...Type I error (or, error of the first kind) and Type II error (or, error of the second kind) are precise technical terms used in statistics to describe particular flaws in a testing process, where a truenull hypothesis was incorrectly rejected (Type I error) or where one fails to reject a false null hypothesis (Type II error). The terms are also used in a more general way by social scientists and others to refer to flaws in reasoning. This article is specifically devoted to the statistical meanings of those terms and the technical issues of the statistical errors that those terms describe. Statistical test theory In statistical test theory the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing. The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis, which usually corresponds to a default "state of nature", for example "this person is healthy", "this accused is not guilty" or "this product is not broken". An alternative hypothesis is the negation of null hypothesis, for example, "this person is not healthy", "this accused is guilty" or "this product is broken". The result of the test may be negative, relative to null hypothesis (not healthy, guilty, broken) or positive (healthy, not guilty, not broken). If the result of the test corresponds with reality, then a correct decision has been made. However, if the result of the test does not correspond with reality, then an error has occurred. Due to the statistical nature of a test, the result is never...
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...properly. Speaker’s goal: That the majority of the audience will remember the demonstration that I showed them so they may maintain healthy oral hygiene. Thesis: Taking good care of your mouth and teeth will provide you with a healthy smile. INTRODUCTION I. As you know, my name is Melanie and I am incredibly excited to share my passion with you tonight, healthy teeth. II. Ice breaker- Story about bumping into an attractive person and then seeing their horrible teeth and losing interest. III. According to the American Accreditation Healthcare commission, taking care of your teeth helps prevent plaque, which is a clear film of bacteria that sticks to your teeth within 20 minutes after eating. IV. In the Harvard Health Letter it is stated that tooth brushing may be the most ingrained of all other health habits but unfortunately, just because most of us brush our teeth at least twice a day, it is more often than not that it is not done incorrectly. The inadequate job leaves behind the bacteria causing plaque that will cause cavities and gum disease. BODY Transition: let me start by explaining the importance of having an appropriate toothbrush for your oral care. I. The toothbrush itself will help you maintain healthy gums. A. Check to make sure the toothbrush bristles aren’t too hard. B. Varying heights of bristles helps reach different tooth areas and difficult spots between the tooth and gum. C. Pros of electric toothbrush D. Change...
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...1.0 ABSTRACT The main focus of this study is to study the competition between substitution and elimination of haloalkanes. Substitution of haloalkanes This report will explain the two types of SN1 and SN2 reactions. Later, the factors which influence both SN1 and SN2 reactions will be explained and competition between the two different types of substitutions will be further elaborated to see which conditions favour each type of reactions. Next, the elimination process of haloalkanes will be discussed and similar to the substitution reaction, the elimination process is also comprised of two types, namely the E1 and E2 reactions. The factors that influence E1 and E1 reactions will be listed and competition between the two types of reactions will be discussed to see which conditions favour which type of elimination reaction. Later on, to ease the process of determining which reaction is favoured on the haloalkane, we will divide the process to see if the reaction is favoured on SN1/E1 or SN2/E2 reaction as each pairs of reactions are favoured by the same conditions. Then, the primary, secondary or tertiary structure of the haloalkane will further determine whether the major product of each reaction is a substitution product, elimination product or both. As a conclusion, the details of each reaction need to be taken into account to determine the product of the reaction of haloalkanes. Many factors are taken into account, namely the leaving group, the nucleophilicity, type of...
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...(NO 2) CASE STUDY 2: BENEFIT SEGMENTATION IN THE ORAL CARE MARKET. 5 PRODUCT VERSION THAT OFFER SIMILAR BENEFITS BY COLGATE. 1. Colgate Total 12 New advanced Colgate Total provides 12-hour protection against bacteria build-up for Superior Oral Health vs regular fluoride toothpaste. Provide 12 hours protection against bacteria build up for superior Oral Health. Fight germs 12 hours and help prevent plague, gum problems, tartar build up, cavities and bad breath. 2. Colgate Advanced White Colgate Advanced White with micro-cleansing crystals is clinically proven to gently polish and effectively whiten your teeth in 14 days. Help to whiter teeth in 14 days, prevent stains from adhering, fight tartar, cavities and palgue and freshens breath. 3. Colgate Triple Action Colgate Triple Action for stronger teeth, whiter teeth and fresher breath. There are three stripes for three way protection, fluride strengthens teeth agains tooth decay, gentle cleaning crystals help remove surface stains and freshens up your whole mouth. 4. Colgate Maximum Cavity Protection Colgate Maximum Cavity Protection with a liquid Calcium and Fluoride formula, gets all around and in-between teeth, even places that toothbrush cant always reach, and gives two times better cavity protection. Help fight cavities, cleans teeth throughly, leaves whole mouth feeling clean, strenghtens teeth, freshens breath and great mint taste. 5. Colgate Optic White™ Colgate® Optic White™ has Whitening Accelerators...
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...Antianxiety Drugs: Relief through the Power of Drugs Name Institution Antianxiety drugs are used to relief pain and reduce pain to patients under medical attention such as surgery. The antianxiety drugs are used to treat a broad range of symptoms and conditions in patients. They are also used to reduce and treat depression in patients as many suffer from anxiety at the mere thought of going to the dentist (Kucerova, et al., 2009). Therefore, antianxiety drugs used in dentistry help to relief and reduce pain, reduce and treat depression and a wide range of symptoms for patients with anxiety during the dentistry appointments. Hence, the antianxiety drugs are commonly administered by dentists for the relief of this anxiety (Leftwich, 21 International Patient Care, p. 234). Below we are going to discuss the common type of anxiety drugs used in dentistry and in what situations they are indicated for use. We are also going to discuss briefly other information that would benefit patients furthering the understanding of these needed drugs. During the process of dental surgery, dentists have found types of sedation to use to prevent anxiety and ease the pain of the procedure to its patients. There several sedative drugs that can be taken by mouth and the dentist determines the best to be used for the sedation. The following are some of the drugs administered during sedation. 1. Diazepam It is the commonly most recognized dentistry medication. It has a long historical record of efficient...
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...Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University THE GRADUATE SCHOOL City of Malolos, Bulacan A Review on an Article entitled “Onion Artificial Muscles” an Applied Physics Letter Entry Submitted by: Jacqueline Jaime Bartolome Submitted to: Oliver Alaijos Major: General Science Subject: Animal Biology Date: October 10, 2015 Subject Code: GS 706 A Vegetable-based Artificial Muscle Chien-Chun Chen, Wen-Pin Shih, Pei-Zen Chang, Hsi-Mei Lai, Shing-Yun Chang, Pin-Chun Huang, and Huai-An Jeng. “Onion Artificial Muscle.” Applied Physics Letters. 106.183702 (2015):1-5. Web. I. Overview Artificial muscles are devices that can reversibly contract, expand, or rotate within one component due to an external stimulus such as voltage, current, pressure, or temperature. Contraction, expansion and rotation can be combined together within a single component to produce other types of motions, like bending.1 Most of artificial muscle technologies are made with rubber, polymers coated with metal, carbon nanotubes, dielectric elastomers, nanoporous composites, combined gel and plastic (polyacrylonitrile), and fishing lines. But a group of researchers created artificial muscles that are able to contract and expand while bending out of the epidermis of onions coated with gold. Their initial goal was to develop and engineered microstructure in artificial muscle for increasing the amount the muscle can bend or stretched when triggered. They discovered that the onion’s epidermis has dimensions...
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...a more personal level rather than a general one. It is the narrowest approach of target marketing and can be an effective technique for a small business trying to establish their brand. Nordstrom is an example of micromarketing. While not a small business, the sales staffs are 100% commission and essentially operate as their own “small” business within the larger company. While living in San Francisco I shopped frequently at one specific store. During one of my first visits the sales person, Angel Perry, offered to be my personal sales assistant or personal shopper. She would contact me when a preferred brand or type of shirt, tie or shoes would arrive in the store or give me a call when it would be going on sale. Angel would mail me a letter at least four times a year notifying me of special events and send handwritten thank-you notes. The effect was to develop a strong, personal relationship with me that was very specific to my particular likes, interests and buying habits. I am sure that Angel had numerous clients, maybe hundreds, that she handled the same way but customized what Nordstrom offered to each individual’s preferences. Giant Eagle uses a form of micromarketing surprisingly similar to Amazon.com. When I go to Amazon they are selling me items about the San Francisco Giants, The Black Keys and used marketing textbooks. Each person that creates an online Amazon profile gets a unique set of merchandise...
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...HISTORY OF DENTISTRY ANCIENT DAYS - 5000 BC- A Sumerian text of this date describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay. - 2600 BC-Death of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe, often called the first “dentist.” - 1700-1550 BC- Ebers Papyrus, refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies. - 500-300 BC- Hippocrates and Aristotle write about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws - 100 BC- Celsus (Roman medical writer) writes extensively in his important compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and jaw fractures. - 166-201 AD- The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed bridgework. MIDDLE AGES THE BEGINNING OF PROFESSIONALISM - 700-A medical text in China mentions the use of “silver paste,” a type of amalgam. - 1210- A Guild of Barbers is established in France. Barbers eventually evolve into two groups: * Surgeons-educated and trained to perform complex surgical operations * Lay barbers, or barber-surgeons, who performed more routine hygienic services including shaving, bleeding and tooth extraction. - 1400- A series of...
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...BEC1 STUDY GUIDE INTRODUCTION (CHAPTER 1 – MUNRO E-BOOK) Know the definition of population, sample, parameter, & statistic Be able to identify and/or provide examples of descriptive statistics & inferential statistics Know the properties of & be able to identify or provide examples of quantitative vs. categorical variables BASIC CONCEPTS (CHAPTER 2 – MUNRO E-BOOK) Know the definition of data, individuals, variables, independent variable, dependent variable, random assignment, treatment group, and control group. Know the properties of the 4 levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) Know the properties of discrete and continuous variables Know and understand the properties that distinguish experimental methods from correlational methods DISPLAYING DATA (CHAPTER 2 – MUNRO E-BOOK) Know what a distribution is and why examining a distribution can be helpful/useful Know how to interpret information from: Simple frequency distributions (grouped & ungrouped*) Relative frequency distributions (proportions* & percents*) Cumulative frequency distributions* Histograms Bar graphs* Stem-and-leaf displays You also should know how to construct those with an * beside them Know the definition of percentile rank Be able to identify and/or describe different shapes of distributions: Normal, symmetrical, skewed, unimodal, & bimodal distributions CENTRAL TENDENCY (CHAPTER 2 – MUNRO E-BOOK) Understand conceptually each of the 3 measures of central tendency: Mode, Median & Mean Know...
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...SN2 vs. E2 SN2 and E2 reactions share a number of similarities. Both require good leaving groups, and both mechanisms are concerted. SN2 reactions require a good nucleophile and E2 reactions require a strong base. However, a good nucleophile is often a strong base. Since the two reactions share many of the same conditions, they often compete with each other. The outcome of the competition is determined by three factors: the presence of antiperiplanar β -hydrogens, the degree of α and β branching, and the nucleophilicity vs. basicity of the reactant species. In order for an E2 elimination to occur, there must be antiperiplanar β -hydrogens to eliminate. If there are none, the SN2 reaction will dominate. On the same token, the SN2 nucleophile needs a free path to the σ * C-LG antibond. α and β branching block this path and reduce the proportion of SN2 relative to E2 . E2 occurs even with extensive branching because it relies on the β -hydrogens, which are much more accessible than the σ * C-LG antibond. The identity of the nucleophile or base also determines which mechanism is favored. E2 reactions require strong bases. SN2 reactions require good nucleophiles. Therefore a good nucleophile that is a weak base will favor SN2 while a weak nucleophile that is a strong base will favor E2. Bulky nucleophiles have a hard time getting to the α-carbon, and thus increase the proportion of E2 to SN2. Polar, aprotic solvents increase nucleophilicity, and thus increase the rate of SN2. SN2 ...
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...‘Ideologies have become irrelevant to the discussion of politics since the collapse of the communism in East Europe.’(Fukuyama francis,1989) I disagree with this statement in a large extent. Overview Fukuyama published the idea of ‘end of ideology’, which became a controversial issue in 1989. No doubt, fascism and communism had both lost their appeal after the collapse of the communism in east Europe. In the postwar period, the three ideologies-liberalism, socialism and conservation –came to accept the common goal of capitalism. ( Lee, 1990) However, it does not mean that capitalism is a triumph of the world. Jacques mentions that there are many types of Marxism. For instance, orthodox Marxism is produced by the unique history tradition. Therefore, when one specific communism is collapsed, it does not mean that the communism is collapsed. In fact, there still are states that pursue other types of communism. People reflect and become interested in Marxist if capitalism cannot bring them into utopian era. There is no way to say that ideologies are becoming irrelevant to the discussion of politics. Also, All human are political thinkers. We all have difficult thoughts and diverse perceptions when the things happen around us. Modern ideologies such as feminism and ecologism are witnessed. From the observations and judgments, we can find out our own belief of what our world is and what we ought to be. ‘equality , ’rights’ ,’freedom’ ,’justice’ are the expression...
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...GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WASTE PERMITS DIVISION RG-022 Revised 2/05 GUIDELINES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CODING OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES THIS IS A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT AND SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS A REPLACEMENT TO THE RULES. The rules for classifying and coding industrial wastes and hazardous wastes may be found in 30 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Sections (§§) 335.501-.521 (Subchapter R). Prepared by: I&HW Permits Section, MC 130 Waste Permits Division Texas Commission on Environmental Quality P.O. Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711-3087 RG-022 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Revised February 2005 i Kathleen Hartnett White, Chairman R. B. “Ralph” Marquez, Commissioner Larry R. Soward, Commissioner Glenn Shankle, Executive Director Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publication—that is, not obtained from other sources—is freely granted. The commission would appreciate acknowledgment. Copies of this publication are available for public use through the Texas State Library, other state depository libraries, and the TCEQ Library, in compliance with state depository law. For more information on TCEQ publications call 512/239-0028 or visit our Web site at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications Published and distributed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality PO Box...
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...Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering EMM 5977 Independent Study Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nor Mariah Adam Name Lai Jee Inn Matrik No. GS 42146 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Review on How to Improve the Efficiency of the Rechargeable Batteries-Lithium Batteries Lai Jee Inn GS42146 ABSTRACT Batteries are playing important role in our life especially in this high technology era. Laptop, mobile phone, camera and otherwise are using battery to make it to function. In order to improve the efficiency the batteries, several methods are discussed in this paper. INTRODUCTION In this advanced technology era, batteries have been commonly used by the consumers. We use them in different fields like cars, mobile phone, laptop and other else. (Hiroki Kitamura, 2012).Batteries is divided into two main groups which are primary and secondary batteries. (Clean Up Australia, 2009) Primary batteries are the batteries that normally use in dairy life such as remote control, clock but for this kind of batteries is a non rechargeable battery which means that we only can use it for one time and will be throw away after used. This kind of batteries is actually converting the chemical energy to electrical energy and they are normally known as the alkaline batteries. Secondary batteries are batteries that can be rechargeable and recycle after it cannot be recharge. This batteries mostly use for our mobile phone, laptop and other. Although...
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...Course code: 15MA101 | Engineering Mathematics | L | T | P | C | | | 3 | 1 | - | 4 | Course Objectives | To train the students in basic mathematics essential for modeling and solving engineering problems. | Course Outcomes | 1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering. 2. An ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems | Differential Calculus: Review: Functions and graphs, Limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Maxima and minima of a function, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem. Indeterminate forms and L'Hopital's rule, Infinite sequences and series, Power series, Taylor's and Maclaurin's series, Convergence of Taylor's series, Error Estimates, Polar coordinates and Polar equations. Functions of two or more real variables, Partial derivatives of second and higher order, Euler’s theorem on homogenous function, Total derivatives, Differentiation of composite and implicit functions, Change of variable, Jacobians, Maxima and minima of functions of two or more variable, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. Integral Calculus: Estimating with finite sums and limits of finite sums, Definite integral, The fundamental theorem of calculus, Trigonometric substitutions, Integration by reduction formula for powers of some trigonometric functions, Improper integrals, Beta and Gamma integrals. Double integrals, Triple...
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...Danica Lavoie | Analysis Assignment #1 | Daniel Pottage 300561197Kudrot-E Elahi- 300473523 | | Due Date: September 28th 2011 Revised Due Date: October 3rd 2011 BUSN226 - Marking Rubric – Assignment #1 Your name: ___________________________________________________ Rubric attached to front of assignment | /1 | Cover page and page numbering | /4 | Introduction | /5 | Four summaries (if article not different from other group members, summary will not be marked) | /20 | MLA reference provided at end of each summary | /8 | Integrated RefWorks bibliography | /8 | Original articles attached (each article must be different from other group members, otherwise, it will NOT be marked) | /4 | Late? | | Total out of 50 | /50 | Introduction The industry that my group is working on is the cleaning products industry. In specific I am talking about Colgate-Palmolive which is a globally diverse corporation that is involved in many different aspects of business including a personal care division, an oral care division and a home care division. I will be analyzing a product that is included under the home care division, Ajax, a multi-purpose cleaner used in many different cleaning processes both residential and industrial. The main competitor to Ajax is a product called comet that is very similar to Ajax in that it is available in many different forms and scents and the company that produces it is called prestige Brands and they purchased the product in...
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