeply networked communications, as well as, the revolutionary changes in the employment of airpower have profoundly influenced analysts and planners and has completely changed the conduct of war.The Gulf War afforded the world its first glimpse of the future of warfare. Millions around the globe were treated to precision-guided bombs annihilating targets in downtown Baghdad, learned of satellite uplinks from the battlefield that provided real-time connectivity, and applauded the ability of Stealth aircraft to ensure aerial dominance. Everyone seemed to understand that something was different about this “Video-game war”. There was much more to the spectacle than the one provided by previous wars. How much of it was real and how much rigged, are discussed below. More recently India’s use — or rather abuse — of the media to dupe its own people during the Kargil Crisis is a case in point. The important thing to note is that the revolutions in the field of information technology have caused the media to have a much greater impact on operations. Thus it is imperative to take a closer look at the intricate...
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...Propaganda, Media, and the Making of a President August 27, 2010 COM/220 Propaganda, Media, and the Making of a President August 27, 2010 COM/220 Propaganda, Media, and the Making of a President Dr. Joseph Goebbels Dr. Joseph Goebbels The use of propaganda is as popular today for swaying public opinion as it was from 1933 to 1945 in war ravaged Germany. If Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels were alive today, he would be proud to see his propaganda machine being utilized by the U.S. Government to manipulate the masses and used by political parties to elect presidents. From mass print to the “tenth great power” the internet, the persons in control manipulate the masses and systematically destroy our freedoms to truthful information. World War II Propaganda Poster World War II Propaganda Poster In 1938 Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, filled the airwaves with propaganda that led to absolute control of the mass media to the Nazi Party and its Propaganda machine. It was about control, if you control what the masses hear and see, then you control the masses. Goebbels referred to the radio as the “Eighth Great Power”. Through mass exploitation of the media, and control of incoming and outgoing information, propaganda stands as the most effective form of control over swaying public opinion. “Propaganda has been practiced since earliest times, but modern mass media has made it much easier to appeal to wide domestic and foreign audiences” (Hutchinson...
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...counter strategies by the RSF but propaganda as one of the strategy has been partially covered. The study focuses on Rhodesia Front government’s propaganda as a counter insurgency strategy to the guerrilla activities. Propaganda is the control of public opinion. There are three types of propaganda that is white, grey and black propaganda. White propaganda is the dissemination of the truth to someone’s advantage, grey propaganda is the mixture of lies and truth and black propaganda consists of largely but not total lies. All these types were exploited upon implementation of propaganda at different levels through different tactics. Psychological operations which were executed as forms of propaganda involved planned use of communication through words, symbols and actions to influence the behaviour of the targeted audiences and achieve set objectives. The government’s use of propaganda warfare was prompted by a number of reasons which ranged from economic, political, social and military factors. It is worth noting here that, the tempo and conduct of the war varied from one locality to the other depending on the terrain and proximity to strategical areas like borders, transport networks and close to government’s administrative offices. The study is presented in three chapters. The first chapter outlines the reasons for the introduction of propaganda warfare in Chilonga in 1970. It majors on the motives behind implementation of propaganda warfare before the intensification of the war...
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...WEEK 6 Discussion Question Chapter 6 (1,2 and 4) Q1 Advice Liability for contravention of s18 is strict. The defendant’s intention or state of mind is irrelevant. A person may breach s18 despite the fact that a statement or representation has been made honestly, innocently and without any intention to actively mislead or deceive. * Reputation: the need to establish the existence of a reputation or goodwill is more critical under passing off, as this requirement underpins the passing off action. The question is whether the use of the particular get-up or name by an alleged wrongdoer in relation to his product is likely to mislead or deceive persons familiar with the claimant’s product to believe that the two products are associated. * Misrepresentation: a conduct is likely to mislead or deceive meaning. The court will apply objective test in determining for itself whether conduct is misleading. An applicant can seek to protect trade designations, must establish that such designations are distinctive of the business or product to which they are attached or in words that they are exclusively associated with the applicants in the minds of customers. Words that describe a product, in a generic sense, can be used by other trade and cannot be monopolised by one trader. Q2 Advise the plaintiff, who plans to bring an action alleging: a) Passing off: involving the deceptive or confusing use of names, descriptive terms or other indicia designed to persuade purchasers...
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...involves a celebrity either as victim or accused. The concept of trial by media is not a new concept. There have been many occurrences in the past where the media has been accused of conducting a trial on its own and passing a verdict even before the court does. There is a conception that the Jessica Lal murder case is was also a media trial. Case Study On 29 April 1999, Manu Sharma had shot Jessica Lal in front of 200 witnesses at a Delhi restaurant, Tamarind Court, where she was a barmaid and refused to serve alcohol to him after 2 a.m. In February 2006, witness after witness went back on their original testimonies in court. This same case did not get enough coverage and within no time and Manu Sharma was acquitted. Noam Chomsky’s propaganda model tells us how news gets covered based on the News “Filters”. Manu Sharma’s father, Venod Sharma was a Congress MP and later a...
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...smothered by satisfying one’s consumerist pulses. He was Freud’s double nephew. He perfectly knew the main ideas of psychoanalysis since he had immersed really soon in this field, by his familial environment. Freud’s ideas have been reused, but not really for therapeutic purposes. As the creator of “Public Relations”, he was very asked by companies to help them selling their products by touching buyers’ emotions. Let’s see first the accomplishments of Bernays, and then how Freud’s ideas have been used to submit a person instead of freeing him, getting him into mass consumers At the beginning, Bernays had been called to help Wilson’s government to change the public opinion about war, in 1917, to get it favorable. He succeeded, using propaganda. He was then invited in Paris for the Peace conference, and when he heard President Wilson talking about propagating democracy all over the world, he had...
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...Identify the Hypodermic Needle Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory. Hypodermic Needle Theory The "hypodermic needle theory" implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the 1940s and 1950s were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. The theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly and uniformly by ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a desired response. Several factors contributed to this "strong effects" theory of communication, including: - the fast rise and popularization of radio and television - the emergence of the persuasion industries, such as advertising and propaganda - the Payne Fund studies of the 1930s, which focused on the impact of motion pictures on children, and - Hitler's monopolization of the mass media during WWII to unify the German public behind the Nazi party Uses and Gratification Theory explaining of media use Originated in the 1970s as a reaction to traditional mass communication research emphasizing the sender and the message. Stressing the active audience and user instead. Psychological orientation taking needs, motives and gratifications of media users as the main point of departure. Uses and gratification theory assumes an active audience, which chooses the text it consumes and where individuals have reasons for consuming these texts. Uses and gratifications theory attempts...
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...Briana Rainey HUM/176 Email to my friend Hello my friend, how are you? Thank you for asking how my assignment went. When researching the background information I had to stay on top of my responsibilities. My purpose in writing about the political campaign was to educate the public about the events and issues that may affect their lives. I struggled a little when it came down to ethical responsibilities. As a journalist, I have to strive to present an accurate, well balanced explanation throughout my research. For example, I am obligated to present all sides of an issue, and to conduct extensive research and talk to several sources knowledgeable about the subject. I also interviewed a few people, and when doing so, it is important to remain honest with the people who are being interviewed by telling them before speaking to them what the article is about and that I also have plans on quoting them in the piece. It was also different for me working with other people. I took instruction from my editor regarding which angle to approach when writing my story, how long my story should be and whom it is that should be getting interviewed. From taking this approach and communicating with others, I felt confident in the story that I wrote. When it came down to accessing the credibility of the political internet...
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...Propaganda and lies in American news outlets What is propaganda? How is propaganda perpetrated through the media and especially in media broadcasting American news? Propaganda is some sort of action based on communication that is made purposely for the intention of influencing opinion as well as the thinking of a specific community so that conflict or disagreements may arise. In most cases propaganda happens through media since it’s the most common place where individuals pay attention to and it normally end up influencing the opinions of so many people. A very good example is how the news outlets in America spread lies and propaganda based on some of the most crucial situations with the aim of protecting specific famous individuals (Fawcett 2007). This paper will show and analyze presence of propaganda in some of the major news outlets in America, the reasons they do this as well as what the opinion of the public. For so many years almost all the news outlets in America have been on the fore front spreading lies and propaganda. Some of the executives, senior producers and the executive producers know what the media is doing and it is under their consent that such this happens. They are involved in all the activities of the news outlets and because they tend to be biased, they use the media to spread lies and propaganda in the American news outlets. (endthelie.com) This has led to so many Americans questioning the integrity and reliability of these news outlets as much as they...
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...Name: Shirl Fayson-Miles Date: October 4, 2011 APA Citation of the Source: Rhee, E.,& McIntyre, S. (2009), How current targeting can hinder targeting in the future and what to do about it, Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 16(1) 15-28, Retrieved on October 2,2011 from Business Source Complete Database. Part 1: Synopsis of the article: This article discusses how current targeting of customers by a direct marketing firm can result in misleading models of customer response due to the truncation of observations for the customers who are not contacted, as well as the inevitable mis-specification of the explanatory variables in the models. The authors discuss the importance of adopting a diversity of different nations’ populations and, encourage advertisers to adopt their strategy by taking into consideration groups of consumers that were not traditionally targeted, such as cultural and sexual minorities. However, the article states that while such targeting has been favorably received among the targeted minorities, it has also engendered unfavorable reactions among majority members. Part 2: Analysis of article based on the course topic: This article is relevant to the course content because it focuses on the importance of determining relative concentration of a product's consumers in mass media audiences and the vital element in targeting, as it reflects consumer motivation. As we are participating in the simulation market game, it...
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