...is used in today’s society a lot. Fluoride was discovered by Henri Moissan in 1886, a French chemist that found fluoride in a hydrogen fluorine gas mix. It wasn’t discovered to help with tooth decay until 1936, when they did a study with fluoridated water in cities in Colorado Springs. Our bodies only need a small amount of fluoride in our bodies and 95% of that can be found in our skeletal system. The way fluoride helps our teeth is, by interacting with calcium and phosphate to help mineralize broken down tooth enamel. It has been found that children that consume a sufficient amount of Fluoride when their teeth are starting to develop and come through, have greater protection from tooth decay for the rest of their lives. Fluoride not only helps protect our teeth by prevent decay; it also helps strengthen our bones. Our body absorbs fluoride through the stomach and small intestine, for where it eventually ends up in our bloodstream. Once there it gets into our bones and teeth, and doesn’t build up in our soft tissue. Fluoride deficiency has been proven in communities where fluoridated water has not been introduced yet. It has been proven that in communities where the water has been treated with fluoride has had a decrease in tooth decay, than water systems where it has not been introduced yet. Deficiency in fluoride causes the enamel on the teeth to break down, therefore breaking down the protection teeth have against decay. When there is enough decay to the teeth it can...
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...overall high contamination for total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC) and yeast count (YC). The mean FC levels of all the crops (external and internal surface combined) exceed the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICSMF, 1974) recommended level of 1.0 x 105 fecal coliforms per gram fresh weight. This observation has been reported in Ghana and elsewhere (Obeng, 2007; Mensah et al., 2001). In this study, the contamination of external surface of vegetables was significantly higher than the internal contamination. The total means of the internal microbial counts (TC and FC) of the vegetable samples are high and comparable with counts observed in some non-vegetable foods such as milk and meat (Agbodaze et al. 2005; CDC, 2003; Aning, 2002). The sources of contamination of vegetables includes Soil, irrigation water, green or inadequately composted manure, air (dust), wild and domestic animals, insects, human handling. harvesting, transporting containers, transporting vehicles, wholesale facilities, washing and rinsing water, improper storage, cross contamination and improper ambient temperature (Beuchat, 1996). The only non-bacterial quality indicator investigated was yeast contamination, and the levels of yeasts (combined internal and external counts)(table 2a,b;3a,b;4a,b;5a,b) of all the samples were generally higher than the recommended levels of 100 000g -1 fresh weight (ICMSF, 1974). Growth of post-harvest fungi/yeast on vegetables can alter...
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...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...Abstract This study attempts to shed some light on the truth as to the differences between bottled and tap water w whether people prefer bottled water due to its assumed health benefits. Whether there are health benefits truly associated with consuming bottled water instead of tap water is yet to be truly determined because expert opinions continue to suggest that “bottled water may be no safer or healthier than tap water” (Baumgartner, 2011, p.1). This study examines the various sentiments behind Americans’ desire for either bottled or tap water by looking at the preferences of a sample of students from a small Midwestern university. Literature Review In nearly every grocery store, convenience mart, office or employment setting, and most homes in America there is a presence of bottled water. If someone was born before the 1990’s, tap water was generally the only source of drinking water that was considered to be consumed daily. Today, bottled water is consumed at a rate very comparable to tap water. “In 2008, 8.67 billion gallons of bottled water were sold in the United States resulting in an average annual per capita consumption of 28.5 gallons” (Sullivan, 2011, p. 10). Among colleagues, friends and family, preferences and beliefs about the purity differences of bottled water and tap water is a widely discussed topic. Although there is an ongoing debate as to whether bottled or tap water is healthier, a topic that cannot be debated is that bottled water consumption has...
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...Potential of Rain Water Harvesting to Address Water Logging Problem: Case Study Senpara Porbota, Mirpur By Anika Tabassum Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Email: t_anika@yahoo.com Fuad Hasan Ovi Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Email: ovi_buet07@yahoo.com Md. Abu Hanif Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Email: hanif07buet@yahoo.com Ishrat Islam, PhD. Associate Professor Dept. of Urban & Regional Planning Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Email: ishrat_urp@yahoo.com Abstract: The population of Dhaka City is increasing at a rapid pace than ever before. Due to ever increasing population pressure along with the causes and consequences of global warming; the environment of the city is degrading and the weather parameters are adversely challenged. The baseline temperature, precipitation and relative humidity are shifted and eventually accentuated due to changes in the climate system. A massive shift in the days with rainfall and days without rainfall results in water logging as well as water scarcity. This study primarily focuses on water logging problem of Dhaka city during monsoon (May to October) season. Water logging is such an acute problem for the inhabitants of Dhaka city that disrupts the...
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...Authority Mary Jane McQuillen ClearBridge Investments Jennifer Coulson British Columbia Investment Management Corporation Christie Stephenson NEI Investments Lisa Domagala Solaris Investment Management Ralf Frank DVFA (Society of Investment Professionals in Germany) Dr. Hendrik Garz Sustainalytics (previously employed by West LB) Bryan Thomson British Columbia Investment Management Corporation Mike Tyrrell SRI-Connect Stéphane Voisin Cheuvreux Niamh Whooley Société Générale Robert Hauser Zürcher Kantonalbank (ZKB) Between March and May 2012 the ESG Integration Working Group interviewed 17 brokers, research providers and investment managers to draw out best practice examples of integrated equity analysis. These case studies form the basis of this review (see Appendix 1 for a list of those interviewed and the research reviewed). Thanks to the PRI ESG Working Group who have written this document in...
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...the use of water, which is typically applied with manual hose lines or water monitors. This water can come from a municipal/city water supply, a private water supply, or from the fire department itself (i.e., water tenders). In order to effectively fight a fire, the water supply available must be adequate for the threat from the building and contents. The water requirements for firefighting include the rate of flow, the residual pressure required at that flow, the flow duration, and the total quantity of water required (Benfer and Scheffey, 2014). This paper aims on how to address the supply of water in cases of fire incidents in Iloilo City. It further wants to determine the status of water supply that will address the challenges encountered in cases of fire incidents in Iloilo City. This includes determining the status of installed fire hydrants in Iloilo City. Its existing number will be identified and the functionality will be tested with the assistance from the BFP personnel of Iloilo City. Other alternative sources of water used in fire suppression will also be identified and where they can be located. This paper also aims to identify other factors affecting water supply in cases of fire incidents in Iloilo City. It likewise intends to find out issues and challenges encountered during fire incidents in Iloilo City. Based on the results of the study, recommendations will be provided to the bureau. Keywords: Water supply, fire incidents, water sources, fire hydrants...
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...Assessment of Impacts of climate variability in Kilosa District, Morogoro Region in Tanzania Scientist. Gerald Mrema. PRECS M&C LTD, P.O. Box 10268, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania *Corresponding Author (Tel: +255714254900 e-mail: mrema.gerald@gmail.com) Abstract This research is basically on assessment of impacts of climate variability in Kilosa District Morogoro Region in Tanzania were the field study was done within three wards that is Ulaya, Kilosa town and Rudewa represent three major zones of Kilosa District that is highlands, midlands and lowlands respectively. Methodologies that were used in field study include physical observation, consultation, interview through research question, literature review and GIS in map updating. Data from Tanzania meteorological agency (TMA), WAMI/RUVU basin and Morogoro agriculture department of rainfall and temperature, water level and water discharge also crop production respectively for 30years from 1980 to 2010 were analyzed statistically in order to show the link between climate variability with its associated impacts in both people and environment at large, results shows that climate variability in Kilosa District generally is of both dry and wet years in different years where the area also experience both MAM and OND seasons of rainfall per year. Also results have revealed that the total annual rainfall at Kilosa is observed to decreases at the rate of 8.04mm/year while in temperature there a slight increase at a rate of 0.1oC/year in temperature...
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...The Unit for Continuing Professional Development wishes to thank those below for their contribution to this support guide: Ms Alina Hambelela Angula Mr Simson Shaakumeni Ms. Laetitia Willemse Ms. Agatha Lewin Mr Simson Shaakumeni Author Content Editor(s) Instructional Designer Technical Care of Template Quality Controller Water Contents About this support guide 1 How this support guide is structured ................................................................................. 1 Course overview 3 Welcome to Water (Natural Science and Health Education) ............................................ 3 Water (Natural Science and Health Education)—is this course for you? ......................... 3 Study skills ........................................................................................................................ 4 Need help? ......................................................................................................................... 5 Getting around this support guide 6 Margin icons ...................................................................................................................... 6 Unit 1 8 Water: Grade...
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...Cholera Outbreak In the case study presented, the outpatient Victoria was experiencing a fever and uncontrollable diarrhea after collecting water for her family out of a river. It is seen that a couple months before she moved, the island of Haiti was hit with an earthquake. After dire circumstances refugees moved not too far to the city of St.Marc where many others were forced to live. Due to the volume of people that moved to the city, many public services were reduced which made the family look to the river for water supply. After a clinic ran a test on Victoria’s stool they found motile, comma shaped, gram negative bacteria. After much research I have concluded that Victoria is suffering from an outbreak due to the microorganism Vibrio cholerae. “The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum” (source 1) which was indicated in Victoria’s stool. In most cases this genus is found in most surface water and grows best in sea water. The disease identified is Cholera which is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. This disease is mostly found in “places with very poor sanitation” (source 2) and in Victoria’s case she was prone to contaminated river water. As a result, the toxin “increased the release of water” (source 4) in her intestines which made her have diarrhea. Victoria was experiencing symptoms of dehydration and fever because her body was loosing a large amount water and salt. The treatment...
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...consume water that is of low quality, with the chief reason for such low standards in water quality being contamination by pollutants that originate from various sources. Rural areas in most underdeveloped and developing countries do not have piped water and they rely mostly on wells or boreholes, rivers, springs, and rain water for their domestic consumption. Human activities such as intensive farming that use a lot of pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides, mining, and industrial run off are the primary sources of water pollutants and contaminants. According to Li L, Li CS, and Wichelns’ (2016) study established that rural areas in Tra Vinh Province of Vietnam experience seasonal fluctuations of water quality annually. L, Li CS, and Wichelns (2016) observed that during the wet monsoon season in the Mekong Delta, the inhabitants have access to abundant rainwater that they collect for both domestic and commercial applications. However, during the dry season they are faced with acute shortages of clean and safe drinking water often opting for canal or groundwater that is usually contaminated and unsafe for human consumption. L, Li CS, and Wichelns (2016) observed that during the wet season, inhabitants of the Mekong Delta were unwilling to purchase clean and safe bottled drinking water from vendors compared to the dry season when demand for the same was extremely high. A study carried out by Trevett, Carter, and Tyrrel (2004) in rural Honduras to investigate water quality deterioration...
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...understand your concerns for finding the healthiest method of oral healthcare, and I am just as concerned as you are. When doing research on your own, I suggest being skeptical of all sources, especially on the internet. Avoid articles that are significantly biased, or articles that utilize “buzz” words, such as “tips”, “tricks,” or “myths”. These sources will pick and choose information to persuade you to take their side, instead of telling all of the facts. A great example of a biased source would be a title like, “5 Things your Dentist doesn’t want you to know.” The article you provided appears to me as being a biased sources. Government literature and articles from scientific journals are the best sources of unbiased information. These items may be difficult to obtain online without paying money, but the public library would allow access to this information for free....
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...or vaccines. Since the parasite life cycle revolves around the host consuming the infected copepod in the water, the experimental designed was to focus on the introduction of water treatment educations into those tropical and subtropical areas. Design and Strategies: The eradication campaigns were also supported by many private and community partnership, and the strategy was to surveillance, provision of safe drinking water, vector control, health education and certification of eradication. In summary, every case should be monitored and recorded before, during and after the launch of the programs. Water sources should be well treated and maintained to control the only mode of transmission through copepods, and proper disposed of water education should be taught to the people. Lastly, the disease must be certified by WHO for every epidemic countries to mark the complete termination of Dracunculiasis. Result: The progress was recorded. In 1986, there were an estimated of 3.5 million cases of Dracunculiasis. After the launch of the studies, in 1989, a total of 883,640 cases were reported to WHO by 15 countries, and in 2004, those countries has been reduced to only 12 endemic countries which they pledged to eradicate by 2009. In 2009, only 3190 cases have been reported around the globe. In 2012, the number of cases has been reduced to a historical low of 542 cases. Summary: The article summarized the lessons learnt from the global eradication programs which can be...
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...larvae. This entailed using a net to catch the organism and counting them under timed conditions. The test was repeated in a vegetated and open area of water in order to be able to evaluate different oxygen concentrations. The abundance of phantom midge larvae was measured by manually counting and the concentration of oxygen at the two sites was measured using an oxygen probe. Results indicated that in open areas the number of midge larvae was vastly larger than that of vegetated areas; they had also confirmed that the area of open water had a lower O2 concentration as compared to the vegetated area. These results are fitting to the scientific background of Chaoborus, as they are known to inhabit water with less concentration of oxygen1. Further analysis of these results were conducted using a Mann-Whitney U-Test which proved there was a significant difference in the number of phantom midge larvae in the two areas for which the reason was the different concentrations of oxygen. RESEARCH & RATIONALE This aim of this investigation is to measure the effect Oxygen Concentration of fresh pond water, an abiotic factor, has on the number of Chaoborus (Phantom Midge Larvae) present by studying their abundance in areas of the pond which are surrounded by vegetation and comparing it to the results acquired from an area of open water. D2- diagram showing a phantom midge larvae head D2- diagram showing a phantom midge larvae head D1- diagram showing phantom midge larvae D1-...
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...Authority Mary Jane McQuillen ClearBridge Investments Jennifer Coulson British Columbia Investment Management Corporation Christie Stephenson NEI Investments Lisa Domagala Solaris Investment Management Ralf Frank DVFA (Society of Investment Professionals in Germany) Dr. Hendrik Garz Sustainalytics (previously employed by West LB) Bryan Thomson British Columbia Investment Management Corporation Mike Tyrrell SRI-Connect Stéphane Voisin Cheuvreux Niamh Whooley Société Générale Robert Hauser Zürcher Kantonalbank (ZKB) Between March and May 2012 the ESG Integration Working Group interviewed 17 brokers, research providers and investment managers to draw out best practice examples of integrated equity analysis. These case studies form the basis of this review (see Appendix 1 for a list of those interviewed and the research reviewed). Thanks to the PRI ESG Working Group who have written this document in...
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