...Development Studies Rural Development The economy of Bangladesh is based on agriculture. When the question of development arises in this society, the question of rural development comes automatically. It has been accorded the highest priority in our development strategy. It aims at qualitative change in the life pattern of our people. Definition of Rural Development: Rural development is the betterment in the totality of life for rural people. According to World Bank (2006), “Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people-the rural poor.” The Objectives of Rural Development: The objectives encompass improved productivity, increased employment and thus higher incomes and health. A national programme of rural development should include a mix of activities, including to projects to raise agricultural output, create new employment, improve health and education, expand communications and improve housing. Importance of Rural Development: For a country like Bangladesh, rural development is important. The reason behind this is that most of the people of the country are living in the villages. There is a direct link between the rural development and the development of our national economy. The rural sectors contribute about two-thirds of the GDP. We can achieve our cherished goal of financial development by the development of our villages which hold the key to our success. Specific Targets of Rural Development: ...
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...The term ‘rural development’ has for ages been used by policy makers and development planners. However, there are no universally accepted approaches to rural development since what constitutes rural development seems to vary from one society to another and from time to time. In the paste three decades (as some scholars put it), rural development was viewed from a narrow perspective in that it was taken as synonymous with agricultural development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural production. This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to take out surpluses from the agriculture sector to strengthen industrialization. With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the main objective of most developing nations was just to promote smallholder agriculture. Over time, the smallholder agriculture-centric concept of rural development underwent significant changes. Rural development was no longer viewed from a narrow point of view as it was the case in previous decades. On the contrary, rural development later began to be perceived as a multidimensional and complex concept that should be viewed from several angles. As a result of its multidimensional nature, the concept of rural development later began to focuses not only on agriculture, but also encompasses the development of other allied activities such as village and small house industries, crafts work, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and...
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...Women farmers: The Invisible Face of Agriculture in India Swaminathan, the famous agricultural scientist describes that it was woman who first domesticated crop plants and thereby initiated the art and science of farming. While men went out hunting in search of food, women started gathering seeds from the native flora and began cultivating those of interest from the point of view of food, feed, fodder, fiber and fuel. Women have played and continue to play a key role in the conservation of basic life support systems such as land, water, flora and fauna. They have protected the health of the soil through organic recycling and promoted crop security through the maintenance of varietal diversity and genetic resistance. Gender discrimination runs deep at many levels: Women manage every aspect of farm work, but are not considered farmers. They toil in the fields—planting, sowing, weeding, and harvesting—but are not landowners. They harvest and process the produce, but men largely control the market and income. Studies on women in agriculture conducted in India and other developing and under developed countries all point to the conclusion that women contribute far more to agricultural production than has generally been acknowledged. Recognition of their crucial role in agriculture should not obscure the fact that farm women continue to be concerned with their primary functions as wives, mothers and homemakers. Despite their importance to agricultural production, women face severe...
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...RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Zambia has a total surface area of 752,000 square kilometres of land mass fifty-eight percent of which is arable; currently only fourteen percent of the arable land is under cultivation. United Nations (2011:31) Zambia experiences three weather seasons. The warm rainy season; this is between November and April; the cool dry season, this is between May and July and the hot dry season, which is between August and October. There is only one raining season and the agriculture sector in the country is dependent on rain. Hence there is only one planting season in Zambia. Zambia has three (3) agro-ecological zones that are based on the physical and climatic conditions. Zone I accounts for about twelve percent of the country and has low altitude .It receives about 600-800mm rainfall annually. It comprises of subsistence farming of crops like sorghum and millet cultivated using mainly family labour using simple farm tools. Zone II covers forty-eight percent of the country. ‘Zone II receives about 800-1000mm rainfall annually. The farmers usually grow maize. This zone is most mechanised and consequently is the most commercialised in crop production. Crops mainly grown are cotton, wheat and soybeans. The country’s cash crops such as spices, flowers and fruits products are grown in this zone. Zone III makes up forty-two percent of the total land area. This has the highest...
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...One of the consequences of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolution was a shift in populations to more urban areas. The revolution also impacted on the self-sufficient economy of rural life with increased reliance on industrial employment. This essay will examine these changes and discuss how they impacted on women and the family. This will be achieved by examining the changes in gender roles and, in particular, changes to women’s roles in the family and society and how this directly impacted on the shape and function of the family. The aim is to explore the cultural and economic shift in eighteenth century society from a mainly rural, agrarian society to and more urban, industrialises society. The essay will also consider how these changes impacted on family life during this period. The issue which this essay focuses on is; that as women and children began to play a greater role in the work place the shape and function of family changed. Eighteenth century life was dependant on agriculture. During the early years of the century over eighty percent of the population were living in rural areas. Although there were demographic changes occurring, with people leaving rural areas to seek employment in the towns and cities, both the rural people and those in towns and cities were dependant on agriculture to support them. Even rapidly urbanising countries such as England and France still heavily depended on the harvest. During the Agricultural Revolution in Britain people began developing...
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...THE ROLE AND STATUS OF WOMEN IN NEPALESE SOCIETY Submitted to: Dr. Ek Raj Ojha Kathmandu College of Management Submitted by: Pragya Uprety Rabi Rayamajhi Manish Agrawal BBA Third Semester December 5, 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “The role and status of women in Nepalese society “ is a group report presented for the partial fulfillment of the course of economic development. This report contains facts and figures that provide insight on the condition of majority of women in Nepal in the past as well as in the present. Moreover, it also highlights and emphasizes their role and importance in the context of economic development of the nation. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all who have directly and indirectly co-operated with us in the preparation of this report. Specially, we would like to thank our college, Kathmandu College of Management (KCM) and Dr. Ek Raj Ojha , our course instructor for providing us with this opportunity. Lastly, we’d like thank Mr. Sujan karki for providing us with some of the references that proved to be of immense use while preparing this report. Sincerely, Pragya Uprety Rabi Rayamajhi Manish Agrawal and Anurag Joshi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………2 II. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..5 A. The Urgency………………………………………………………………..6 B. Key facts……………………………………………………………………8 III. STATUS...
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...Empowered lives. Resilient nations. POLICY PAPER Empowering Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap through Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) POLICY PAPER Empowering Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap through Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) ANANDI www.anandi-india.org Empowered lives. Resilient nations. CONTENTS Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................. 3 Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................................4 I. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 1.2 Gender Gaps in Agriculture................................................................................................................ 10 Agriculture and Livelihoods................................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Positioning ‘Women’s Empowerment as a Transformative Process.....................................13 II. The Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)........................................................................... 16 2.1 Opportunities and Challenges in Programme Design...
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...High School Des Moines, IA Zimbabwe, Factor 7: Animal Agriculture Zimbabwe: Overcoming Hunger Through the Improvement of Agricultural Education and the Issue Over Social Inequality What is hunger? Many would probably say it is that mildly uncomfortable feeling that you get after not eating for a few hours. The majority of people use the phrase “I’m starving!” when they get this feeling. But what about the 805 million people in which “starving” means not knowing where their next meal is coming from. Agriculturalists and world food leaders now face a huge challenge: in feeding the 9 billion people who are projected to be on Earth by 2050 (Nat’l Geographic). Of the 196 sovereign countries in the world, 147 are considered underdeveloped and lack food security, Zimbabwe being one of them. Zimbabwe is located in the southern portion of Africa, surrounded by Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, and Mozambique, making it a land-locked state. Zimbabwe has a total land area of 390,757 square miles and is home to 13,771,721 people (CIA World Factbook). The land is composed of mostly high plateaus with mountains in the east. With a tropical climate, the country has rainy seasons between November and March but is currently suffering from an extensive drought due to unreliable rainfall. The frequent droughts that occur throughout the year make it especially hard for farmers, ranchers, and families who depend on sustainable agriculture as their main source of income. Despite the fact...
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...THESIS STATEMENT: Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. In Ghana, poverty is primarily rural, with the northern regions recording the highest incidence of poverty in the country (GSS, 2007). Low agriculture productivity, undeveloped markets and lack of gainful wage employment opportunities as well as restrictive access of the less endowed to productive resources have been identified as the major causes of poverty. Governmental policies hardly favour rural areas, leading to rural-urban migration. The number of job opportunities in these poor remote areas is limited and therefore, standard of living in rural areas is generally low. Farming activities which is taunted as the backbone of the economy is left to the old-aged to pursue since the youth sees farming as an activity for people who ‘have nothing to do’. Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. According to the FAO (2015), the severity of the natural resource constraints facing the rural poor in Ghana requires that government focus a good number of projects on natural resource management. Many rural areas in Ghana have natural resources that are untapped. The majority of the rural poor are smallholder farmers, who are responsible for most global food production. Helping them to...
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...Richmond Sagoe TOPIC: Eliminating poverty in rural areas in Ghana THESIS STATEMENT: Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. In Ghana, poverty is primarily rural, with the northern regions recording the highest incidence of poverty in the country (GSS, 2007). Low agriculture productivity, undeveloped markets and lack of gainful wage employment opportunities as well as restrictive access of the less endowed to productive resources have been identified as the major causes of poverty. Governmental policies hardly favour rural areas, leading to rural-urban migration. The number of job opportunities in these poor remote areas is limited and therefore, standard of living in rural areas is generally low. Farming activities which is taunted as the backbone of the economy is left to the old-aged to pursue since the youth sees farming as an activity for people who ‘have nothing to do’. Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. According to the FAO (2015), the severity of the natural resource constraints facing the rural poor in Ghana requires that government focus a good number of projects on natural resource management. Many rural areas in Ghana have natural resources that are untapped. The majority of the rural poor are smallholder farmers, who are responsible...
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...Small Scale Industry. Thereafter it was converted as an MSME sector. The MSME growth is incomparable by the help of bank credit. Micro small and medium enterprises and their role in economic growth and employment generation in the Indian context .the article how policy environment for promoting MSMEs changed from ‘protectionism ‘during the pre-1990s to ‘export orientation’ during the post-1990s. The key constraint faced by the MSMEs including access to credit and technology, redtapism and the like. The MSEs to promote the rural economy for in general and rural women empowerment in particularly the rural women are taken ,economic improvement ,social development, and individual decision making through the . MSEs.the MSEs are promoting the rural entrepreneurship. Key words: MSME, SME , SSI, Credit Rating Introduction Indian economy based on rural economy .Father of nation mahatma Gandhi told India “lives in village”. T he r eal national development through the rural economy .the development of rural economy through the r ur al bas ed micr o, small a nd medium enterprises, The most of the entrepreneurs are micro rural the micro enterprises mostly participate rural women through the self help Groups and unregistered groups and NGOs In India, plans and policies as well as the for mation have laid str ess on women SELP Journal of Social Science 21 empower ment. Empower ment pr ovides author ity and social justice for human development. Empower ment of...
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...Women are generally perceived as home makers with little to do with economy or commerce. But this picture is changing. In Modern India, more and more women are taking up entrepreneurial activity especially in medium and small scale enterprises. Even as women are receiving education, they face the prospect of unemployment. In this background, self employment is regarded as a cure to generate income .The Planning commission as well as the Indian government recognizes the need for women to be part of the mainstream of economic development. Women entrepreneurship is seen as an effective strategy to solve the problems of rural and urban poverty. Traditionally, women in India have been generally found in low productive sectors such as agriculture and household activities. Human Development Report 2004 ranks India 103 in Gender related Development Index (GDI). As per 2001 census; women constitute nearly half of India’s population. Out of this total, 72% were engaged in agriculture, 21.7% in other non agricultural pursuits with only 6.3% in household industries. Women entrepreneurs in India are handicapped in the matter of organizing and running businesses on account of their generally low levels of skills and for want of support system. The transition from homemaker to sophisticated business woman is not that easy. But the trend is changing. Women across India are showing an interest to be economically independent. Women are coming forth to the business arena with ideas to...
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... Sociology has helped us to understand why different groups of the human race act the way they do, as well as introduces us to other cultures, and different backgrounds. The case study gives a good example of the different roles culture plays in the attitudes of the different groups and how everyday lives are affected. When we look at Case Study A, we must first examine the measurements of underdevelopment, socially, economically and politically. We must also know what defines a undeveloped country and its main theories of underdevelopment. These two theories respectively are the modernization theory and the dependency theory. Almost one half of third world families depend on agriculture to feed there families. One billion of the rural poor live in dangerous conditions. A large percent of the population relys on agriculture for its survival. Agrarian reform is what we are dealing with the case study that involves country A. The availability of land and crop prices play a heavy role here. We have to examine land ownership closely. In some countries only the elite own the land. Others may vary. In these countries like country A we have to take a close look at who owns the land. It has been difficult for these countries to reform due to rural class structures and...
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...Vinay Kumar Mishra MBA-Rural Development 3rd semester Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad (A constituent Institute of University of Allahabad) Contents1 Topic name Page no. Acknowledgement 3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5-6 Literature Review 7-12 Objective of the study 13 About the organization 14-19 Research methodology 20 Questioner used for survey 21-25 Findings 26-31 Case studies 32-33 Conclusion 34-35 Suggestions 36-37 Summary 38 Acknowledgement 2 This evaluation study is a humble effort to understand the concept of Joint liability Group in Micro Finance Institution. The study would not have been completes without the priceless support of those involved in the study. It was essentially programme to find Prospective and limitation of microfinance institution in Indian farming sector. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr.Anup Singh of Sonata Finance Private Limited (Allahabad) for their continual involvement in our work. I extend my highest indebtedness to Mr. Ashish Kumar Area manager. I am also thankful to other staff member of Sonata Finance Private Limited for support whenever we needed it. I would like to thanks Professor Pradeep Bhargava Director Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad for his motivational and guiding support during the period of summer internship. I also like to thank Dr.Sunit Singh Co-ordinatotar MBA (Rural Development), G.B.Pant...
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...Introduction II. Pre-Independence Era III. Post-Independence Era IV. Motivation V. Extension Methodology in India VI. Training of Extension Personnel VII. Extension Organization in India VIII. Extension and Women IX. Extension and Rural Youth X. Emerging Thoughts in Extension Preface Agricultural extension is an educational process which has its goal to help the rural people to build a better life by conveying the useful and needed information at appropriate time. It is essential for agricultural development. It plays a major part in technology transfer to the rural areas. Though the concept of agricultural extension started in early 16th century but the actual functioning started only after the second world war. Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & Environmental Education I. Introduction Agricultural extension is a branch of agriculture which assists the farmers to bring about continuous improvement in their physical, economic and social well being through individual and cooperative efforts. In other words, it helps in the development of an individual and the village community as a whole. It makes available to the farming community the scientific and technical information, training and guidance to solve the problems in agriculture including animal husbandry, gardening, horticulture, silviculture, agricultmal engineering etc. Agricultural extension helps the village people to help themselves and to raise the standard of their living. Thus...
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