...Chapter 5: Water and Seawater • Water has many unique properties, both chemical and physical. • Salts and other dissolved compounds in seawater. • Ocean water salinity, temperature, and density vary with depth. Water's structure defines its many properties • Atoms – building blocks of all matter • Subatomic particles – Protons – Neutrons – Electrons • Number of protons distinguishes chemical elements Water is a molecule • Strong covalent bonds between one hydrogen (H) and (two) oxygen (O) atoms • A single molecule of water is stable. • H20 is dipolar – Bent shape gives water its unique properties • Dipolar nature leads to molecules attracting each other Hydrogen Bonding • Polarity results in attraction between molecules. • Also, attraction to ions in water. Hydrogen Bonding • Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but strong enough to contribute to: – Cohesion – High surface tension Hydrogen Bonding -High solubility of compounds in water -Unusual thermal properties of water -Density of water Water as a solvent • Water molecules attract other polar molecules. • This attraction produces an ionic bond. • Water can dissolve almost anything – universal solvent Water’s thermal properties • Water in all three phases is present at the Earth’s surface. • Water moderates the Earth’s heat budget. Heat, Freezing and Boiling Points • Heat – energy that is transferred • Temperature – average kinetic...
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...reality. Astro Nova’s location is a bit farther from earth than expected. It is 7,500 Light Years away. Given that it is that far you may ask what the conditions are like. A normal day for Astro Nova is warm and sunny. Close to the days and seasons we have on earth. There is two land masses on this aquatic planet which only one can sustain life. The land mass that does not sustain life is a volcanic mass which we can use to foster many natural resources. Most of the natural resources we use today for building, producing money, oil etc. Will be able to be mined from this land. On the land ass that will be sustaining our society. There is farming which will take place by using mostly hydroponics. Hydroponics is the method of growing plants in water rather than using soil. The only impact on the location of our planet due to social structures would be that not many people are willing to travel that far. Well if you are worried about the travel time don’t be because we are going to use Cryostasis for our travel. The political structure of our community is a Representative Council. The members of this council will be decided once we arrive to Astro Nova. The number of how many members will sit on this council is to be determined as well. These members will have the abilities of today’s president. The only difference is that it will only be those members and no State...
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...California needs to regulate the use of groundwater and make a law, groundwater can be very dangerous and has many downsides. Farmers should try to save and use other sources of water and overall stop the use of groundwater. If we keep using ground water at this paste then we will eventually run out and the ground will continue to decrease. Making a law will allow the ground to renew itself. California needs to limit the amount of groundwater by making a law to force farmers to try to save the water and use desalinization and stormwater harvesting. California does not know how much groundwater is left. We need to know how much is left because eventually we will run out. If we run out then farmers most likely will not have a backup plan ,...
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...stability. Glass is composed of a network former -silica, and alkaline modifier such as sodium or potassium oxide, and calcium oxide, the positively charged ions of which will stabilize the negative ions of the alkali. The composition of most glass from archaeological contexts is unbalanced and much ancient glass is lost as a result of decomposition arising from excess alkali in the basic formula, insufficient calcium to stabilize it, or imperfect mixing of ingredients due to inadequate heating during manufacture. This results in alkali which is inadequately combined with the silica, and is thus susceptible to leaching out by the action of water. The remaining silica may be so minimal that chemical bonds between the glass components cannot be maintained and the glass will deteriorate. With the exception of damage caused by dehydration, water, and above all accumulated moisture, is the most important factor initiating and sustaining...
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...Water is the foundation of life. It is only in areas that contain liquid water in which life exists. Ancient societies used to cherish water. Some would even worship water and build their lives around it. Recognizing the vitality of water management was of key importance thus water was common and universal. Although everyone is dependant upon it, in today’s society the appreciation of water has greatly diminished as water resources are taken advantage of and exhausted. Ninety-seven percent of the Earth’s water is salt (Barlow & Clarke, 2002). Just a mere three percent of the Earth’s water is fresh water and much of it has been polluted. Despite the fact that water is crucial for survival, this basic need is one that is not afforded to all. On the basis of profit, water has become a life and death situation. Wealthy people and countries with the ability to pay will have access to water. Those who cannot afford to pay for the basic need of water, that has now become a commodity, will go without and suffer in poverty. Drinking water scarcity is a huge pandemic. Due to human’s selfish and non-sustainable impact of the water supply there is a global water crisis- the world is running out of water. Amongst developed countries and multinational corporations, there is a damaging mentality that water can be used without limit as long as there are no immediate or significant impacts. The environmental impact of this way of thinking is detrimental. In reality, all of the negative effects...
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...may already be present all around the world: salt water. The question of whether or not massive scale water desalination can be the most sufficient and sustainable way to address the shortages of fresh water that is suitable for human use is not a new dilemma, but is one that may need an answer sooner or later. Water desalination plants have started working on the problem, but it is unclear whether or not they serve as Earth’s best option for future survival. Water desalination is a very costly process, that is energy intensiveness and leaves a tremendous ecological...
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...California’s Water Problem Introduction: Water Sources in California In her book entitled Managing Water: Avoiding Crisis in California, the ecologist and historian Dorothy Green describes the complicated and intricate California water system (University of California Press, October 9, 2007). Green’s description and analysis becomes more important to the people of California with every week that passes/ This is because California is now in the fourth year of drought in which no rain, snow, or hail has fallen (“California Drought”, CA.gov. Online at: http://ca.gov/drought/). In her work on the topic, Dorothy Green describes very carefully the system by which the rain, snow, and hail that fall in northern California move downwards in a flow of water that serves the entire state thanks to the power of gravity. The river systems of California include Colorado River and the Sacramento River. These great river systems move the water southwards, (to Los Angeles) and westwards (to San Francisco), respectively. In addition to these well known rivers to the system of rivers in California includes more than thirty rivers including the Klamath, the American, the Tolumne, the Merced, the Yuba, the Kern, the Russian, the Tule, and right here in Los Angeles the Los Angeles River which runs right through the industrial section of downtown Los Angeles in a cement channel : In addition to the river systems of California, Green describes a network of dam release channels, canals...
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...drinkable water. There are three methods of desalination: electrical, thermal, and pressure. The cons of desalination are that it is very expensive to build and maintain the machine. However, desalination is the best cost-effective solution for the world’s water crises. It is essential for us to take care of a basic need: water. The world's population will continue to expand; water supplies will become more insufficient as time goes by. The world is made up of 70% of water; shortage of clean water should not be a global problem. Desalination is the best cost-effective solution for the world’s water crises. Desalination removes salt, producing fresh water...
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...as a water treatment method. In fact, it has been in use for more than 40 years. It was originally used as a less expensive method of desalinization. In many parts of the world, the lack of fresh water is a serious issue, so the invention of reverse osmosis has helped many people around the world. Now people in parts of the world that were dying for lack of clean water are able to get plenty of water for drinking and cleaning. It didn't take people long to realize that the same process that was removing salt from sea water could also be used to remove a variety of impurities from the water. Commercial reverse osmosis water purification systems began to hit the larger market by the 1970s. These systems could be...
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...fresh water * 70% of earth is covered in water, but 97% of that is salt * Remaining freshwater (<.5% salt), 22% is underground, and 77% is frozen (<1% fresh water bodies) * 2.78% Freshwater, 97% found in ocean as saltwater * ¼ of all freshwater underground * ¾ aboveground but mostly in ice and glaciers (not very usable) * Very little resides in lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands * Groundwater structure and Use * Groundwater exists in permeable layers of rock called aquifers. These allow us to get usable ground water * Unconfined aquifers are aquifers that water can easily flow in and out of * Easily recharged from above * Confined aquifers are aquifers that are surrounded by an impermeable layer * Under high pressure and can create artesian wells * Water table is the uppermost limit of saturated rock. Separates zone of aeration from zone of saturation * Zone of aeration = pore spaces are partly filled with water * Zone of saturation = spaces are filled with water * Groundwater recharge zone is where water gets added to an aquifer (harder in confined aquifers) * Springs are where ground water reaches the surface. Naturally clean * Wells are holes dug into the groundwater (cone of depression) * Problems with Depleting Groundwater * Saltwater intrusion- when the pumping of fresh water out of a well is faster than the recharge. Near coastal areas this can cause salt water to infiltrate...
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...Name______________________________________ Date________________ Period___________ Chapter 14 Water Resources MC Review 1. Around the world ____ people live without adequate access to water. A) 1.5 million B) 1.1 billion C) 10 million D) 7 billion E) 19 million 2. Which of the following is NOT a part the United Nations Development Program? A) Individuals will be responsible for limiting their use of water B) It will lower the cost of water C) It will provide public financing for water infrastructure development D) Water access will be a part of broader poverty-reduction programs E) Water providers will be held responsible for consistency and safety 3. The human body is made up of approximately ____ percent water by weight. A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80 E) 90 4. Worldwide, freshwater use is: A) increasing because, on average, each person is using more water. B) decreasing because, on average, agriculture is conserving more water. C) decreasing due to the decline in the global population growth rate. D) decreasing due to improved technology and greater efficiency. E) relatively stable due to offsets between individual use and industrial conservation. 5. Artificial lakes in which water is stored for later use are called: A) cisterns. B) lakes. C) ponds. D) reservoirs. E) estuaries. 6. The basis for most of water's physical properties is: A) its non-polar structure. D) its status as a positive ion...
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...Content Water they say is life, and indeed they were right. With about 70% of the earth’s cover being water; it undeniably becomes one of our greatest resources. Water resources are used in various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation, fisheries, hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation, environmental protection, the disposal and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents. Water has sources and supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and challenging natural resource to manage. Water resources refer to the supply of groundwater and surface water in a given area. Water resources may also reference the current or potential value of the resource to the community and the environment. The maximum rate that water is potentially available for human use and management is often considered the best measure of the total water resources of a given region. With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste material. Further in the body, it regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood and glandular secretions. An average adult body contains 42 litres of water and with just...
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...Middle East Water Shortage | | | ------------------------------------------------- Top of FormRate This Paper: 12345Bottom of Form Length: 1101 words (3.1 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Due to geography and population growth, the Middle East nations are faced with a growing demand for a shrinking water supply. Throughout most of the Middle East region rainfall is irregular and the rainy season is very short. The World Bank reports that this area (including North Africa) has 5% of the world’s population, but only 1% of the world’s water. Droughts have been occurring more frequently and lasting longer, warning of a bleaker future. Man himself has not helped the situation. The rivers in the Middle East are being diverted, dammed, aquifers are being drained and polluted by pesticides and sea salt, and even marshes are drying up due to over-pumping. The countries that do have access to the precious few water sources do not conserve it, preserve it, nor can they agree on how to manage and share the water fairly. The need for water is not only for human consumption, but it is also vital in order to sustain agriculture. A nation that is unable to produce enough water and thus, food, for their own people is reliant on other nations to provide for them. This dependence can give rise to suspicion and conflict, which unsurprisingly has plagued this area of the world for centuries. The population...
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...Water Wars There can be no life on Earth without water. It is indispensable for human health and well-being, for food production, and economic activities. But despite its importance, water is rarely considered as a resource in the same way as others, for example oil. Water covers more than two thirds of our planet, so to many it may seem like there is more than enough, and in most parts of the world its availability is taken for granted. However, freshwater, what we drink, bath in, and irrigate our land with, is extremely scarce. Only around 3% of the world’s water is fresh water, and about two-thirds of that is contained by glaciers, rendering it not readily available for human use. Agriculture uses more water than any other source and wastes much of it due to inefficiencies. Today more than a billion people around the globe lack access to fresh water and many of the world’s water systems have become stressed. In addition, rivers, lakes, and aquifers are becoming too polluted to use, climate change is altering weather patterns, resulting in shortages, droughts and floods. The world’s population is rapidly increasing, and at the current consumption rate the situation will only get worse. So without improved and more effective management, the availability of fresh water will more than likely not keep up with demand. It is estimated that by 2025, two-thirds of the world’s population may face water shortages. Issues related to water scarcity can obstruct the ability of nations...
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...------------------------------------------------- Water in the UAE ------------------------------------------------- Impact Achievements and Ways Forward Introduction Water is the resource that sustains all life on earth and is a key element of sustainable development. It is essential if human beings are to enjoy healthy and safe lives or realize social and economic development. Ecosystems are also inextricably linked with water. Water sustains humans’ health, food production, and economic development. But only 3 percent of Earth’s water is salt-free, or fresh water. Moreover, nearly 70 percent of fresh water is locked in glaciers and icebergs, and is not available for human use. The fresh water that is available comes from rain or from rivers, lakes, springs, and some groundwater reserves, such as aquifers. With the increasing demand on water for all aspects of sustainable development, water is becoming very scares all around the world! * Around 700 million people in 43 countries suffer today from water scarcity. * By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world's population could be living under water stressed conditions. * With the existing climate change scenario, almost half the world's population will be living in areas of high water stress by 2030, including between 75 million and 250 million people in Africa. In addition, water scarcity in some arid and semi-arid places will...
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