...may already be present all around the world: salt water. The question of whether or not massive scale water desalination can be the most sufficient and sustainable way to address the shortages of fresh water that is suitable for human use is not a new dilemma, but is one that may need an answer sooner or later. Water desalination plants have started working on the problem, but it is unclear whether or not they serve as Earth’s best option for future survival. Water desalination is a very costly process, that is energy intensiveness and leaves a tremendous ecological...
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...141 El-madena El-riadia st., Flat 10 Phone: 012-4592887 / 062-3305418 Qatar: 00974/55723824 | | | |Fl EL-Mallaha, Al-Moamen Tower, Suez, Egypt | E. Mail: Medhatelshiwi @yahoo.com | | | | MEDHAT AHMED MAHMOUD EL-SHIWI |[pic] | Objective: I am interested in working as an Operation Manager for your organization. I am an expert supervisor with over 23 years of experience to offer you. I enclose my resume as a first step in exploring the possibilities of employment with you. Biography: Birth Date: 17/4/1966 Nationality: Egyptian. Marital Status: Married. Military Service: Completed. Education: 5/1989 B.sc of mechanical Power Engineering, Mansoura University, Faculty Of Engineering. 7/1999 Master degree in Power Stations, Mansoura University, Faculty of Engineering. Technical...
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...Seawater desalination for sustainable water supply Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Seawater desalination and its advantages and disadvantages 2 III. Environmental impacts 3 IV. Policy for desalination plant 3 V. Conclusion 4 Student ID: z5084901 Student name: Boheng Zhu School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales April 2016 Introduction Australia has uncertain rainfall and most parts of it have droughts, and has increasing population in large cities in recent years (Legislative Council Secretariat 2015). These conditions pose a threat to water supply. In addition, it is more and more limited and improper to build water pipes to draw water from dams and reservoirs. Due to these facts, seawater desalination plants have been constructed to ensure the water supply in Australia’s large population urban centers. Seawater desalination mainly uses membrane process to desalinate seawater rather than thermal process, because reverse-osmosis (RO) in membrane process consumes less energy, and in the RO desalination, seawater is divided into two streams: one with very high dissolved salts and the other one with less salts (Gary Crisp, E.A. (Bob) Swinton and Neil Palmer* 2010). However, seawater desalination has its drawbacks: energy intensive, generation of greenhouse gases, impacts of desalination discharge on marine environment and its high operating costs. These issues are associated with Australia’s environment and economy (Reza Dashtpour...
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...technologies for desalination Wang Shuxian z3452701 Abstract Only about 0.25% of total fresh water, which is only 3% of total water in global world, could directly supply for the most needs of human beings and animals. Another significant impact is due to rapid population growth, causing severe fresh water scarcity. Other factors include rapid industrial growth, industrial wastes and sewage discharged and climate change. It would be feasible to overcome the water scarcity through seawater desalination; however, if seawater containing high salinity is converted to fresh water by desalination, it consumes large amounts of energy. Therefore, it is important to find suitable alternative energy resources for the desalination technology due to conventional fossil fuels crisis and environmental pollution. Renewable energy is commonly alternative energy sources considered for desalination, including solar thermal energy, solar photovoltaics, wind energy, hybrid solar PV-wind energy and geothermal. Renewable energy can power the desalination systems comprising comprise the phase change processes, which include the multistage flash, multiple effect boiling and vapour compression and membrane processes, which include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Finally, the paper will discuss the best renewable energy powered desalination systems. Keywords: Desalination; Renewable energy; Solar thermal energy; Solar PV energy; Wind energy; Geothermal energy 1. Introduce Water is one of the most...
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...Name: Professor: Course: Date: Water Treatment, Desalination Water is an essential natural resource with a wide range of functions. Water treatment is a process aimed at purifying water for either consumption by human beings and animals or for irrigation. Several processes are applied during water treatment. Desalination is a process of removing salt and other chemicals from sea water. The process is complex with varied economic benefits, environmental and health impacts, and social impact as exemplified by this essay. Desalination involves separation of dissolved salts from brackish, wastewater, wells, industrial feed and sea water. The process of desalination is referred to as reverse osmosis. Water is forced to pass through semi-permeable membrane. Energy is required to enable water passage through the membrane. Reverse Osmosis uses stainless steel pipelines that are extensively iron based. An ancillary equipment is availed in accordance with the chloride concentration in each case. For the low levels of chloride, stainless steel pipe systems are applied. In the case of highly corrosive resistant materials, either super- austenitic materials or duplex stainless steels are used to handle high levels of chloride. Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis are the prevalent membranes driven by pressure. They removes salt and other impurities. The cost of desalination is high because it uses advanced technology that is applied by skilled personnel. It is an...
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...Jeff Irwin July 21, 2011 Desalination Summary Fresh drinking water shortage is a worldwide concern that is becoming more prevalent in even the most developed of countries. There’s a whole lot of water on Earth, something like 326 million trillion (326,000,000,000,000,000,000) gallons or about 70% of Earth, but only 2% is fresh water. About 1.6% of the Earth’s water is frozen in polar ice caps and another 0.36% is contained in underground aquifers and wells. Only about 0.0036% of our planet’s water is found in lakes and rivers. The rest of the water is either floating in the air as clouds and water vapor, or is locked up in plants and animals. Saline water (brine) contains 30-50 grams of salt per liter. This concentration of salt can be toxic for the human body to consume and is responsible for many fatalities. But saline water can be made into fresh water by the process of desalination. This summary will cover a few different desalination methods and their benefits. “Among the desalination technologies, thermal desalination, including multi stage flash (MSF) and multi effect evaporation (MEE), is the current leading desalination process. Reverse osmosis (RO) is also being increasingly used.”¹ But both of these processes consume enormous amounts of precious fossil fuels and emit masses of ozone depleting greenhouse gases. Another way to desalinate saline water is by using solar power. The sun emits all of the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation, 99% of its rays are...
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...DESALINATION OF SEAWATER IN THE UAE 1. Desalination: What is it? Desalination is the process through which excess salts and other minerals are removed from seawater so that it can be used safely as drinking water both for human and animal consumption. This water can also be used for irrigation or in industries. The need for desalination? Desalination is needed where there is a shortage of natural drinking water due to a lack of water that comes about through rainfall. This is especially so in the Middle East which lies in one of the driest regions of the world. These places with low or no rainfall need to rely on other forms of water provision. It is for this reason that seawater is used to provide the water that is necessary for drinking, irrigation and industries in the Arab World, and especially so in the UAE (Al Serkal, 2007). 2.Desalination in the UAE: Methods/Processes of desalination There are many methods in which desalination can come about. One of these methods is the multistage flash (MSF) process. Despite the high cost it has a high production output. This MSF plant can also be coupled to a heat source and so produce power as well (Al-Sheyji, 1998;Hamed, 2004). The MSF process (in use for more than 40 years) because of its simplicity, reliability and huge output capacity, is used the most in the region and the UAE (Hamed, 2004). Distillation and the reverse osmosis (RO) processes are main features of the MSF method of desalination. During this process...
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...| Water | 7 | Water Desalination | 7 | World’s Largest Solar Powered Desalination Plant | 8 | Al- Midra Tower | 9 | Conclusion | 11 | References | 12 | Introduction Saudi Arabia is the world's top oil exporter and producer. Saudi Arabia's economy is petroleum-based; Oil actually accounts for 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% government revenues. Oil is also the major source of energy in Saudi Arabia. A lot of energy is used to desalinate water. Water is scarce in a country that is surrounded by sea from East and West. Desalination consumes a lot of energy, although improvements had been made to make it more efficient. In this report, I will discuss the current and future energy sources in Saudi Arabia. In addition, I will talk about the water desalination in Saudi Arabia. Finally, I will talk about one building in Saudi Arabia that got LEED Platinum award from United States Green Building Council (USGBC) assessment. Consumption of Energy Saudi Arabia's economy is petroleum-based; Oil actually accounts for 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% government revenues. The country has one of the largest reserves of natural gas in the Arabia Gulf Region. Its proved natural gas reserves are over 7 trillion cubic meters (250 trillion cubic feet). Saudi Arabia has per capita GDP of $20,700. The economy is still very dependent on oil in spite of a diversification effort. Saudi Arabia uses a lot of oil for power generation and water desalination. Electricity...
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...Sustainablity Though the sustainability of RO desalination is dependent on many factors, the most decisive is probably the environmental impacts. The process has the ability to impact the environment through pollution of marine ecosystems and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Future Directions International, desalination plants taking in massive amounts of water from marine ecosystems can kill small fish and other organisms when they get caught in the filter . The Australian and U.S. desalination plants have been designed to allow the fish to swim away using a slow intake rate . The bigger environmental issue deals with the waste of RO. The salt concentrated waste of the process is usually disposed back into the ocean, which causes an increase in salt levels in the oceans . To limit the effects on marine ecosystems, strict environmental laws are being passed to restrict the amount of waste allowed...
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...creating a simple battery with supplies around the house and from a small electronics or home improvement store. Also known as an air battery, a saltwater battery uses the positive and negative ions from salt in water to generate a small amount of energy, enough to power a small, low voltage light bulb. Metal electrodes can be fashioned from metal nails that are long enough to extend past the water line of the solution. B. Statement of the Problem II. Why does salt conduct electricity in Water? C. Significance of the Study III. Unfortunately, When we do this investigatory project, it can helps the society, they can do it by their self, you can do by your own, or by your groups in society. Our investigatory project is little bit harder and easy, but we can sure that we can help other people, if we can do this experiment. D. Scope and Delimitation of the Study IV. Unfortunately, the cost of the technology to convert the saltwater will cost far the government huge allocations. Though this is said to be extremely economical, it has not yet been approved as practical to be used in everyday life. Another downside to this is that this technology, if ever developed, will only benefit the countries that have long coastlines or big bodies of water available to them, like the Philippines. Also, in the long run, the unnecessary but...
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...Water De-Salinization State of California Water Drought Caused by global warming or by the natural environmental changes In the earth’s weather pattern the State of California is suffering from a water drought, Cities are feeling the effects in the form of increased water fee’s and over use penalties. One of the solutions for the water shortfall would be to desalinate ocean water. The 1950s, idea was considered too expensive to implement. However the water shortages has prompted a resurgence into the technology. Desalination uses either thermal which include: multiple-effect distillation (In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes. Some of the water evaporates, and this steam flows into the tubes of the next stage, heating and evaporating more water. Each stage essentially reuses the energy from the previous stage), and multi-stage flash evaporation. Or membrane technologies which include: reverse osmosis, electrodeionisation, and electrodialysis. [pic] [pic] The US has led the membrane market and most active desalination plants are privately owned usually for industrial use. While Saudia Arabia and the United Arab Emirates led the thermal. |[pic]Top 10 countries by total installed capacity since 1945 - DesalData.com | Desalination is expensive, energy-intensive, and can damage marine ecosystems. One aspect to...
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...experimenting with desalinate seawater. While doing so, he found he could keep the water “burning” as long as it was exposed to the proper frequencies from his machine. Rustum Roy, a professor at Penn State University, tried this experiment in the lab at the university, and, to his surprise, it actually worked. He explained that the salt water wasn’t actually burning. It was, in fact, the radio frequency that helped weaken the bonds holding together the salt water’s constituents. Roy says that he will continue to investigate on this, and he can see the potential applications of this process of burning saltwater as a source of alternative energy. Another recent breakthrough in relation to this topic is the topic on Power Generation. A team of researchers from the US and China have discovered a new desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this by modifying a microbial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drinkable water. Bruce Logan from Pennsylvania State University says that desalination of saltwater uses a lot of electricity, but by using the microbial desalination cells, one can desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to desalinate saltwater, but with this new technique uses organic matter to remove most of salt from brackish water or seawater. The older process uses 2 chambers in the microbial fuel cell...
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...Philippine Women's College of Davao University Avenue, Juna Subdivision, Matina Davao City Title: The effect of Varying temperature on the conductivity of water I. ABSTRACT Saltwater has a low voltage reading but it has still a purpose like lighting up a small bulb that can lighten up a house that has no electricity especially in rural places. This experiment can help many lives especially the places that electric company can't reach their places. All you need is a water that can be found anywhere, a salt that can be purchased anywhere and it is very cheap, an alligator clips that can be bought in local stores although the price is quite expensive but it is still affordable because you can use it everyday, a small light bulb that is enough to lighten up your house and of course you need a base lamp. Our materials is eco-friendly and our experiment is also harm free to the environment that does not use any harmful smoke that can harm the environment. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION a. background of the study b. statement of the problem c. significance of the study e. scopes and limitations REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION APPENDIX INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study 1.5 billion people do not have access to electricity, 585 million of them living in Sub-Saharan Africa and 404 million in India. Three...
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...the year award (2013 PMI winners – Adelaide Desalination Project). Summarize how the project manager or team exhibited exceptional and ethical project management practices. Discuss the role of the project manager or team, the organizational setting, the recipient’s approach to project integration management, and obstacles that had the potential of adversely impacting the triple constraints Ugbe Maurice Ugbe Stratford University (Falls Church, Virginia) Abstract The Adelaide Desalination Project involves the construction of a 100 GL per annum desalination plant, including the seawater intake and outfall tunnels and structures, and associated infrastructure including the transfer pipeline, power supply works and interconnection and upgrade works at Happy Valley Water Treatment Plant. Research and read an article on recent recipients of the project management institute’s project of the year award (2013 PMI winners – Adelaide Desalination Project). Summarize how the project manager or team exhibited exceptional and ethical project management practices. Discuss the role of the project manager or team, the organizational setting, the recipient’s approach to project integration management, and obstacles that had the potential of adversely impacting the triple constraints. Introduction Traditionally, South Australia has always relied on the River Murray for much of its water. On average 40% of Adelaide’s water supply comes from the River Murray, but in...
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...Presentation of options 4 3.1 Desalination 4 3.2 Natural Water Resources 4 4. Requirements 4 4.1 Cost 4 4.2 Social effects 4 4.3 Environment effects 5 5. Compare of two options 5 5.1 Water Desalination 5 5.2 Natural Water Resources 8 6. Conclusions 9 7. Recommendations 9 8. References 10 1. Introduction Clean drinking water and sanitation were recognized as indispensable human right in United Nations General Assembly (2010, retrieved March, 2013). According to Robert Zoellick (2011), President of The World Bank, water is at the center of almost any poverty in the world so clean water is always the heart of sustainable development plan in any country. As a result of increasing pollution and inadequate distribution of natural resources, many countries in the Middle East are now facing serious water crisis (Hamad Bu-rahamah, 2005) According to the United Nation (retrieved March 2013), if there are not any significant improvements, by the year 2025, Jordan and other countries in the Middle East will confront ‘water war’ due to absolute water scarcity In this rough situation, the Jordanian government pointed out that using natural water resource and water desalination are the only solutions for water crisis now (BBC News, 2009). Specifically, by going along with the Jordan River and the Dead Sea on the West, and also borders with the Red Sea in the South, desalination seems to be a possible solution for water scarcity in Jordan. Another option...
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