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Warren E. Buffett, 1995

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Warren E.Buffett, 1995
一、個案簡介
1995 年 8 月 25 日,Berkshire Hathaway 公司的執行長華倫˙巴菲特將收購 GEICO 公司尚未取得的 49.6%股權,並以高於市價 26%,每股 70 美元的價格溢 價收購,震驚市場。雖無法證明此項收購案對 Berkshire Hathaway 有任何實質 上的貢獻,但其股價立刻上揚,市值也顯著增加。 關於華倫˙巴菲特 一位名聲顯赫的投資奇才,締造出有史以來最佳的投資績效(1965~1994 平 均報酬率為 28%)。一旦投資錯誤便迅速對外承認,和作為一位優秀的執行長, 其低調和不凡的風範獲得許多人的愛戴。在哥倫比亞大學就讀碩士期間,發展出 一套價值投資法的哲學,不同於一般商管學校所教授的財務投資理論,並是他能 夠獲得非凡成就的主因。 巴菲特的投資哲學 價值投資法的基礎在於尋找出價值被低估的股票,巴菲特在哥倫比亞大學時 期首次接觸到這個概念,備將此法予以調整,把其他市場未明確給定價值的各項 因素皆包括進價值評估範圍內,如經銷權、品牌資產等。 Berkshire Hathaway 公司形容自身為“一間擁有多元化業務分支機構的控股公司”,涵蓋的業務群 有保險事業、報社、衣料、家庭用品、傢具、糖果批發商等。Berkshire Hathaway 採取相當嚴格的併購策略,列出多項標準,比如必須展現長期的營利能力、沒有 負債、自主管理、給定的價格等。 GEICO 為一家保險公司,Berkshire Hathaway 持續的收購 GEICO 的股票,雖有受 到通貨膨脹及意外率上升的負面影響,但整體而言有不斷的成長。巴菲特提出三 點作為收購 GEICO 的理由:其一,GEICO 為美國第七大汽車保險業者;其二, 資深經理人的投資型態與巴菲特相近,可望在未來延續公司的一貫性;最後,為 該產業中成本最低者。

二、分析與討論 1.
Berkshire Hathaway 投資 GEICO 後,因為市場訊息不對稱,當日股價即上 揚 2.4%,公司整體市值的上升也是此項投資帶來的正面影響。此外,本組推斷 巴菲特雖無執行重大實際改革 GEICO 的計畫,卻願意付出 26% 溢價的原因還有 兩個。一為 GEICO 本身的隱含價值,即其剩餘 49.6%股權的價值與當時實際股

價相比,金額更高,所以 Berkshire Hathaway 願意以溢價收購,反映此公司的 真實股價。二為 Berkshire Hathaway 本身在購買剩餘股票前已經持有 GEICO 的 50.4%股權,當其買下剩餘股票時,原先其所持有的股票價值實質也具有 premium,可藉此拉抬 50.4%本身持有的價值。綜合以上兩點,推得 Berkshire Hathaway 既覺得買進的股票確有其價值,買進本身已持有股份公司的剩餘股票 拉抬本身股票,也能夠為本身股票增值,有一舉兩得的效果。 而由訊息公布後市值的增長高達 7 億 1,800 萬美元,我們可藉由以下算式推 估 GEICO 的隱含價值 P: 718 Million = [34.25 Million × ($70 − $55.75) ] + [67.9 Million × (P − $70)] 得 P 為 73.38641。也就是 Berkshire Hathaway 以超乎市場行情的價格買下 GEICO 剩餘股票,相當於對市場送出訊息,表示他們認為 GEICO 當下股價是被 低估的,而同時市場對此事的反應讓 GEICO 的隱含價值達每股 73.38641 美元。

2.
我們根據個案中 Value Line 投資服務公司的預測資訊,可以計算出 GEICO 的內涵價值(intrinsic value),計算的方式是將個案 Table 1 的每年預測股利及 2000 年的股價資訊折現到 1995 年,也就是當初的時間點。我們採用 Value Line 公司估計的 11%折現率,結果如下表一所示: 表一 GEICO 預估內涵價值 年份 下限 折現到 1995 年 上限 折現到 1995 年 預 1996 $1.16 $1.16/(1.11)=$1.05 $1.16 $1.16/(1.11)=$1.05 1997 $1.25 $1.25/(1.11)2=$1.01 $1.34 $1.34/(1.11)2=$1.09 測 3=$1.05 $1.34 $1.34/(1.11) $1.55 $1.55/(1.11)3=$1.13 股

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