...hence makes water conservation a very complex issue. Although there is no problem-free solution, the desalination plant is an effective and reliable process which can provide purified water in a sustainable, economical and environmental way. ("12 Biggest Pros And Cons Of Desalination")(California Academy of Sciences) The desalination plant uses sea water to create drinkable water for everyone to access. The process of the desalination plan can be approached in two ways. The first is reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is when the sea water is forced to go through a filter so that it can separate the salt from the water. Additionally,...
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...Desalination is used all across the world. Desalination gives people access to clean, drinkable water. There are three methods of desalination: electrical, thermal, and pressure. The cons of desalination are that it is very expensive to build and maintain the machine. However, desalination is the best cost-effective solution for the world’s water crises. It is essential for us to take care of a basic need: water. The world's population will continue to expand; water supplies will become more insufficient as time goes by. The world is made up of 70% of water; shortage of clean water should not be a global problem. Desalination is the best cost-effective solution for the world’s water crises. Desalination removes salt, producing fresh water...
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...Seawater desalination for sustainable water supply Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Seawater desalination and its advantages and disadvantages 2 III. Environmental impacts 3 IV. Policy for desalination plant 3 V. Conclusion 4 Student ID: z5084901 Student name: Boheng Zhu School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales April 2016 Introduction Australia has uncertain rainfall and most parts of it have droughts, and has increasing population in large cities in recent years (Legislative Council Secretariat 2015). These conditions pose a threat to water supply. In addition, it is more and more limited and improper to build water pipes to draw water from dams and reservoirs. Due to these facts, seawater desalination plants have been constructed to ensure the water supply in Australia’s large population urban centers. Seawater desalination mainly uses membrane process to desalinate seawater rather than thermal process, because reverse-osmosis (RO) in membrane process consumes less energy, and in the RO desalination, seawater is divided into two streams: one with very high dissolved salts and the other one with less salts (Gary Crisp, E.A. (Bob) Swinton and Neil Palmer* 2010). However, seawater desalination has its drawbacks: energy intensive, generation of greenhouse gases, impacts of desalination discharge on marine environment and its high operating costs. These issues are associated with Australia’s environment and economy (Reza Dashtpour...
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...DESALINATION OF SEAWATER IN THE UAE 1. Desalination: What is it? Desalination is the process through which excess salts and other minerals are removed from seawater so that it can be used safely as drinking water both for human and animal consumption. This water can also be used for irrigation or in industries. The need for desalination? Desalination is needed where there is a shortage of natural drinking water due to a lack of water that comes about through rainfall. This is especially so in the Middle East which lies in one of the driest regions of the world. These places with low or no rainfall need to rely on other forms of water provision. It is for this reason that seawater is used to provide the water that is necessary for drinking, irrigation and industries in the Arab World, and especially so in the UAE (Al Serkal, 2007). 2.Desalination in the UAE: Methods/Processes of desalination There are many methods in which desalination can come about. One of these methods is the multistage flash (MSF) process. Despite the high cost it has a high production output. This MSF plant can also be coupled to a heat source and so produce power as well (Al-Sheyji, 1998;Hamed, 2004). The MSF process (in use for more than 40 years) because of its simplicity, reliability and huge output capacity, is used the most in the region and the UAE (Hamed, 2004). Distillation and the reverse osmosis (RO) processes are main features of the MSF method of desalination. During this process...
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...Vicente Zarate Professor Foster English 100 November 21, 2013 “Desalination of Seawater” Water is extremely essential to every human in this world. The scarcity of water has increased in the past decades due to the overpopulation of humans. Today, we found ourselves in a critical stage where most people have not realized the consequences for the future generations. The government is investing economic resources to find innovative methods to produce fresh water. The process that removes salt from sea waters is the desalination of sea waters to breed freshwater. This process of converting seawater to clean water has caused an answer too many countries. Countries from the Middle East where there is a massive crisis of clean water, they are recurring to this cost-effective process to the solution of the water crisis. Humans cannot drink salty water, but saline water can be made into freshwater, which people need every day to live. The process is called desalination, and as the lack of fresh water grow more countries will use it to provide drinking water. Fresh water will be in short supply in some part of the United States and the world. As the population continues to grow, the lack of fresh water will appear more frequently. In many desert regions of the world including United States, the drought of fresh water resources has been critical, and it will be increasingly influential in the future. The water problem needs to be considered seriously as fossil energy resources to...
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...Name: Professor: Course: Date: Water Treatment, Desalination Water is an essential natural resource with a wide range of functions. Water treatment is a process aimed at purifying water for either consumption by human beings and animals or for irrigation. Several processes are applied during water treatment. Desalination is a process of removing salt and other chemicals from sea water. The process is complex with varied economic benefits, environmental and health impacts, and social impact as exemplified by this essay. Desalination involves separation of dissolved salts from brackish, wastewater, wells, industrial feed and sea water. The process of desalination is referred to as reverse osmosis. Water is forced to pass through semi-permeable membrane. Energy is required to enable water passage through the membrane. Reverse Osmosis uses stainless steel pipelines that are extensively iron based. An ancillary equipment is availed in accordance with the chloride concentration in each case. For the low levels of chloride, stainless steel pipe systems are applied. In the case of highly corrosive resistant materials, either super- austenitic materials or duplex stainless steels are used to handle high levels of chloride. Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis are the prevalent membranes driven by pressure. They removes salt and other impurities. The cost of desalination is high because it uses advanced technology that is applied by skilled personnel. It is an...
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...about the effects of global warming on drinking water and drinking water safety. Many people are searching if the ocean desalination can solve the world's water shortage. First, human population expected to balloon another 50 percent by 2050, resource managers are increasingly looking for anther way to solve the world's growing thirst. Desalination is a process whereby highly pressurized ocean water is pushed through tiny filters and distilled into drinking water. Ocean desalination is one of the most promising solutions to the problem. But critics point out it doesn't come without its economic and environmental costs. Second, according to the non-profit Food & Water Watch, removing the salt from ocean water is the most expensive form of fresh water out there. the group reports that desalination costs at least five times as much to harvest as other sources of fresh water. In addition, on the environmental front, desalination could take a heavy toll on ocean creatures. "Ocean is filled with living creatures, and most of them are lost in this process, Another problem,, the left over salt from desalination must be disposed carefully, not just dumped back into the sea. Finally, Water is non-renewable source which evaporates quickly due to the change that accrue in global warming, Most of the experts says that there are two solution to fix this serious issue. The first opinion is by Ocean Desalination & other says that it can be monitored by Increasing...
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...the developing world is facing a water-supply problem. The government is looking for an affordable solution to this problem and has asked you to investigate different methods of water provision. | Tutor Name: | | Student ID Number: | T0048411 | Date of Submission: | | Word count: | 1075 | Introduction Water is very important for every human being; it is not only used for drinking, as well as to satisfied people’s essential needs. Earth is huge, but there is a limited amount of water that humanity can use. Of all the water on Earth, only 4% is fresh, and only 0.0067% can be used by people (Gleick, 1993). Fresh water are distributed very unevenly around the globe, which is why some countries or entire regions will be left without water. One of these countries is Taiwan. It is very important to find a way to resolve the situation in the field of water supply. Next described will link Taiwan is faced with the problem of water shortages, and will also describe some of the ways to combat this problem. Fresh water is distributed very unequally around the globe, so some countries or entire regions are without fresh water. One of those countries is Taiwan. It is very important to find a way to solve the situation in the field of water supply. Follows will describe a developing country , Taiwan, which faces the shortage of water with its some plans to deal with it. Problems for water supply have to take it seriously, preventing from no water sources in the future is better...
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...FEASIBILITY OF TWO FRESH WATER SUPPLY TECHNIQUES IN SUDAN 1.0 INTRODUCTION Access to clean water is considered a basic human right and in many countries when sustainable development is considered, water is at the top of the list of priorities (Omer, 2008). The value of water is increasingly felt in areas such as Sudan, where precipitation is inadequate while temperatures are high resulting in dry or arid conditions (Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), cited in USAID, 2010). Two-thirds of the country is arid and rainfall is less than 400mm annually. Regardless of the fact that about 60% of Sudan lies within the Nile basin, it only draws 18.5x109 m3 from the Nile’s annual flow of 84x109m3 and added to its internal supply of 12x109m3, the water availability falls considerably below the water stress limit of 1000m3 per head (ibid). According to FAO, (cited in USAID, 2010), in Sudan the renewable water resource per capita at 2008 stood at 726m3/person/year and is projected to be 617m3/person/year in 2015. It is low and rapidly dropping every year (ibid) and unless measures are taken, many citizens will be living without a basic human right. Since Sudan cannot rely on rainfall which is sporadic and concentrated in 4 months for most areas (Omer, 2008), water management techniques need to be implemented to ensure availability of potable water. Sudan is bordered by the Red Sea to the east which makes desalination a viable option but the cost implications and negative...
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...Sustainablity Though the sustainability of RO desalination is dependent on many factors, the most decisive is probably the environmental impacts. The process has the ability to impact the environment through pollution of marine ecosystems and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Future Directions International, desalination plants taking in massive amounts of water from marine ecosystems can kill small fish and other organisms when they get caught in the filter . The Australian and U.S. desalination plants have been designed to allow the fish to swim away using a slow intake rate . The bigger environmental issue deals with the waste of RO. The salt concentrated waste of the process is usually disposed back into the ocean, which causes an increase in salt levels in the oceans . To limit the effects on marine ecosystems, strict environmental laws are being passed to restrict the amount of waste allowed...
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...www.ijird.com October, 2012 Vol 1 Issue 8 ISSN: 2278 – 0211 Cheaper Electrodes Having Higher Efficiency Using Salt Water And Salt Vinegar Electrolytes S. Ramakanth Electrical And Electronics Engineering,Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam Abstract: This paper gives how salt water and salt vinegar is used as a renewable energy source. Working of salt water and salt vinegarelectrolytes and both the combination of electrolytes, comparison of different electrodes used in the electrolytes. And choosing which is the best pair of electrodes.applications of it in many fields. Keywords: Electro-chemicalreaction,Electrolyte,Vinegar,corrosion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 310 www.ijird.com October, 2012 Vol 1 Issue 8 1. Introduction We know that our earth covered with 70% of water and 30% of land. So water occupies more space than land but 97% is the salt water and 3% is the fresh drinking water. Many technologies are developed to use salt water for producing electrical energy. The energy produced in this way is renewable energy source. Ex: salt water battery, salt water generators etc. The modern battery is found in high-tech applications ranging from hearing aids and pace-makers to pocket calculators, personal stereos, radios and mobile phones. They are everywhere and completely invaluable. The origin of the power behind the battery is chemical. In the following paper I explain...
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...The melting of ice glaciers is considered to be a normal act of nature. The real problem occurs when “the snow replenishing it is less than the melted water.” (Mathias, 2011). This problem is occurring with the majority of glaciers around the world, with the size of the glaciers reducing causing an increase in the sea water levels. The primary culprit for the sudden melting of ice glaciers is the rapid industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels taking place. There are many negative effects on the earth because of the rapid melting of ice glaciers but the most prominent ones are global warming, shortage in fresh water and the rise in sea level. The human population has taken action to try and reduce the severity of these effects, and have been successful in doing so, but they are still very present. Global warming is a concern that is well-known by the majority of our population and a mutual effort of several countries to reduce the overall release of pollution and greenhouse gases was carried out through a contract called the “Kyoto Protocol.” This is one good example of the awareness of the issues that we as a planet are facing, and how we have tackled these severe issues. Glacier melting is on the rise and the effects, as a result, are becoming more serious which is why it is worth investigating ways in which these situations can be mitigated. The relationship between the melting ice glaciers and global warming is best described as a feedback loop, which defined by...
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...Mrs.Leinweber Oceanography 14 October 2015 Water Desalination Plant Report To begin, when arriving to the desalination plant I didn’t really think there was much of process to turn salt water into drinkable freshwater. After going through the plant and being shown exactly how the salt particles and other minerals are separated I realized that there are many steps to the solution/process. First water goes through the water intake then goes through the ultrafiltration process, this acts like a filter for all particles over 10-20 Nano meters in size examples of these Nano particles such as pollen, algae, bacteria, viruses, germs and organic molecules. Even after the ultrafiltration process there are still sodium and other minerals and particles that we cannot healthfully consume. This is where the second process takes place and this is Reverse Osmosis, when this procedure occurs a device called an Energry Recovery Device takes in both water and salt molecules and splits them apart making the water purified from all sodium and other oceanic particles, this exact procedure of splitting the molecules apart uses the most energy. This is why the (ERD) device was then invented by ERI, because not only does it purify the water it transfers pressure and reuses up to 40 percent of the energy it took to split and filter all the particles. It takes two gallons of salt water to create one gallon of fresh water making the salt water to fresh water conversion ratio 2:1. It takes one thousand...
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...Jeff Irwin July 21, 2011 Desalination Summary Fresh drinking water shortage is a worldwide concern that is becoming more prevalent in even the most developed of countries. There’s a whole lot of water on Earth, something like 326 million trillion (326,000,000,000,000,000,000) gallons or about 70% of Earth, but only 2% is fresh water. About 1.6% of the Earth’s water is frozen in polar ice caps and another 0.36% is contained in underground aquifers and wells. Only about 0.0036% of our planet’s water is found in lakes and rivers. The rest of the water is either floating in the air as clouds and water vapor, or is locked up in plants and animals. Saline water (brine) contains 30-50 grams of salt per liter. This concentration of salt can be toxic for the human body to consume and is responsible for many fatalities. But saline water can be made into fresh water by the process of desalination. This summary will cover a few different desalination methods and their benefits. “Among the desalination technologies, thermal desalination, including multi stage flash (MSF) and multi effect evaporation (MEE), is the current leading desalination process. Reverse osmosis (RO) is also being increasingly used.”¹ But both of these processes consume enormous amounts of precious fossil fuels and emit masses of ozone depleting greenhouse gases. Another way to desalinate saline water is by using solar power. The sun emits all of the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation, 99% of its rays are...
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...experimenting with desalinate seawater. While doing so, he found he could keep the water “burning” as long as it was exposed to the proper frequencies from his machine. Rustum Roy, a professor at Penn State University, tried this experiment in the lab at the university, and, to his surprise, it actually worked. He explained that the salt water wasn’t actually burning. It was, in fact, the radio frequency that helped weaken the bonds holding together the salt water’s constituents. Roy says that he will continue to investigate on this, and he can see the potential applications of this process of burning saltwater as a source of alternative energy. Another recent breakthrough in relation to this topic is the topic on Power Generation. A team of researchers from the US and China have discovered a new desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this by modifying a microbial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drinkable water. Bruce Logan from Pennsylvania State University says that desalination of saltwater uses a lot of electricity, but by using the microbial desalination cells, one can desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to desalinate saltwater, but with this new technique uses organic matter to remove most of salt from brackish water or seawater. The older process uses 2 chambers in the microbial fuel cell...
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