... Significance of the Study With two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered by water and human body consisting of 78% of it. It is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. It is necessary for the digestion and absorption of food, help maintain proper muscle tone and supply oxygen and nutrients to cell (Quiles and Quiles, 1996). A drinking water is defined as water intended primarily for human consumption but which has another domestic purposes. It may consume directly from the tap for beverages and food prepared with water. But according to Hippocrates, water supplies may also be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Among diseases that may transmitted by water contaminated by bacteria, viruses or protozoa are typhoid and cholera, gastroenteritis, paratyphoid fever, and infectious hepatitis. These kinds of diseases are caused by microbiological parameter. One of the microbiological parameter is the coliform bacteria. Coliforms may be associated with the sources of pathogens contaminating water. It is a broad class of bacteria found in our environment, including the faeces of man and other warm-blooded animals. The presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water may indicate a possible presence of harmful causing disease. Purok Cueva is one of the Puroks comprising Barangay of Pisan. The source of the said Purok is a well. Water taken from well for human consumption can be possible contaminated. According to Municipality...
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...Water treatment Water, tasteless, transparent no color and occupies a large space on our planet. It is the most familiar liquid on planet earth. It takes the form of ice as solid and liquid form it covers more than 70% of the earth. It is present in various amounts in our atmosphere. About all of our living tissue are made of water, it consist about 80% of muscle tissue, and 60% of red blood cells, and more than half of other tissues. Not only for human but also for others living organisms on earth. With two thirds of the earth surface covered of water and 75% of the human body, it is clear that water is the most important and responsible element for life on earth. Water passes through a stable cycle called “the water cycle”. During this cycle...
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...Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh is characterized by a number of achievements and challenges. The share of the population with access to an improved water source was estimated at 98% in 2004,[1] a very high level for a low-income country. This has been achieved to a large extent through the construction of handpumps with the support of external donors. However, in 1993 it was discovered that groundwater, the source of drinking water for 97% of the rural population and a significant share of the urban population, is in many cases naturallycontaminated with arsenic. It gradually emerged that 70 million people drank water which exceeds the WHO guidelines of 10 microgram of arsenic per liter, and 30 million drank water containing more than the Bangladesh National Standard of 50 microgram per liter, leading tochronic arsenic poisoning.[10] On the other hand, surface water is usually polluted and requires treatment.[11] Taking arsenic contamination into account, it was estimated that in 2004 still 74% of the population had access to arsenic-free drinking water. Another challenge is the low level of cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency, especially in urban areas where revenues from water sales do not even cover operating costs. In rural areas, users contribute 34% of investment costs,[9] and at least in piped water schemes supported by the Rural Development Academy recover operating costs. Sanitation faces its own set of challenges, with only 39% of...
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...Opportunities and Challenges in Waste Water Treatment Market in India India's economy is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following strong economic reforms from the socialist inspired economy of a post-independence Indian nation, the country began to develop a fastpaced economic growth, as free market principles were initiated in 1990 for international competition and foreign investment. The environment market in India is one that is developing rapidly. Environment-consciousness is gaining ascendancy thereby enhancing demand for hazardous waste management facilities. The ministry of environment and forests has identified 18 highly polluting industry sectors but the most sophisticated technology will have to be imported. There are good prospects for joint-ventures between Indian and foreign companies in this field. In a country famed for its superstitious beliefs and practices, there was no opposition - rather, there was a public welcome - to a clean-up of the Ganges which is considered a Holy River among the majority Hindus. The fact that society acknowledged that their Holy River could be polluted points to a growing understanding of environmental issues in India. And this is good news for foreign and domestic environment-related businesses. In addition to this, there are several products that India needs to import, some of which are storage containers made of, or lined with, waste-handling category materials...
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...Water is one of basic requirements for living things to survive. Our Earth is consists of about 70% of water (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 2007). According to American Water Works Association (2002), 97% of water on Earth is salt water, which consists of salt and other minerals. Human beings cannot consume salt water and it is hard to remove salt from salt water. It costs a significant amount of money to remove salt from salt water. Glacier ice at the North and South Poles are made up from water, which is 2 % from the water of Earth. Although glacier ice contains fresh water, it takes time to melt and difficult for living things to get the sources. Therefore, human beings only left less than 1 % of water can be used for daily life purposes such as drinking, transportation and cooking. Water treatment is...
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...Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief Version: 1.1 Date: 8/22/2014 Copy: Uncontrolled Document Acceptance and Release Notice This is Version 1.1 of the Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief. Title: Blacktown Water Treatment Plant. Background: This treatment plant is designed to remove potentially harmful substances from waste water. It also includes safe effluent discharge and production of agro-ash. This is the process diagram of the treatment plant: [pic] Process flow - step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen Removal of large objects As wastewater enters LMWQCC, it is screened through bar screens for the removal of objects that could damage or interfere with the process and equipment. Chemical addition Ferrous chloride (FeCl2, an industrial by-product), and lime are added to the sewage before it enters the grit tanks, to improve the subsequent chemical treatment process. Grit removal The effectiveness of the chemicals added in the pre-treatment stage is improved by extra mixing in the grit tanks, and by introducing compressed air into the tanks (aeration). The grit (approx 1.5 tonnes/day) is then pumped to a grit classifier where the wastewater is separated, then further treated. Process flow - step 2 Primary...
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...St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant and St Mary’s Water Recycling Plant, which located in an industrial area in St Mary’s, a western suburb of Sydney. A group of subject 48350 Environmental and Sanitation Engineering students visited both plants, and observed the operations and maintenance of these wastewater treatment systems. 1.2 St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant In 1939, the Sewage Treatment Plant was first commissioned at St Mary where it serviced a government facility nearby using a trickling filter system – obviously a small scale operation. The Plant was upgraded to a modern primary treatment system in 1964, with subsequent upgrades in 1974 and 1998 to its current tertiary treatment state. The current plant serves an 84 square kilometre region with 138650 people, treating 35 million litres of water per day (St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant, 2010). 1.3 St Marys Water Recycling Plant The Water Recycling Plant is located adjacent to the Sewage Treatment Plant, and was constructed over the period of May 2008 to early 2010, and was operational from September 2010. Its purpose is to further treat effluent which has already undergone conventional primary, secondary and tertiary treatment in centres like the St Marys Sewage Treatment Plant to even higher levels of purity for discharge into the Hawkesbury-Nepean River. Over the period of May 2008 to early 2010, The Water Recycling Plant was constructed which is located adjacent to the Sewage Treatment Plant. The...
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...Analysis of the City of Columbus’ Waste Water Treatment Facility Budget process in the face of potential budget cuts and management promotion potential tied to budget performance Ann Paxton, the manager of The City of Columbus’ Waste Water Treatment Plant, is in the process of preparing her budget for the upcoming year. In reviewing the prior year’s numbers she has determined that her budget should be approximately $4,200,000 but due to budget cuts she is anticipating a 10% budget cut by the controller due to reduced tax revenues. Since promotions are tied to budget performance, she feels that submitting a budget of $4,900,000 would cover the shortfall and keep her under budget. Ann’s proposed Budget is $700,000 more than her anticipated expenses. By inflating her budget amount, Ann is padding her budget and setting herself up for the potential of being found out and receiving disciplinary action. By tying Ann’s promotion potential to budget performance, when they are cutting the budget and the amount of waste processed are out of her control, the City is creating an incentive for her to attempt to pad her budget. It is Ann’s ethical duty to produce and present a budget that is true to cost and in the best interest of the City, not self-serving. When she inflates her budget in order to ensure that all her cost are covered, she is defeating the intent of the City to cut cost and work leaner at a time when revenues are being reduced. It could also cause potential issues...
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...JC Weber Professor Wagner Geology 1305 April 9th, 2012 Victoria Water Treatment Plant Field Trip 1) What geologic formations make up the stratigraphy of the Victoria Water Treatment Plant? Consider topography, soils, and geography. (25 points) The VWTP is situated next to the Guadalupe River in Victoria, Texas. The VWTP’s location to the coast has a huge impact on the soil composition and layout of the land. This area has been subject to glacial erosion, floods, and water level increases and drops on an enormous scale. The topography of this region is that of a flood basin. It is a low lying plain with typically a 0-8% slope of the ground. The entire area is composed of alluvial stratigraphy. This means that the river and the surrounding area were shaped by the glacier movement and flooding. The soil composition is mostly sandy loam and fine clays that were deposited here after floods and water level increases. This sandy loam is layered on top of the Beaumont Formation, which is the oldest geological unit in the Victoria area. The Beaumont Formation is a predominantly clay soil type that has a very low permeability, thus forming the bottom of this area’s water table. 2) What role does the Balcones Escarpment play as a water resource in the Hill Country? What are some of the geologic structures associated with it, and what resource could it offer in the future? (20 points) The Balcones Escarpment is a line of low hills that separates...
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...4188 REV: NOVEMBER 30, 2011 V. KASTURI RANGAN SUNRU YONG Soren Chemical: Why Is the New Swimming Pool Product Sinking? Jen Moritz grimaced as she reviewed the February 2007 sales report for her company’s new Coracle product. In September 2006, Soren Chemical had launched Coracle, a new water clarifier for use in small recreational and household swimming pools. Moritz was responsible for marketing the new clarifier, which she believed was a superior product, but the results so far were discouraging. The volume target was 50,000 gallons (100,000 units) for the first year of sales. However, through the first half of the selling season for pool chemicals, Soren had sold just 3,725 gallons, or 7,450 units. Moritz also had responsibility for marketing Kailan MW, a clarifier used primarily in large recreational water park facilities with typical capacities of one million gallons or higher. Very small quantities of Kailan MW were sufficient to treat large volumes of water, but it was unsuitable for smaller-scale applications such as residential pools. Thus Soren Chemical had developed Coracle, targeting smaller pools with a lower volume of swimmers (known in the industry as “bather loads”) and a less intense maintenance program. In 2006, Kailan MW revenues were $6.1 million and sales were on pace for a 7% increase in 2007; it was healthy growth in a relatively mature market. Coracle had been budgeted at $1.5 million in sales for the year, but so far Soren had sold a very disappointing...
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...Items for price display For 1st step | 1. 1-9 | air mattress (royal2- icu8) | 10 | | | | 2. | air mattress (royal2- icu8) | 10 | | | | 3. 1-11 | mattress for delivery bed | 2 | | | | 4. 1-13 | table, Bed sidefor patient use | 70 | | 1000 | 1200 | 5. 2-2 | chair, Wheel adult | 10 | | | | 6. 2-4 | Crib trolley | 2 | 3500 | 2750 | 3200 | 7. 4-5 | ENT Treatment Chair | 1 | | | | For 2nd step | 8. | Anti - DVT pump with Calf Garment of various seize | 10 | | | | 9. | blood pressure; Portable, electric, continuous monitoring, multipurpose | 5 | | | | 10. | Chart, Eye | 1 | | | | 11. | Doppler, vascular sensor Ultrasound, portable (hand held= pocket) | 3 | | | | 12. | Hammer, percussion, reflex test, solid rubber head | 2 | | | | 13. | Humidifier; Heated Humidifier for Ventilator | 13 | | | | 14. | Jars for Collection; Autoclavable, Disposable liners ( fluid container, collector for central vacuum) | 100 | | | | 15. | operating table; surgical; manual | 3 | | | | 16. | Ophthalmology trial lenses | 1 | | | | 17. | Ophthalmoscope examination set | 1 | | | | 18. | oxygen/air mixer (blender) regulator with flow meter | 60 | | |...
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...Communication and Crisis HCS/320 When there is a water contamination problems over several towns there are steps that need to be taken. First the crisis has been identified; second a spokesperson or individuals who are the only person that is authorized to speak on behalf of the organization during a crisis. Normally the CEO is the spokesperson, but not always the primary spokesperson. A spokesperson is needed to communicate with the media, communicates with the communities that are affected and those that are not, internal and external, on camera interviews, public meetings, meeting with employees, and ect. This spokesperson is under fire to answer questions, so having just one person to take on this is important. “Avoid the phrase “no comment” because people think it means the organization is guilty and trying to hide something. Present information clearly by avoiding jargon or technical terms. Lack of clarity makes people think that the organization is purposefully being confusing in order to hide something. Appear pleasant on camera by avoiding nervous habits like pacing or fidgeting. Avoid “uhms” or “uhs”, you must make strong eye contact, (T. Coombs,2007).” During this crisis establish how the public is going to be notified and how quickly they need to be notified and of how much information needs to be released. We have to access the situation to see how many people are affected and express concern about the impact of what has happened to the customers, employees...
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...strength of the Niagara or less-water beverage technology project is that it tackles very serious economic issues in an efficient way. Because of the growing population, the changes in lifestyle and eating habits, and the production of biofuels, the demand for water increases by 64 billion cubic meters a year. In industrialized countries industry forms more than half of the total water usage, and the food and beverage industry has a particularly intensive water consumption. With the innovations of the Niagara project in the beverage industry, compared to a traditional basic plant, an extra 33% of primary water can be saved, and there will be a 56% reduction in wastewater. Furthermore, this same technology reduces harmful gas emissions during the production process, thus reducing a cause of the greenhouse effect. Weaknesses: As it is with many other eco-innovation projects (solar power, electronic cars, etc.), less-water beverage technology suffers the weakness of being expensive. Currently, it can save 25% of the water used annually, which, even though still being below the expected goal of the project, should significantly reduce beverage production costs in the long run. In spite of this, some companies refuse to upgrade to this technology, because the initial costs are high. Opportunities: For the Niagara project expansion is a very promising opportunity. Currently A DUE, the launcher and main promoter of the project, has water treatment plants in eastern Europe, Asia,...
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...Description……………………………..........................14 15 1.2.2 Operational Parameters………….….................................... 1.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages……………………….….. 23 1.2.4 Rapid Sand Filtration Classification………………………. 23 1.2.4.1 Continuous Rapid Sand Filtration………………………. 24 1.2.4.1.1 Filter Description…………………………………………. 24 1.2.4.1.2 Filter Operation..………………………………………… 25 27 1.2.4.1.3 Operational Parameters………………………………..………… 28 1.2.4.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………. Conclusion……………………………………………………….…. 29 Bibliography………………………………………………….…….. 31 1 Introduction Sand filtration is a technology that has been used for wastewater treatment since a long time. Bed of granular material over a gravel bed is used to treat water. This process imitates a natural treatment that occurs as water runs through the soil. During the pass through, several processes such as physical, chemical as well as biological take place in the filter media. Sand filtration can be classified by filtration modes according to the flow regimen slow sand filtration and rapid sand filtration. There are also other classifications available such as the operation conditions like under pressure or at atmospheric pressure. Between the different sand filtration technologies in this...
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...Water borne illness in third world countries Danielle H Woods Ivy Tech Community College October 16, 2013 Water borne illness in third world countries Third countries have myriad problems that interrelate in intricate ways to cause a series of problems for their citizens. One major problem in the third world countries is the disease burden. Waterborne diseases make a major contribution to diseases’ burden in the third world. As per the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases contribute to about 4.1% to the daily burden of diseases on the planet daily. WHO puts the contribution of sanitation, poor hygiene, and unsafe water contribution to waterborne diseases at 88% (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2011). Water Bourne diseases result to more than 1.8million deaths every year (Lee, 2008). A Waterborne disease terms any diseases whose transmission occurs through pathogens present in contaminated water. These diseases are particularly rampant in the third world. Waterborne diseases are responsible for the death of one out of every five deaths under the age of five reported on the planet. The third world countries lack the sophisticated mechanisms of treating water for human use. In third world countries, accessing water is not always possible let alone accessing clean water. Developed nations use systems that filter and chlorinate drinking water eliminating pathogens. This explains why diseases like typhoid, dysentery, and cholera only run rampant in...
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