...When autoimmune diseases emerge, the human body’s immune response produces autoantibodies that attack its own cells, tissues or organs due to an immune system malfunction. A category of autoimmune diseases, auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is a disorder where the immune system malfunctions by producing auto-antibodies to self’s red blood cells (RBC) as well as other cells (Gurpreet et al., 2004). This unregulated increased destruction primarily affects premature RBC reducing their lifespan of 120 days coupled with the bone marrow unable to compensate to this destruction rate (Gurpreet et al., 2004). Clinical findings that result from this inapt immune response are usually directly related to an abnormally reduced RBC quantity and function. These include a lower haemaglobin count, a high indirect bilirubin count, a reduction in plasma levels, a low haptoglobin, a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and reduced gas exchange rates among the lungs and tissues. As these clinical effects occur after a few hours or a few days before detection, not all clinically related typical features may be present complicating the AIHA diagnosis. Based on the characteristics and pathogenesis of these auto antibodies present, AIHA is classed as warm antibody haemolytic anaemia (WAIHA), cold antibody haemolytic anemia (CAIHA), drug indcuced haemolytic anemia or the rare paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (Lechner & Jager, 2012). Analyzing AIHA classification and pathogenesis is important...
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...Autoimmune Diseases Your body's immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body. These diseases tend to run in families. Women - particularly African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-American women - have a higher risk for some autoimmune diseases. The diseases may also have flare-ups, when they get worse, and remissions, when they all but disappear. The diseases do not usually go away, but symptoms can be treated. Multiple Sclerosis Is a disease affecting nerves in the brain and spinal cord, causing problems with muscle movement,balance and vision. Every nrve fibre in the brain and spinal cord is surrounded by a layer of protein called myelin which protects the nerve and helps electrical signals from the brain travel to the rest of the body. In MS, the myelin becomes damaged. This disrupts the transfer the transfer of these nerve signals,causing a wide range of potential symptoms such as: * numbness and tingling * blurring of vision * problems with mobility and balance * muscle weakness and tightness * MS can damage nerve fibres in your brain and spinal cord, which can cause muscles to contract tightly and painfully (spasm). Your muscles may also become stiff and resistant to movement, which is known as spasticity. * Neuropathic pain – caused by damage to the nerve fibres in...
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...Fibromyalgia [pic] Exercise for Special Populations February 17, 2012 Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and fatigue. It affects approximately 2% of the population, and is more common in women than in men. Central nervous system sensitization affects the entire body, leading to many secondary symptoms. This paper will cover the history, symptoms, and causes of FMS as well as known treatments and exercise prescription for the syndrome. Fibromyalgia has been described as a full-body migraine. Another common explanation is to compare everyday life with FMS as being similar to the aches and pains associated with a severe case of the flu. FMS patients experience intermittent flares, which are episodes of increased symptoms. Flares usually occur in response to physical or emotional stress, a schedule change, an illness or injury, a new job, the birth of a child, etc. While fibromyalgia is not considered a degenerative disorder, its symptoms usually become more severe if the patient also has a degenerative disorder such as arthritis. First, a patient must have experienced continuous pain in all four quadrants of the body for at least three months (Wolfe et al., 1990). Doctors will usually order many tests in order to rule out other conditions that might be confused with fibromyalgia. The key diagnostic tool for FMS is the tender point exam. No more than...
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...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are...
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...The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the base of the throat. The thyroid is the largest of the endocrine glands; it has two lobes joined by the isthmus. It hugs the trachea on either side of the second and third ring, opposite of 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae. Though the thyroid is small, it has an enormously important job to do, especially for teens. It manufactures the hormones that help control metabolism and growth. To produce thyroid hormones, the thyroid needs a chemical element called iodine that the body absorbs from the foods such as seafood, bread, and salt and from the water you drink. “The entire body contains about 50 milligrams of iodine. About 1/5 to 1/3 of that supply (10 to 15 milligrams) is stored in your thyroid. The thyroid combines the iodine with tyrosine to make important hormones.” Thyroid hormones travel through the bloodstream of your body’s cells. They are important to the growth and structure of bones, puberty and sexual development, and many other body functions. They are responsible for helping your cells convert oxygen and calories into the energy, which is needed to help them work properly. These hormones are important in making sure your body will mature as it should and may affect how your organs function. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothronine (T3), which account for 99.9% and 0.1% of the thyroid hormones present in your blood supply. The hormone with...
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...English 102 10 June 2010 Contamination OCD and Our Health Contamination obsessive-compulsive disorder can be the most unnecessary and most annoying disorder out there. Consider the feeling of constantly tracing the history of germ contents for everything you touch. It’s nearly impossible, but enough to drive a person crazy. Dealing with contamination OCD myself, I am a self-proclaimed “germ-a-phobe” or “germ-freak,” but living in fear of germs is not what I always dreamed of. Anxiety is an understatement in regards to never touching the TV remote control just because I don’t know who touched it last and what they’ve touched last, or letting everyone believe I’m unfriendly just to avoid a high-five, even though I do carry hand sanitizer with me. These are unnecessary and irrelevant thoughts to anything worthwhile, but somehow they aren’t as easy to get rid of as you might think. Contamination OCD can cause so much fear and anxiety in a person’s life, but what is it that actually jump starts this seemingly endless annoyance? Should the rest of the world consider our thoughts on the fact that maybe germs are dangerous or is it the disinfectants that are really causing us harm? Even though disinfectants pose such a dangerous threat to our health due to toxins in them, those living with contamination OCD still can’t seem to accept that fact and put down the cleaners in fear of being contaminated by germs because of the habits and rituals that have taken over in our minds and...
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...Athlete's foot (see Dermatophyte) is a common contagious fungal infection of the skin that causes scaling, flaking, and itch of affected areas. Symptoms are caused by fungi such as Epidermophyton floccosum or fungi of the Trichophyton genus such asTrichophyton rubrum[1] or Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[2] This condition is also known as ringworm of the foot,[3] tinea pedis,[3] tinea pedum,[4] and moccasin foot[5]). The disease is typically transmitted in moist communal areas where people walk barefoot, such as showers or bathhouses, and requires a warm moist environment, (e.g., the inside of a shoe) to incubate. The condition typically affects the feet, but may infect or spread to other areas of the body such as the groin and tends to spread to areas of skin that are kept hot and moist, such as with insulation, body heat, and sweat. The fungal agents responsible for infection may be picked up by walking barefoot in an infected area or using an infected towel. Infection can be prevented by limiting the use of occlusive footwear and remaining barefoot.[6] Globally, it affects about 15% of the population Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a fewmicrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs,radioactive...
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...I. Introduction - Shock (Chapter 11) A. Review of anatomy and physiology B. Pathophysiology Initiation | * Decreased tissue oxygenation * Decreased intravascular volume * Decreased Myocardial contractility (cardiogenic ) * Obstruction of blood flow (obstructive) * Decreased vascular tone (distributive) * Septic (mediator release) * Neurogenic (suppression of SNS) | No observable clinical indications Decreased CO may be noted with hemodynamic monitoring | Compensatory | * Neural compensation by SNS * Increased HR and Contractiliy * Vasoconstriction * Redistribution of blood flow from nonessential to essential organs * Bronchodilation * Endocrine Compensation (RAAS, ADH, glucocorticoid release) * Renal reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water * Vasoconstriction * Glycogenolysis | * Increased HR (EXCEPT NEUROGENIC) * Narrowed pulse pressure * Rapid, deep respirations causing respiratory alkalosis * Thirst * Cool,moist skin * Oliguria * Diminished bowel sounds * Restlessness progressing to confsion * Hyperglycemia * Increased specific gravity and decreased creatinine clearance. | Progressive | * Progressive tissue hypoperfusion * Anaerobic metabolism wih lactic acidosis * Failure of sodium potassium pump * Cellular edema | * Dysrhythmias * Decreased BP with narrowed pulse pressure * Tachypnea * Cold, clammy skin * Anuria * Absent bowel sounds * Lethargy progressing...
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...diomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy INDEX S.N | CONTENT | PG.NO | 1 | Introduction | 5 | 2 | Definition Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 3 | Classification | 6 | 4 | Risk Factors | 7 | 5 | Clinical Manifestations | 7 | 6 | Diagnostic Evaluation | 7-9 | 7 | Dilated CardiomyopathyDefinition,Charecteristics,Types , Causes,Diagnostic Evaluation,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Medical Management | 10-17 | 8 | Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIncidence,Causes,Charecteristics,Clinical Manifestations,Medical And Nursing Management | 18-21 | 9 | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-Other Names,Causes,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Diagnostic Evaluation,Medical Management | 23-26 | 10 | Surgical management | 27-32 | 11 | Prevention | | 12 | Nursing Management,Home Care Management | 32-40 | 13 | Complications | 40-42 | 14 | Conclusion | 42 | 15 | Research Abstract | 42-43 | 16 | References | 44 | GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students aquires indepth knowledge regarding cardiomyopathy and able to apply this knowledge with a positive attitude. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students are able to ...
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...of another. Our subsystem is a vital as the other thus they are interrelated. Considering this fact, we have looked into the reality that in this diverse physiological wonder lies the infinite possibility of not only optimum functioning but of disparities and deviations as well. In life, one continues to exist in oblivion. There are always uncertainties in every events and occurrences whirl through our lives. We do not know when is the exact point in time where our bodily homeostasis will be disturbed and when change will cease to happen. Some of the surprising changes can be considered blessings but most the time they are we fervently hope would not occur especially those that concern our health. In this particular case study, we wish to present the case of our patient, A.K.A. Baby James of Roxas Extension, Digos City. He was admitted at Medical Center of Digos Cooperative for the reason of high fever with the admitting diagnosis: ATP t/c Kawasaki Disease. Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a form of vasculitis identified by an acute febrile illness with multiple systems affected. The cause is unknown, but autoimmunity, infection, and genetic...
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...Practice Examination One Part One You will have two hours and 30 minutes to complete Part One. 1. The nurse is instructing an unlicensed assistant on how to collect a urine specimen from an indwelling catheter. Which of the following statements indicates that the assistant understands the instructions? A. "I will empty the catheter drainage bag, have the client drink some water, and an hour later collect the urine that drains into the bag. " B. "I will get a sterile syringe and remove urine from the catheter through the collection port to place in the specimen container. " C. "I should collect urine from the catheter drainage bag at the end of the shift and place it in the specimen container. " D. "I will disconnect the drainage tube from the catheter and let urine run from the catheter into the specimen container. " 2. Linda is a 19-year-old primipara who delivered a viable male neonate 2 hours ago. She has decided to breast-feed. Her 22-year-old husband supports her decision. She tells the nurse, "My mother breast-fed all of her children, but I'm going to need lots of help with breastfeeding. I'm worried that I won't be able to do this. " Which of the following should the nurse include when assessing the client? A. Determine the client's level of motivation to breast-feed. B. Perform a complete physical examination to determine her need for help. C. Assess her body-to-fat ratio and nutritional status before beginning...
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...Essentials Ruth E. McCall, BS, MT (ASCP) Retired Program Director and Instructor Central New Mexico Community College Albuquerque, New Mexico President, NuHealth Educators, LLC Faculty, Emeritus Phoenix College Phoenix, Arizona Fifth Edition Cathee M. Tankersley, BS, MT (ASCP) Acquisitions Editor: Peter Sabatini Product Manager: Meredith L. Brittain Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Designer: Holly McLaughlin Production Services: Aptara, Inc. Fifth Edition Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress...
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...publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Pearson Education cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The...
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...Alternative Cancer Therapies Table of Contents 714-X ABM Mushroom AHCC Aloe Vera Anticoagulants Antineoplastons Antioxidants Anvirzel Artemisinin Asparagus Berries Boluses Bovine Cartilage Cancell Cansema Carnivora Alternative Cancer Therapies Page 1 Updated 05/17/11 Bookmark this page...as we learn of more therapies throug Please report any broken links by contacting info@mnwelldir.org Perhaps we should call these "unproven therapies" since many of them are on the American Cancer Society's infamous black list. Simply because something is "unproven" does not mean that it has been "disproven." And if a therapy fits the following— 1. It works. Castor Oil Packs Cayenne Pepper Chaparral Chinese Bitter Melon Chiropractic Clodronate Coley's Toxins Contortrostatin C-Statin D-limonene DMSO Electrolyzed Water Ellagic Acid Enzyme Therapy Escharotics Essential Oils 2. It's inexpensive. 3. Few, if any, negative side effects. 4. It's not patentable. —odds are it will stay on the black list because no one is going to spend a dime to prove its effectiveness. Medicine is a business. Cancer is a business. The FDA is running a protection racket, protecting drug companies and the AMA from anyone with an inexpensive and effective treatment for money making diseases. The following therapies are not guaranteed to work, at least by us. They are presented to you for information purposes only. For many, their effectiveness has been shown in limited clinical trials, but each one, by itself, is not...
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...1. Congenital rubella: a) Has an incubation period of 7-10 days. b) May be complicated by polyarthralgia. c) Rarely causes deafness. d) Is an indication for termination if it occurs in the first two months of pregnancy. e) May cause prolonged jaundice. 2. Recognised causes of delayed bone age include: a) Hypopiturtarism b) Primary hypothyroidism c) Congenital adrenal hypoplasia d) Prolonged corticosteroid therapy e) Tuberculosis 3. Kwashiorkor: a) Hypothermia is a recognized complication T b) Edema is mainly due to protein losing enteropathy. T c) Measles is a recognized precipitant F d) The incidence is highest in the first two month of life F e) The birth of a second child to the mother may be a contributory factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity...
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